碳纳米复合材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用

碳纳米材料以其优异的导电特性和机械特性及极佳的生物相容性而引起研究者的极大兴趣,在电化学生物传感器的开发和研究中极具应用价值。碳纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面的应用主要是将碳纳米材料作为传感器界面的修饰材料、生物分子的固载基质以及信号标记物等。文章综述了碳纳米材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用,并展望了未来碳纳米材料的研究方向。     

基于纳米碳材料的重金属电化学检测

面对重金属离子污染问题，开发快速且准确的重金属离子检测器具有重要意义，碳纳米材料因其易修饰、灵敏度高，常用于电化学检测重金属。此外，碳纳米材料还具有高稳定性、使用寿命长等优点，同时也存在形貌调控困难、传感效率低等问题。通常对碳材料进行官能团修饰或与其他材料复合等，加强其作为电化学传感器的传感效果。依据当前研究现状，主要介绍不同形貌碳纳米材料，如碳纳米管、碳纳米片、石墨烯等，以及其复合材料对重金属离子检测的研究前沿和动态。最后，对碳基纳米材料电化学检测重金属进行展望。     

基于碳纳米材料的柔性气体传感器的研究进展

近年来,碳纳米材料由于其独特的电、光学特性及机械性能受到了研究人员的广泛关注,有望成为新一代微型化、低功耗通用传感器的首选材料,特别是在气体传感器领域,一些碳材料如碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和石墨烯大有取代其它纳米材料之势,然而要实现商业化应用却任重而道远.介绍了碳纳米材料的主要类别,包括炭黑、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米管和石墨烯;综述了碳纳米材料气体传感器的最新进展,给出了限制其商业应用的发展瓶颈及最新突破,最后展望了其面临的挑战和机遇.     

甲醛的电化学检测方法研究

甲醛是一种电活性不活泼的有机物质,其很难在电极表面直接电催化氧化,所以利用复合纳米材料对甲醛的催化作用,将复合纳米材料修饰在玻碳电极表面制成修饰电极,进而利用修饰电极对甲醛的电催化活性,从而建立甲醛的电化学检测分析方法。以玻碳电极为基础电极,将氧化石墨烯用滴涂法滴涂于基础电极表面,再在饱和的氯化钾溶液中还原,随后采用电沉积法将纳米铂粒子沉积于还原的氧化石墨烯表面,制备出纳米铂/石墨烯复合电极,依据甲醛在电极表面反应时,产生了电流的改变,甲醛的浓度与产生的氧化电流成线性关系,从而建立了甲醛的电化学分析方法,并对其条件优化进行了探究。     

基于纳米铜-碳纳米纤维复合材料的电化学传感器检测芦丁

采用化学还原法制备了纳米铜-碳纳米纤维复合材料(CuNPs-CNFs),将其修饰在玻碳电极表面制备了一种检测芦丁的电化学传感器。在铁氰化钾-亚铁氰化钾体系中,采用电化学阻抗法和循环伏安法考察了传感器的电化学响应,研究了传感器的电化学性能;采用扫描电镜研究了传感器的表面形貌。在0.067 mol/L Na_2HPO_4-NaH_2PO_4(pH=7.0)缓冲溶液中,采用循环伏安法研究了芦丁在传感器上的电化学行为,结果表明,传感器对芦丁的氧化还原反应有较好的电催化作用。在优化实验条件下,用微分脉冲伏安法测得芦丁的还原峰电流与其在5.0×10~(-9)～5.0×10~(-6) mol/L浓度范围内呈线性关系,检出限为3.0×10~(-9) mol/L,该传感器具有较好的重现性和稳定性,可用于芦丁片剂和槐米中芦丁含量的测定。     

纳米碳/纳米金葡萄糖生物传感器的制备及其影响机制

研究碳基纳米材料与纳米金(GNPs)颗粒的组合方式对葡萄糖(GLU)催化检测性能的影响。以离子液体(IL)作为导电性质的粘合剂,将碳基材料粘合在电极表面,并电沉积纳米金颗粒,制备成修饰电极。通过改变碳基种类(多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、单壁碳纳米角(SWCNHs)、羧化石墨烯(C-GR))制备多种纳米碳修饰电极,对葡萄糖进行电化学检测和优化。实验发现,碳基材料性质影响葡萄糖传感器的灵敏度。其催化效果是MWCNTsSWCNTsC-GRSWCNHs,结果显示纳米材料电子加速通道对其催化性能起关键作用,碳基修饰层上电沉积的单层纳米金对葡萄糖的检测灵敏。通过SEM表征发现,相比于裸玻碳电极(GCE),纳米碳管上电沉积的纳米金颗粒尺寸更微小,且分散在碳纳米管上。组合有利于碳基与纳米金颗粒催化效应的发挥。制备了一种高灵敏无酶葡萄糖传感器,并尝试用于实际血清加标回收检测。     

碳纳米材料固相微萃取涂层的制备及应用

固相微萃取技术的核心是涂层,发展高选择性、高稳定性和高效的新型涂层材料及其相关的制备技术是固相微萃取技术发展的关键。碳纳米材料由于其独特的理化特性作为萃取介质已在样品前处理领域得到广泛应用,其中,碳纳米管和石墨烯更是研究热点。本文对近年来碳纳米材料包括碳纳米管、石墨烯、富勒烯、纳米碳纤维、碳纳米球固相微萃取涂层的制备技术及其应用的研究进展进行了简要评述。     

金纳米粒子修饰玻碳电极的电化学行为研究

利用层层自组装技术,通过有机偶联层胱胺将金纳米粒子修饰在玻碳电极上,得到金纳米粒子/胱胺/玻碳电极,并通过循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱对修饰电极的电化学行为进行研究,结果表明该修饰电极具有优于裸玻碳电极的良好的电化学性能,可用于进一步的应用。     

静电纺纳米纤维修饰电极的研究进展

静电纺丝纳米纤维较传统纳米材料有许多独特的性能,静电纺丝纳米纤维修饰电极的研究是其新热点;按修饰方法的不同,静电纺丝纳米纤维修饰电极分为直接修饰和非直接修饰电极两大类。综合近年来国内外的静电纺丝纳米纤维修饰电极相关研究,阐述了静电纺丝技术直接修饰电极、静电纺丝技术非直接修饰电极的相关纳米纤维材料的制备、特性及应用;指出由于静电纺丝纳米材料的多样化与优异性,静电纺丝纳米纤维修饰电极具有灵活性与灵敏性,其在生物传感器、生物芯片、染料电池等方面的应用极具开发潜力,在未来多个领域和研究中发挥重要作用。     

碳纤维多尺度增强体的研究进展

介绍了碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维等碳纳米材料修饰的碳纤维多尺度增强体的构筑方法（化学气相沉积法、化学接枝法、电化学沉积法、上浆剂复合法和“grafting to”法）及其对复合材料界面力学性能的影响机理.针对碳纤维多尺度增强体的优势和不足,指出需通过界面设计进一步提高碳纤维与碳纳米材料之间的作用强度,氧化石墨烯/碳纤维复合增强体及其对复合材料性能的增强机制是下一步研究的焦点,连续生产碳纤维多尺度增强体也将成为重要的发展方向.     

Development of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Biosensors on Enhancing the Analysis of Food Toxicants

In recent times, food safety has become a topic of debate as the foodborne diseases triggered by chemical and biological contaminants affect human health and the food industry’s profits. Though conventional analytical instrumentation-based food sensors are available, the consumers did not appreciate them because of the drawbacks of complexity, greater number of analysis steps, expensive enzymes, and lack of portability. Hence, designing easy-to-use tests for the rapid analysis of food contaminants has become essential in the food industry. Under this context, electrochemical biosensors have received attention among researchers as they bear the advantages of operational simplicity, portability, stability, easy miniaturization, and low cost. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have a larger surface area to volume compared to other dimensional nanomaterials. Hence, researchers nowadays are inclined to develop 2D nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors to significantly improve the sensor’s sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility while measuring the food toxicants. In the present review, we compile the contribution of 2D nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors to test the food toxicants and discuss the future directions in the field. Further, we describe the types of food toxicity, methodologies quantifying food analytes, how the electrochemical food sensor works, and the general biomedical properties of 2D nanomaterials.     

碳纳米管在电化学传感器中的应用进展

综述了碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotube,CNT)在电化学传感器研究中的应用进展。重点介绍了CNT电极和CNT修饰电极的制备、电化学特性及应用,并对其在DNA电化学生物传感器方面的应用前景与挑战进行了展望。     

d-(+)-Galactose-Conjugated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as New Chemical Probes for Electrochemical Biosensors for the Cancer Marker Galectin-3

d-(+)-Galactose-conjugated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were synthesized for use as biosensors to detect the cancer marker galectin-3. To investigate the binding of galectin-3 to the d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs, an electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by using molybdenum electrodes. The binding affinities of the conjugated SWCNTs to galectin-3 were quantified using electrochemical sensitivity measurements based on the differences in resistance together with typical I-V characterization. The electrochemical sensitivity measurements of the d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs differed significantly between the samples with and without galectin-3. This indicates that d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs are potentially useful electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cancer marker galectin-3.     

基于多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器在食品分析中的研究进展

多金属氧酸盐（简称多酸,POMs）具有结构和组成多样、性能独特的优点,在电化学生物传感器领域被认为是一类很有前景的阴离子材料。将POMs与碳基材料、贵金属和金属有机框架等纳米材料制备成多酸复合物,可改善其导电能力和比表面积低等缺陷,并增强其电催化性能,使之在电化学生物传感器领域应用范围扩大。本文综述了近五年多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器的类型与制备方法,以及在食品分析领域中的研究进展,并讨论了其未来挑战和发展前景。     

基于多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器在食品分析中的研究进展

多金属氧酸盐（POMs）具有结构和组成多样性的优点，在电化学生物传感器领域被认为是一类颇具前景的功能性阴离子电极修饰材料。通过将POMs与碳基材料、贵金属和金属有机框架等纳米材料复合形成多酸复合物，可以克服其导电能力差和比表面积小的缺陷，将进一步拓展POMs在电化学生物传感器领域的应用范围。该文综述了近年来基于POMs基复合物电化学生物传感器的构建方法，以及POMs基复合物在食品分析领域中的研究进展，并探讨了POMs基复合物未来的挑战和发展前景。将POMs基复合物制备与电化学生物传感器构建这两项技术不断融合将逐渐提升相关传感器的检测性能。     

新型纳米传感薄膜材料在发酵组分检测中的研究进展

发酵工业目前缺少组分浓度实时监控技术以实现精确过程调控，因此，发酵用生物传感器逐渐受到该领域的重视。本文将关注发酵用生物传感器的最新研究进展，特别综述新型纳米传感材料在发酵组分检测中的最新研究成果，介绍在不同的发酵体系中纳米材料的设计及合成策略，包括贵金属、金属氧化物、配位化合物、有机化合物及碳基等各类纳米材料，简述这些纳米材料在发酵传感中的检测机理以及所开发的生物传感器在不同真实发酵液中的检测性能，从检测灵敏度、工作电位、抗干扰能力等方面系统地评价各类纳米材料在发酵环境中使用的优势和不足，分析发酵体系专用生物传感器材料的发展方向，为研发出可实现“多组分”及“宽检测范围”的发酵组分浓度检测技术提供重要的参考及借鉴。     

Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites and their applications

The purpose of the current review article is to present a compherensive understanding regarding pros and cons of carbon nanotube–related nanocomposites and to find ways in order to improve the performance of nanocomposites with new designs. Nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are employed in industrial applications such as supercapacitors, and biosensors, and etc. The present article has been prepared in three main categories. In the first part, carbon nanotube types have been presented, as single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and also equivalent circuit models, which have been used to more clarify the experimental measurements of impedance. In the second part, nanocomposites with many carbon, inorganic and polymeric materials such as polymer/CNT, activated carbon/CNT, metal oxide/CNT, and carbon fiber/CNT have been investigated in more detail. In the third part, the focus in on the industrial applications of CNTs. including supercapacitors, biosensors, radar absorbing materials, solar cells, and corrosion protection studies. This review article explains the latest advances in carbon nanotubes and their applications in electrochemical, electrical and optical properties of nanocomposites.     

氮掺杂碳纳米材料在氧还原反应催化剂中的研究进展

长期以来,碳材料负载高分散的铂催化剂及其合金材料一直是商业化质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）中氧还原反应和氢氧化反应十分有效的催化剂。但由于Pt基催化剂成本高、电化学条件下稳定性差、易CO中毒以及氧还原反应（ORR）动力学迟缓等一系列问题,阻碍了其在燃料电池中的进一步应用和大规模生产。相比之下,氮掺杂碳纳米材料具有低成本、高活性、高稳定性、环境友好等特点,这些优异的性能使其在燃料电池领域有着广阔的应用前景。结合近几年国内外研究现状,综述了原位掺杂法、后掺杂合成法和直接热解法等3种氮掺杂碳纳米材料的制备方法,并分析了各自的优点和不足之处,及其作为ORR催化剂的研究进展。最后,对未来氮掺杂碳纳米材料催化剂研究的主要发展方向进行了展望。     

Conducting polymer coated carbon surfaces and biosensor applications

This review article focuses on several approaches in the characterization and modification of carbon surfaces with electrocoated thin films which has been realized by recent progress in experimental methods. Electropolymerization and electrocopolymerization of π-conjugated polymers (pyrrole, carbazole, N-vinylcarbazole and aniline) onto carbon surfaces are reviewed with 348 references. Particular emphasis is placed on the recent nanoscale surface characterization techniques applied to the resulting electrocoated polymers onto carbon fibers (i.e., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), focused ion beam-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (FIB-SIMS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (reflectance-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic measurements).The electrochemical deposition of conducting polymers on carbon substrates has been studied with the goal of improving the properties of these polymers so as to use them as electrodes in different applications: batteries, sensors, capacitors or electrochromic displays. The synthesis and characterization of high surface area nanomaterials, such as nanotubes and nanowires, have been carried out extensively in the past few years. The electrochemical doped process of polypyrrole, polycarbazole, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) and polyaniline thin films on carbon surfaces in different solutions has been investigated in this review article.We suggest guidelines that can be applied to a range of in vivo microsensor applications for evaluation of analyte identification and improvement of selectivity. Various modified materials have been used on carbon-based electrodes to investigate and detect biologically important redox species, which biosensors represent a broad area of technology useful for environmental, food monitoring and clinical applications.