葡萄酒及软木塞中TCA的检测分析方法研究现状及应用前景

<正>随着生活水平的提升,人们对食品质量安全要求逐渐提升,在葡萄酒领域,葡萄酒及软木塞污染的问题越来越受到关注,其中TCA是主要污染物质。对葡萄酒及软木塞中TCA检测技术和方法的研究起始于二十世纪七十年代,近年来TCA检测领域有了较大进展,各种检测分析方法层出不穷,在我国葡萄酒行业不断发展的背景下,有必要总结和对比TCA检测分析方法,并展望其未来发展趋势,以此来为相关葡萄酒及软木塞中TCA检测分析实践提供参考,从而促进我国葡萄酒行     

葡萄酒及软木塞中TCA的检测分析方法研究现状及应用前景

软木塞污染已经成为葡萄酒行业最为严重的问题之一,而导致软木塞和葡萄酒污染的最主要物质之一就是TCA。本文主要介绍葡萄酒和软木塞中TCA 的检测方法和萃取浓缩方法,同时也对TCA 检测的应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

Sabate公司新型软木塞得到澳洲认证

在葡萄酒瓶塞的最新开发研究中，世界上第二大葡萄酒软木塞供应商Sabate司研制的经过TCA排除处理的新型软木塞通过了澳大利亚葡萄酒研究所(Australian Wine Research Institute，AWRI)的严格检测，得到了来自澳大利亚的认可。     

葡萄酒中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)检测新技术的研究进展

2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)是危害葡萄酒感官品质的一种物质,通常来自于葡萄酒封装所用的软木塞,也可能来自葡萄原料或酿酒过程中的污染,它的存在使葡萄酒产生不良气味和口感。简介了最近十几年来检测葡萄酒中TCA的新方法和新仪器,包括葡萄酒中TCA的萃取技术和检测技术。并对这些新技术的特点、原理及应用优势进行了阐述。目的是为对葡萄酒中的TCA做到精确、低检出限和高灵敏性的定性及定量测定提供参考,从而对葡萄酒中的TCA进行准确的监测,最终提高葡萄酒的品质。     

葡萄酒和软木塞中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚检测方法的研究进展

本文介绍了葡萄酒和软木塞中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚（2,4,6-trichloroanisole,TCA）的来源及影响,分析了2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚的检测难点,总结了目前检测2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚方法的总体趋势及现状。按照前处理方法的原理分类,介绍了前处理方法的定义、特点,并概述和讨论了前处理方法在萃取葡萄酒和软木塞中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚中的应用;根据仪器检测方法的不同特点,总结和讨论了仪器检测方法在分析检测葡萄酒和软木塞中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚的应用。前处理方法和仪器检测方法相结合,达到了浓缩和检测葡萄酒和软木塞中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚的目的。     

保鲜膜拯救软木塞污染的葡萄酒

正葡萄酒的软木塞生产时如果没有清理干净,会滋生真菌,进而产生一种会破坏葡萄酒味道的物质——TCA。受到TCA污染的葡萄酒(叫做corked wine),有一种潮湿地下室、受潮报纸、落水狗的气味,并且味道平平,几乎没有水果味道。随着葡萄酒风靡全球,应接不暇的软木塞生产商难免失手。虽然仅有少量木塞会受到污染,而且很多人甚至     

法国消除软木塞污染新措施

最初,Dom P巖ignon为能够保留发酵过程中产生的气泡以酿造起泡葡萄酒,试图用新式软木塞替代传统的木制瓶塞。现在看来,如果不是他,人们也许永远也不会知道所谓的软木塞污染。到目前为止,软木塞在葡萄酒中的应用仍然相当广泛,但软木塞污染问题一直是困扰各葡萄酒厂和软木塞厂的问题。许多人认为软木塞中的2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)是导致这一问题的罪魁祸首。当氯(常用来漂白)与软木塞中的霉菌接触就会产生这种具有湿报纸气味的物质,它具有巨大的危害力。加州大学戴维斯分校的酿酒专家Christian Butzke称,一汤匙容量的TCA就足以败坏美国全年…     

软木塞TCA清除新技术——INNOCORK程序

最近，美国软木塞供应分公司（Cork Supplv USA，CSU）开发成功一项新技术——INNOCORK程序，该技术可以彻底清除葡萄酒软木塞中的2,4，6-trichloroanisole（TCA）分子。其独特之处在于，它在清除软木塞微粒中天然TCA的同时还可以保留产品的物理特性。     

法国一家软木塞公司进行超临界CO2 TCA萃取技术研究

日前,法国Sabate软木塞制造公司与法国原子能委员会共同联手进行一项软木塞超临界CO2 TCA(三氯乙烷)萃取技术研究。这种方法是在高压二氧化碳液体里洗涤软木塞,以萃取其中的TCA,提取过程不使用任何化学物质,因此具有环保和无公害等特点,而且不改变软木塞的化学和物理性质。此技术已经用于从咖啡豆中除去咖啡因。但据Sabate公司有关人士称,这项技术的操作费用将会很高。到目前为止,软木塞在葡萄酒中的应用仍然相当广泛,但软木塞污染问题一直是困扰各葡萄酒厂和软木塞厂的问题。许多人认为软木塞中的TCA是导致这一问题的罪魁祸首,为此,…     

红葡萄酒中2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)感官阈值的研究

2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)是葡萄酒软木塞常见污染物之一,在酒中的含量极低(ng/L级别),但特殊的霉味会使消费者产生排斥.国外已对其进行了深入的仪器与感官分析研究,国内还未开展针对TCA的感官分析研究.本实验主要目的是测算多大浓度TCA污染的葡萄酒会使消费者产生排斥反应,通过成对比较及三点比较的检验方法,测定消费者排斥阈(CRT)及消费者觉察阈(DT),5%显著性结果分别为64ng/L和2ng/L,且两者间未呈现显著相关性.对比国外相关文献发现,国内外消费者察觉阈值比较接近,TCA的感官敏感性无较大差异;而国内消费者在对葡萄酒的喜好性评价中,相比国外消费者更不易受TCA的影响.     

Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments compared follicular and luteal development and circulating steroid concentrations from induced luteolysis to ovulation in lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/day) vs. nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo-old) during summer (Experiment 1), and in lactating (n = 27; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) vs. dry cows (n = 26) during winter (experiment 2). All females received PGF2,, 6 d after ovulation and were monitored until next ovulation by daily ultrasound and assay of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Every female was used two or three times. In Experiment 1, lactating cows had high incidence of multiple ovulation (63.5%) compared with heifers (1.3%). Among single ovulators, there was no difference in maximal size of ovulatory follicles between lactating cows and heifers (15.8 vs. 16.5 mm, respectively). However, lactating cows had lower peak serum E2 (8.6 vs. 12.1 pg/ml), took longer to ovulate after luteolysis (4.6 vs. 3.8 d), developed more luteal tissue volume (7,293.6 vs. 5,515.2 mm3), and had lower serum P4 on d 6 after ovulation (2.0 vs. 3.0 ng/ml) than heifers (data included multiple ovulators). In experiment 2, multiple ovulations were similar between lactating and dry cows (17.9 vs. 17.2%, respectively). Peak serum E2 was also similar between lactating and dry cows (7.6 vs. 8.5 pg/ml) although lactating cows had larger ovulatory follicles (18.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 0.4 mm). Lactating cows took longer to ovulate (4.8 vs. 4.2 d), developed more luteal tissue (7,599 vs. 5,139 +/- 468 mm3), but had similar serum P4 (2.2 vs. 1.9 ng/ ml) compared with dry cows. Therefore, lactating cows had similar or lower circulating steroid concentrations than dry cows or heifers, respectively, despite having larger ovarian structures.     

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments in two seasons evaluated fertilization rate and embryonic development in dairy cattle. Experiment 1 (summer) compared lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 97.3 +/- 4.1 d postpartum [dppl; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/d) to nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo old). Experiment 2 (winter) compared lactating cows (n = 27; 46.4 +/- 1.6 dpp; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) to dry cows (n = 26). Inseminations based on estrus included combined semen from four high-fertility bulls. Embryos and oocytes recovered 5 d after ovulation were evaluated for fertilization, embryo quality (1 = excellent to 5 = degenerate), nuclei/embryo, and accessory sperm. In experiment 1, 21 embryos and 17 unfertilized oocytes (UFO) were recovered from lactating cows versus 32 embryos and no UFO from heifers (55% vs. 100% fertilization). Embryos from lactating cows had inferior quality scores (3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), fewer nuclei/embryo (19.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 3.0) but more accessory sperm (37.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 22.4 +/- 5.5/embryo) than embryos from heifers. Sperm were attached to 80% of UFO (17.8 +/- 12.1 sperm/UFO). In experiment 2, lactating cows yielded 36 embryos and 5 UFO versus 34 embryos and 4 UFO from dry cows (87.8 vs. 89.5% fertilization). Embryo quality from lactating cows was inferior to dry cows (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), but embryos had similar numbers of nuclei (27.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 2.1) and accessory sperm (42.0 +/- 9.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 6.3). From 53% of the flushings from lactating cows and 28% from dry cows, only nonviable embryos were collected. Thus, embryos of lactating dairy cows were detectably inferior to embryos from nonlactating females as early as 5 d after ovulation, with a surprisingly high percentage of nonviable embryos. In addition, fertilization rate was reduced only in summer, apparently due to an effect of heat stress on the oocyte.     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

Zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in cereals and pulses consumed in India

Several cereals and pulses commonly consumed in India were screened for zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in the same was determined by equilibrium dialysis employing an in vitro simulated digestion procedure. Zinc content of cereals ranged from 1.08 mg/100 g in rice to 2.24 mg/100 g in sorghum. Zinc content of pulses was between 2.03 mg/100 g (whole chickpea) and 2.68 mg/ 100 g (decorticated chickpea). Iron content of cereals ranged from 1.32 mg% in rice to 6.51 mg% in sorghum, while that of pulses ranged from 3.85 mg% in decorticated green gram to 6.46 mg% in black gram. Dialyzability of zinc from pulses (27–56%) was generally higher than that from cereals (5.5–21.4%). Dialyzabilities of iron were almost similar from both cereals and pulses examined and were 4.13–8.05% in cereals and 1.77–10.2 % in pulses. A significant negative correlation between inherent phytate content and zinc dialyzability value was inferred in the case of pulses. Phytic acid content of the cereals had a significant negative influence on iron dialyzability. Inherent calcium had a negative influence on zinc dialyzability in cereals. Tannin did not have any significant influence on zinc or iron dialyzabilities from cereals and pulses. While both insoluble and soluble fractions of the dietary fibre generally interfered with zinc dialyzability, the insoluble fraction alone had this effect on iron dialyzability. The lower collective negative influence of the inherent factors on zinc dialyzability from pulses is consistent with their higher concentrations in these grains, relative to cereals. The negative correlation of inherent phytic acid with zinc and iron dialyzabilities was supported by enhanced dialyzabilities of these minerals upon partial removal of phytate from the grains by treatment with fungal phytase.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200?g a.i.?ha^?1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5?±?0.01, 1.1?±?0.01 and 0.4?±?0.02, 0.9?±?0.01?mg?kg^?1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30–40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10–30% for both seasons, whereas 50–70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2–3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

果蔬及其制品中真菌毒素的污染与检测研究进展

果蔬在生长、贮存、运输及加工等一系列过程中,极易受到各种病原菌的侵染而发生腐烂,腐烂果蔬不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且导致果蔬积累大量的真菌毒素。真菌毒素可通过食物链的传递对人或动物的健康带来巨大威胁。本文就果蔬中常见真菌毒素的种类、产毒菌株、侵染途径、产毒条件、毒性作用、检测方法和限量标准等方面进行详细的总结,旨在为果蔬中真菌毒素的控制提供参考。     

我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况研究

目的 调查我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况，掌握该类食品中霉菌及真菌毒素污染风险的关联性。方法 通过采集市售商品，检测霉菌及其毒素，采用内转录间区（ITS）测序法对样品中污染的霉菌进行属鉴定。结果 19.32%（560/2 912）的熟制坚果与籽类食品霉菌计数>25 CFU/g。单一、混合坚果超过该限值的比例分别为14.78%（322/2 178）和32.56%（239/734），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单一坚果中核桃超过该限值的比例最高，为24.10%（47/195），杏仁、巴达木和花生分别为17.44%（15/86）、16.81%（20/119）和16.22%（73/450），其余种类均在15%以下。对26份霉菌计数>25 CFU/g的样品进行真菌毒素检测，1份采自云南的花生检出白僵菌素污染量为16.37 μg/kg。ITS扩增子测序发现熟制坚果与籽类食品中主要污染曲霉属、交链孢霉属、念珠菌属等，和真菌毒素检出有相关性。结论 熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌污染较高，检出的霉菌属有产真菌毒素的风险，提示应加强该类食品中污染霉菌的监测、种属鉴定及产毒情况研究，掌握其污染途径和产毒规律，为开展风险评估，采取有效防控措施提供科学依据。     

蛋白质组学技术及其在乳及乳制品中的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学技术是近年来生命科学研究的重要工具,在食品、医学及动植物研究领域具有独特优势.利用蛋白质组学技术研究乳及乳制品,深入阐明其中蛋白质的表达及动态变化已成为当前的研究热点.该文主要综述了蛋白质组学的概念、常用技术及应用领域,重点介绍蛋白质组学在乳及乳制品领域,特别是在乳脂肪球膜蛋白、乳清蛋白、乳及乳制品加工过程以...     

Sweetness and aroma perceptions in dairy desserts varying in sucrose and aroma levels and in textural agent

Sweetness–aroma interactions were investigated in model dairy desserts varying in sucrose concentration, aroma concentration and in textural characteristics using different textural agents (κ-, ι-, λ-carrageenans and an equal-mix of the three). Overall intensities of sweetness and aroma perceptions were evaluated by sensory analysis and apparent partition coefficients of aroma compounds were measured by static headspace—GC.Sweetness–aroma interaction was characterised by a non-reciprocal relationship. Concentration of aroma had no impact on sweetness intensity, whatever be the sucrose concentration or textural characteristics of desserts, whereas varying texture or sucrose concentration modified aroma intensity. However, effects on aroma assessment were effective only when aroma concentration was the highest. In this condition, use of λ-carrageenan or increasing sucrose concentration from 25 to 50 g kg⁻¹ enhanced aroma intensity, but no extra enhancement was observed when sucrose concentration was 100 g kg⁻¹. As the air–dessert partition coefficient remained constant, impact of textural characteristics and sweetness variation on aroma perception did not result from physico-chemical interaction.     

冰酒中的毕赤属和汉逊属酵母菌的筛选及其在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

从冰葡萄酒自然发酵过程中分离、鉴定出10株毕赤属(Pichia)和汉逊属(Hanseniaspora)酵母,对其耐受性(酒精、糖、酸、SO2)进行研究,筛选得到4株耐受性能优良的酵母菌株,编号为"HO"和"HU"(Hanseniaspora属)、"PO"和"PK"(Pichia属).再将此4个酵母菌株与商业酿酒酵母(S...