水泥固化漳州滨海风积砂液化特征试验研究

利用GDS动三轴仪对水泥固化漳州滨海风积砂进行液化强度试验,分析水泥固化漳州滨海风积砂在不同水泥剂量、不同龄期、不同基准应变和不同等幅循环应变幅值下的液化特性。试验结果表明:砂样的抗液化能力随水泥掺量的增加近似呈线性提高;随龄期增长而增强,但基准应变越高,增强越弱;随循环应变幅值的减小而显著增强;基准应变对砂样抗液化能力的影响受水泥掺量的制约。孔压半对数模型可以较好的反应水泥固化漳州滨海风积砂土的孔压发展规律;存在一个临界基准应变,使得抗液化能力随水泥剂量的增加得到最大化提高。     

水泥固化滨海风积砂力学特性试验及细观数值仿真

滨海风积砂因结构松散、自稳能力差、级配不良不易压实,被视为一种特殊土。水泥固化是常用的加固手段,而水泥剂量对风积砂力学性能的影响规律及细观作用机制目前尚不清楚。利用GDS土工三轴试验仪,对不同水泥剂量(0%,4%,6%)的水泥固化滨海风积砂进行不同有效围压(50,100,150 k Pa)下的CD试验。结合室内试验数据和水泥砂样显微照片,建立水泥固化滨海风积砂细观结构的颗粒流PFC2D模型,进行三轴试验的细观数值仿真分析。研究结果表明,水泥固化滨海风积砂应力–应变关系呈应变软化型,水泥剂量对滨海风积砂强度贡献明显,对体变影响相对较小。采用颗粒平行黏结方式的颗粒流数值仿真能有效反映水泥固化滨海风积砂的细观力学特性,水泥剂量对水泥固化滨海风积砂的黏结破坏数、配位数、位移场均有显著影响。     

不同频率影响下结构性软黏土动力特性试验研究

为研究频率对结构性软黏土动力特性的影响,以天津滨海新区结构性海积软土为试验材料,基于两种波形,进行了一系列动三轴试验,研究不同振动频率作用下结构性软黏土应力–应变关系、动力塑性累积应变以及孔压特性。试验结果表明,总体上振动频率越低,土体的软化程度越高,土体产生的变形越大,累积应变增速快最终值大,相同条件方波作用下的动应力应变软化程度高于正弦波。频率对孔压有影响,在相同振次下,孔压随频率的增大而减小。振幅对于孔压变化的影响表现为低幅值上升速度快,数值也大于高幅值作用下的孔压值,有明显的高幅滞后现象。     

饱和软粘土的循环蠕变特性

本文介绍对上海淤泥质饱和粘土在长期循环荷载作用下的变形特性的试验研究结果。考虑到土的各向异性性质,在三轴试验中,在K0固结条件下把土试样恢复到天然的K0应力状态,然后进行排水及不排水单向循环加载蠕变试验。从试验结果可以观察到一些重要的现象:(1)当循环轴向应力小于初始固结压力的50%时,饱和粘土的循环蠕变可分成三个阶段;(2)循环应变可分成不可逆的累积应变与可逆应变两部分,可逆应变的大小与循环应力幅值近似成线性关系;(3)孔压增长较为滞后,不排水试样孔压增长稳定时其值约为应力幅值50%,而排水试样的残余孔压约为应力幅值的20%。     

南宁地铁区域饱和圆砾土大型动三轴试验研究

以南宁地铁区域圆砾层土质为研究对象,对饱和状态下的圆砾土开展了一系列大型排水动三轴试验,分析了相对密实度、动应力幅值和振动次数对饱和圆砾土累积应变、应力–应变滞回圈和孔压的影响。研究表明,饱和圆砾土累积轴向应变?–振动次数N曲线在动应力幅值较小时为稳定型曲线,呈双曲线增长规律,其参数?与初始相对密实度Dr呈线性关系;动应力幅值较大时为破坏型曲线,呈幂函数增长规律。饱和圆砾土应力应变滞回圈形状呈双直线型,其面积在动应力幅值较小时随着振动次数的增加先增大后减小,其割线模量随着振动次数的增加先减小后增大。饱和圆砾土的孔压在动应力幅值较小时随着振动次数的增加先增大再减小,且循环加载后期Dr=0.5试样的孔压大于Dr=0.3和Dr=0.7试样的孔压,这与不同初始相对密实度条件下粗粒土的破碎特性有关。     

水泥固化滨海风积砂三轴试验研究

为了研究水泥对滨海风积砂的固化作用,设计了一系列三轴试验,分析了在高含水量状态下有效围压、水泥剂量和龄期对风积砂应力—应变曲线和孔压曲线发展规律的影响。结果表明:纯砂样的偏应力峰值和初始有效围压的拟合关系近似呈线性关系;在CD试验中,随着水泥剂量的增大,试样偏应力峰值明显增强,但低水泥剂量(2%)下偏应力峰值反而比纯砂样低;在CU试验中,由于水泥阻碍了孔压的消散,使得试样强度反而比砂样的略为降低;胶结样峰值强度与水泥剂量的拟合关系近似呈二次项关系;和7天相比,龄期28天对强度的贡献不大。试验结论对研究滨海地区风积砂路用性能具有实用价值。     

波浪循环荷载作用下滨海软土水平向动力特性试验研究

为研究海上风电桩基在波浪荷载作用下,产生水平向循环荷载对桩基周围土体动力特性的影响,以唐山地区滨海软土为研究对象,通过室内动三轴试验,研究不同围压、动应力幅值和振动次数条件下对软土水平向动力特性的影响。结果表明:软土水平向动强度随围压增加而增加,随振动次数增加而减小;动应力幅值增大,破坏振次减小;水平向动应变εd随振动次数增加变大,且动应力幅值越大,增速越明显,变化规律遵循Monismith模型;动应力幅值改变时,软土水平向动模量变化明显,当围压减小,动弹性模量减小;曹妃甸软土水平向间具有明显的结构性,不同围压条件下,随动应力幅值增加动阻尼比均表现增大趋势。     

饱和砂卵石土液化特性的试验研究

通过动三轴试验,对饱和砂卵石土在循环荷载下的液化特性进行了系统研究.在饱和砂卵石土的振动时程曲线分析基础上,得到饱和砂卵石土的动应力幅值随振动时间推移有衰减且衰减速率逐渐增大的规律特性;依据孔压演化理论,结合试验结果,对饱和砂卵石土的液化规律进行了系统分析,归纳出砂卵石土发生液化时含水量限制条件,与液化状态中的土样动应变状态的规律.此结论可为基础工程等土工构筑物抗液化措施提供参考.     

动力荷载作用下冻土变形特性研究

基于等幅值循环荷载作用下低温三轴振动试验资料,研究冻结青藏铁路北麓河黏土在长期往返加荷情况下的变形特征。根据不同温度、动应力幅值、频率、围压等因素下冻土的应变与振次关系曲线,得到随着振动次数、动应力幅值、围压的增加残余应变增大;随着温度的降低残余应变值减小,高温冻土对动力作用敏感;存在某一临界频率(6Hz左右),当频率大于或小于临界频率,残余应变增加速度都将增大的结论,并合理解释冻土特有的振融沉陷的成因机理。     

铁路荷载下平潭滨海相软土动力变形及强度特性试验研究

平潭地区滨海相软土渗透性低、结构性较强,目前对其动变形特性研究较少,基于该现状,以福平铁路路基工程为研究背景,利用GDS动三轴系统展开循环动应力试验,研究不同频率、围压及动应力幅值下平潭滨海相软土动变形特性变化规律。试验结果表明滨海相软土动弹性模量随频率、围压提高而增大,采用修正Kondner模型能较好拟合动弹性模量倒数随动应变的变化关系,建立最大动弹性模量归一化模型,研究不同频率、围压下滨海相软土动强度变化规律,分析不同破坏振次下土体抗剪强度指标,结果可为相关工程及研究提供重要基础数据与参考。     

前期动载对低塑性粉土静态和动态强度的影响

 低塑性粉土广泛存在于世界范围内,在地震中容易产生液化现象,然而一些基础设施破坏不仅见于地震中也发生在地震后,这就决定了研究低塑性粉土震后行为的必要性。以美国中部密西西比河沿岸低塑性粉土为试验材料,研究动载对低塑性粉土静态和动态强度的影响。在动三轴仪上对试样施加动载引起超孔隙水压力,排水重固结后,分别对2组震动后试样进行静态和动态三轴强度试验。试验结果表明,当液化水平小于0.70时,前期动载对粉土的不排水剪切强度影响不大;相反地,只有当液化水平大于0.70,密西西比河沿岸粉土的震后重固结体积应变和不排水剪切强度才伴随着液化水平的提高显著增加,但相对于砂土而言,重固结体积应变在较低的液化水平时即有明显增加。与前期动载对不排水剪切强度的影响不同,当动载所引起的液化水平为0.35或轴向应变为0.2%时,抗液化强度达到最大值,若液化水平大于0.35,抗液化强度伴随液化水平提高而降低。如果前期荷载引起较大的压应变,在重固结后第二次动载循环中,轴向压力相比轴向拉力引起较小的超孔隙水压力。     

不规则动荷载作用下砂土孔压特性试验研究

以多组人工调制的不规则正弦波荷载作为输入荷载,对饱和松砂开展一系列动三轴试验,探讨应力时程中不同脉冲幅值和脉冲顺序对砂土孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明,出现更早、幅值更大的应力脉冲更易导致孔隙水压力的发展,同时也更易诱发砂土液化。进一步地,峰值应力之前和之后的脉冲波组对孔压发展的影响有所不同。此外,不同荷载模式下,饱和松砂动孔压比与振次比存在近似唯一关系。根据砂土孔压特性,引入单位体积剪切功并考察其与超静孔压的内在关联,得到了孔压比与正交化剪切功的归一化关系。这一关系具有应力路径无关性,受动荷载不规则性影响较小,但与材料特性即土体种类有关。     

Liquefaction analysis of sandy soil during strong earthquake in Northern Thailand

Northern Thailand has experienced several earthquakes which led to soil liquefaction in the past few decades. Traditional methods of evaluating liquefaction potential involve standard penetration test (SPT) or cone penetration tests. This research augmented experimental results with numerical methods to evaluate the liquefaction potential of Mae Lao Sand in Chiang Rai province of northern Thailand. SPT and downhole seismic test data collected during a field investigation at the Mae Lao site were compared to a 1D site response model analysis of the site. A series of undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests was conducted on Mae Lao Sand specimens with different initial void ratios and confining pressures. Cyclic triaxial test results with varying deviator stress amplitudes were used to draw liquefaction resistance curves. Results from numerical simulation of sand liquefaction were used to characterise the stress–strain-pore water pressure response of Mae Lao Sand. 1D site response analysis determined seismic responses with different geological and groundwater conditions. All put together, the results showed that pore water pressure ratio decreases with increasing sand stiffness, the thickness of a soil layer significantly increases its liquefaction potential, and in-situ conditions and groundwater depths have major influences on the liquefaction potential of sand layers.     

循环孔隙水压力作用下饱和砂土变形的试验研究

波浪荷载的作用会在近海砂体基础中产生循环孔隙水压力,研究循环孔隙水压力作用下砂床土体的力学行为对海岸和近海工程有重要意义。本文选用福建标准砂为研究对象,自动控制水压力发生装置作为动力源,通过固结不排水三轴试验,研究分析了在循环孔隙水压力作用下影响饱和砂土变形性能的试验参数。试验结果表明,当固结应力比、频率较大,而相对密度较小时,试样有较大的变形,更容易发生破坏。最后,绘制了试样轴向应变与动孔隙水压力系数的关系曲线,并分析了曲线的变化规律。     

Insight into excess pore pressure generation leading to liquefaction of sand with stress history under saturated and unsaturated conditions

Assessments of the liquefaction resistance of clean sand still involve considerable uncertainties, which are a current research topic in the field of soil liquefaction. The factors considered and discussed in this study include the loading history, degree of saturation, and partial drainage. The effects of each of these factors on pore pressure generation and liquefaction resistance have been studied for decades in the laboratory, and empirical relationships have been derived. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain these effects using the unique index of volumetric strain. A pore pressure generation model is developed which is similar to that of Martin et al. (1975), but based on stress-controlled triaxial tests. The model is verified through comparisons of its results with those of laboratory tests. It is confirmed that the plastic volumetric strain that has accumulated in sand, either by drained or undrained cyclic loading, dominates the increase in the liquefaction resistance of the sand. However, the plastic volumetric strain caused by overconsolidation is less effective in reducing the volumetric strain potential for subsequent cyclic shearing, thus enhancing its resistance to liquefaction. The model provides a better understanding of the physical processes leading to the liquefaction of saturated and unsaturated sand with and without stress history.     

Influence of strain histories on liquefaction resistance of sand

The liquefaction resistance of sand increases with cyclic pre-shearing and pre-shaking as a result of earthquakes if the strain level in the pre-shearing is small. When larger shear strains are imposed, liquefaction resistance decreases. These complicated effects of pre-shearing histories on the liquefaction resistance are investigated in this study through a series of cyclic triaxial tests. Various combinations of cyclic stress amplitude and number of cycles of pre-shearing are examined. The tested sand is Toyoura Sand at 45% relative density, under a confining pressure of 50 kPa. Test results indicate that for the range of shear strain amplitude in pre-shearing smaller than 0.35%, the liquefaction resistance increases with pre-shearing. The increase in the liquefaction resistance depends strongly on the volumetric strain in the pre-shearing, and several effects of the shear stress amplitude and number of cycles can be negligible. Small volumetric strain of the order of 1% doubled the liquefaction resistance. Meanwhile, in the range of shear strain amplitude larger than 0.6%, the liquefaction resistance decreases. The liquefaction resistance decreases as the shear strain amplitude increases. Shear strain amplitude is one of the factors dominating this degrading effect, and the volumetric strain exerts beneficial effects to a certain extent. In this study, another series of tests are conducted to investigate the combined effects of small and large strain amplitude pre-shearing. It is observed that small shear strain pre-shearing cycles subsequent to large shear strain cycles erased the degrading effect of the latter. However, a large shear strain pre-shearing after small strain cycles degrades the beneficial effect of the small shear strain pre-shearing cycles previously applied to the specimens; however, the effects of the former small strain pre-shearing remains.     

考虑变围压因素的饱和软黏土循环纯压动力特性

饱和土体的动力特性表现出对应力路径的依赖性。越来越多基于变围压动三轴的试验结果表明：循环围压应力路径对砂土等颗粒材料的变形和回弹特性存在较大的影响。基于变围压动三轴试验,通过循环偏应力与循环围压的耦合模拟真实交通荷载下竖向循环正应力与水平循环正应力的耦合,研究了循环围压对饱和软黏土孔压、永久和回弹变形的影响。试验结果表明：在不排水条件下,与常规恒定围压动三轴试验结果相比,循环围压的存在较大程度地改变了孔压的发展规律,减少了永久变形的累积速度,同时增加了回弹变形（即减少了回弹模量）;循环围压幅值与循环偏应力幅值的比值（RPD）越大,永久应变的减少值与回弹应变的增加值越大;并进一步建立了考虑循环围压因素的饱和软黏土永久沉降和回弹模量预测模型。     

Cyclic resistance of two unsaturated silty sands against soil liquefaction

The changes of the cyclic resistance of two silty sands under unsaturated, partially saturated and fully saturated conditions are examined based on a series of undrained cyclic tests conducted using triaxial test apparatus specially equipped for testing unsaturated soils as well as ordinary triaxial test apparatus for testing partially saturated and fully saturated soils. Based on the observations of volumetric strain, pore air and pore water pressures of unsaturated soil specimens, the possibility of soil liquefaction triggering under different degrees of saturation is examined and discussed. The changes in the cyclic resistance under different degrees of saturation are then examined. Those two unsaturated silty sands with different grain size compositions are found to give rise to different responses on the volumetric strain as well as pore air and pore water pressure developments during undrained cyclic loading, leading to different relations between cyclic resistance and degree of saturation, covering unsaturated, partially saturated and fully saturated conditions.     

循环荷载下饱和南沙珊瑚砂的液化特性试验研究

针对饱和南沙岛礁珊瑚砂,开展了一系列不排水循环加载试验,研究了相对密度D_r和初始围压■对饱和珊瑚砂的超孔隙水压力、应变发展、有效应力路径及动强度特性的影响,并比较了珊瑚砂与福建砂的液化特性差异。试验表明,珊瑚砂的超静孔压Δu的发展模式与石英砂的有较大区别,可用修正后的Seed模型进行表征。珊瑚砂液化时的累积能量耗散远比福建砂的大。珊瑚砂的轴向应变ε_(DA)随着循环振次增加而逐渐变大,不会发生急剧增大的现象。在有效应力路径接触相转换线后,珊瑚砂会发生剪胀和剪缩交替出现的现象,仍然会存在有效应力。较之福建砂Δu的波动特征,珊瑚砂Δu的波动更大,且当Δu接近■时波动明显增大,产生"瞬时液化"现象。珊瑚砂的动强度随着D_r以及■的增大而增大。珊瑚砂的动强度大于石英砂的动强度。