乳化盐对再制干酪品质的影响概述

乳化盐是再制干酪中添加的重要辅料之一,其对再制干酪品质的影响显著。乳化盐对再制干酪主要有以下影响作用:钙的螯合作用、乳化作用、pH值调节和缓冲作用、对蛋白质的分散和水合作用等方面,本文将会对以上作用做一些阐述,同时综述了再制干酪中常用的乳化盐的性质。     

淀粉代替乳化盐在再制干酪中的应用

采用感官评定、TPA试验和应力松弛实验方法,对淀粉作为乳化盐替代物对再制干酪进行感官和质地的研究.结果表明,交联马铃薯淀粉和对照组在感官、TPA性能、应力松弛性能都比较接近,可以代替乳化盐在再制干酪中的应用.     

水分对再制干酪功能性的影响

利用质构仪,流变仪,扫描电镜分析水分对再制干酪产品功能特性的影响,揭示了水分在再制干酪生产过程中的重要作用.结果表明,水分对再制干酪的融化性和表观黏度均有显著的影响(P＜0.05);而水分对干酪物性中的硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性有相似的影响;水分对酪蛋白的乳化作用的影响体现在干酪中脂肪球的大小和数量上,在一定范围内水分增加酪蛋白乳化作用越好.     

乳化盐对涂抹型豆乳牛乳混合再制干酪质构的影响

再制干酪生产中乳化盐的种类及添加量会显著影响最终产品的质构（p<0.05）。将四种常用乳化盐应用于涂抹型混合乳再制干酪的生产中,分析它们的乳化能力。首先进行各种乳化盐的单因素实验,应用TA-XT2i型物性分析仪对实验结果进行质构分析,并使用Statistix8.0统计分析软件对实验结果进行统计分析并做出比较。结果表明,四种乳化盐的乳化效果受浓度影响显著（p<0.05）,而相同浓度的四种乳化盐的乳化效果依次为:多聚磷酸钠>柠檬酸钠>焦磷酸钠>磷酸氢二钠。其次,在单因素实验的基础上进行复配实验,得出三组最佳的乳化盐组合分别是2.5%多聚磷酸钠+0.5%柠檬酸钠,2%多聚磷酸钠+1%柠檬酸钠,以及1.5%的柠檬酸钠+1.5%焦磷酸钠。      

乳化盐对涂抹型豆乳牛乳混合再制干酪质构的影响

再制干酪生产中乳化盐的种类及添加量会显著影响最终产品的质构(p<0.05)。将四种常用乳化盐应用于涂抹型混合乳再制干酪的生产中,分析它们的乳化能力。首先进行各种乳化盐的单因素实验,应用TA-XT2i型物性分析仪对实验结果进行质构分析,并使用Statistix8.0统计分析软件对实验结果进行统计分析并做出比较。结果表明,四种乳化盐的乳化效果受浓度影响显著(p<0.05),而相同浓度的四种乳化盐的乳化效果依次为:多聚磷酸钠>柠檬酸钠>焦磷酸钠>磷酸氢二钠。其次,在单因素实验的基础上进行复配实验,得出三组最佳的乳化盐组合分别是2.5%多聚磷酸钠+0.5%柠檬酸钠,2%多聚磷酸钠+1%柠檬酸钠,以及1.5%的柠檬酸钠+1.5%焦磷酸钠。     

乳化盐对涂抹型再制干酪质地的影响

乳化盐对涂抹型再制干酪质地的控制具有重要的作用，本研究结合质构分析、扫电镜观察等技术手段研究了5种不同的乳化盐及其添加量对涂抹型再制干酪质地的影响。结果表明，乳化盐的种类和添加量的不同对产品的质地均有显著的影响。乳化盐主要是通过提高pH值和钙螯合能力来增加产品中酪蛋白的乳化能力，从而使脂肪球均匀的分散在酪蛋白的网络结构中。     

再制干酪的制造与前景预测

本文介绍了再制干酪的产生历程及其与天然干酪相比较的特点,简述了其生产工艺及操作要点并对我国发展再制干酪的前景进行了预测。     

再制干酪安全性与安全配方的发展

乳制品安全问题越来越受到社会公众关注,目前国内对再制干酪的安全性研究、质量控制和危机事件的处理都缺乏相关经验。主要阐述了再制干酪需关注的致病菌和影响产品安全性的因素,并介绍了再制干酪产品安全配方的发展,为国内再制干酪产品的开发与生产提供理论支持。     

再制干酪工艺条件的优化

研究乳化盐、稳定剂、乳清粉、乳化温度对再制干酪的生产工艺的影响。采用单因素简单分析、复合因素共同调节及响应面试验设计进行工艺条件优化。最佳工艺条件为乳化温度70℃,柠檬酸钠1.5%、焦磷酸钠0.5%,黄原胶1.0%、卡拉胶1.5%、乳清粉20%(均以原料天然干酪的质量计)。在此条件下,验证试验得到再制干酪的感官综合评分为23.4,与模型预测值非常接近。     

再制干酪及其乳化剂

近年来国外对制作再制干酪的研究相当活跃,在产品开发及制做上已有较高的加工技术。以不同干酪或其他营养物质做为原料,用不同类型的乳化剂及风味添加物使产品推陈出新,深受消费者欢迎。我国由于干酪价格普遍贵,品种单一而又不适合国人口味所以发展较慢。再制干酪由于具有营养丰富、风味温和及易保藏等特点,做为一种方便食品在我国东北、北京等地正处于开发之中。本文介绍了再制干酪的生产工艺、乳化     

乳化盐在重制奶酪生产中的作用

阐述了乳化盐在重制奶酪中的作用，以及常用乳化盐的主要特性、实际应用和重制奶酪经常出现的质量缺陷、原因分析、采取的措施等。     

Use of sodium polyphosphates with different linear lengths in the production of spreadable processed cheese

The objective of this study was to describe the dependence of textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, and relative adhesiveness) of processed cheese spreads on the proportion of disodium phosphate (DSP), tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP), and sodium salts of polyphosphate in ternary mixtures of emulsifying salts. Sodium salts of polyphosphate with different mean lengths (n ≈ 5, 9, 13, 20, and 28) were used. Pentasodium triphosphate (PSTP) was used instead of TSPP in the second part of the study. Products with and without pH adjustment were tested (the target pH value was 5.60–5.80). Textural properties of the processed cheese were observed after 2, 9, and 30 d of storage at 6°C. Hardness of the processed cheese with a low content of polyphosphate increased at a specific DSP:TSPP ratio (~1:1 to 3:4). This trend was the same for all the polyphosphates used; only the absolute values of texture parameters were different. The same trends were observed in the ternary mixtures with PSTP, showing lower final values of hardness compared with samples containing TSPP. Hardness and cohesiveness decreased and relative adhesiveness increased in the samples with increased pH values and vice versa; the main trend remained unchanged.     

The effect of different ternary mixtures of sodium phosphates on hardness of processed cheese spreads

The aim of this study was to describe the dependence of hardness of processed cheeses on the proportion of disodium hydrogenphosphate (DSP), tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP) and/or sodium salts of polyphosphate (POLY) in ternary mixtures of emulsifying salts. The samples were observed during a 30‐day storage period (at 6 °C). On the second day of storage, hardness of the samples with the individual DSP, TSPP or POLY were in the range of 1.65–1.83 N, 2.42–2.81 N and 5.98–6.53 N, respectively. Within zero or a very low proportion of POLY in the mixture, hardness of the processed cheeses increased rapidly (up to 14 N) at a specific ratio of DSP to TSPP in range of 1:1–3:4. Hardness of the samples containing the above‐mentioned specific ratio was decreasing with the rising content of POLY (up to 60%) in the ternary mixtures. Within the prevailing content of POLY in the ternary mixtures (more than 60%), the phenomenon of a specific ratio of DSP to TSPP was no longer observed. With the increasing storage period (up to 30 days), hardness of the processed cheeses was slightly rising (in range of 2–4 N).     

Evaluation of salt whey as an ingredient in processed cheese

The objective of this research was to determine whether salt whey, obtained from a traditional Cheddar cheese manufacturing process, could be used as an ingredient in processed cheese. Due to its high salinity level, salt whey is underutilized and leads to disposal costs. Consequently, alternative uses need to be pursued. The major components of salt whey (salt and water) are used as ingredients in processed cheese. Three replicates of pasteurized processed cheese (PC), pasteurized processed cheese food (PCF), and pasteurized processed cheese spread (PCS) were manufactured. Additionally, within each type of processed cheese, a control formula (CF) and a salt whey formula (SW) were produced. For SW, the salt and water in the CF were replaced with salt whey. The composition, functionality, and sensory properties of the CF and SW treatments were compared within each type of processed cheese. Mean melt diameter obtained for the CF and SW processed cheeses were 48.5 and 49.4 mm, respectively, for PC, and they were 61.6 and 63 mm, respectively, for PCF. Tube-melt results for PCS was 75.1 and 79.8 mm for CF and SW treatments, respectively. The mean texture profile analysis (TPA) hardness values obtained, respectively, for the CF and SW treatments were 126 N and 115 N for PC, 62 N and 60 N for PCF, and 12 N and 12 N for PCS. There were no significant differences in composition or functionality between the CF and SW within each variety of processed cheese. Consequently, salt whey can be used as an ingredient in PC without adversely affecting processed cheese quality.     

不同亲水胶体对再制奶油奶酪品质的影响

通过研究刺槐豆胶、卡拉胶、海藻酸钠、瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶5种不同亲水胶体对以切达奶酪为原料,直接酸化法得到的再制奶油奶酪品质的影响,来选择较佳的亲水胶体方案。实验结果表明,亲水胶体对样品各方面的性质影响显著,对持水性和持油性的影响尤为明显。本体系适用不凝胶的亲水胶体。黄原胶和刺槐豆胶是最佳的选择,并建议2种胶体单独使用。     

再制干酪贮藏期间的物理及化学变化

再制干酪往往被认为是一种保质期较长的、稳定的干酪食品。事实上，再制干酪即便不被微生物污染，室温下的保质期也只有几个月。贮藏期间，再制干酪的质地和风味都慢慢改变，本文阐述了引起储藏期间再制干酪质地和风味变化的主要原因，对引起这些变化的因素加以分析．并概括了国外关于再制干酪储藏期的研究进展。通过对再制干酪贮藏期质地变化的研究，将有助于干酪生产者更好的预测和控制产品贮藏期间的质量。     

无胶体型儿童再制干酪配方设计研究

通过对天然干酪、炼乳、乳蛋白添加量和目标水份的研究和优化,确定了无胶体型儿童再制干酪配方:马苏里拉20％,成熟车达4％,炼乳14％,黄油11％,脱脂乳粉6％,麦芽糖浆5％,牛乳蛋白1.5％,乳化盐1.3％,乳酸0.37％,加水量36.83％(均为质量分数).经一系列稳定实验说明该配方生产的产品在10℃左右冷藏条件下,至少可以贮存9个月.     

The effect of natural cheddar cheese ripening on the functional and textural properties of the processed cheese manufactured therefrom

ABSTRACT:  Cheddar cheese ripened at 8 °C was sampled at 7, 14, 28, 56, 112, and 168 d and subsequently used for the manufacture of processed cheese. The cheddar cheese samples were analyzed throughout ripening for proteolysis while the textural and rheological properties of the processed cheeses (PCs) were studied. The rate of proteolysis was the greatest in the first 28 d of cheddar cheese ripening but began to slow down as ripening progressed from 28 to 168 d. A similar trend was observed in changes to the texture of the PC samples, with the greatest decrease in hardness and increase in flowability being in the first 28 d of ripening. Confocal scanning laser microscopy showed that the degree of emulsification in the PC samples increased as the maturity of the cheddar cheese ingredient increased from 7 to 168 d. This increased emulsification resulted in a reduction in the rate of softening in the PC in samples manufactured from cheddar cheese bases at later ripening times. Multivariate data analysis was performed to summarize the relationships between proteolysis in the cheddar cheese bases and textural properties of the PC made therefrom. The proportion of α _{s 1}-casein (CN) in the cheddar cheese base was strongly correlated with hardness, adhesiveness, fracturability, springiness, and storage modulus values for the corresponding PC. Degradation of α _{s 1}-CN was the proteolytic event with the strongest correlation to the softening of PC samples, particularly those manufactured from cheddar cheese in the first 28 d of ripening.