权衡汽车气动性能与乘坐舒适性的定量方法

用定量分析的方法,权衡气动性能与乘坐舒适性需求对汽车外形设计的影响。先把汽车车身简化为一个类钝体,并对主要外形特征部位进行参数化。然后选择无轮车身的气动阻力系数和剩余体积百分数作为衡量汽车气动性能和乘坐舒适性的物理量,选取600个以上的性能偏优的样本点,用基因权重函数计算每个外形参数对汽车气动性能和乘坐舒适性的影响程度,并根据综合影响程度进行分类。最后提出能够兼顾汽车气动性能与乘坐舒适性的汽车造型设计建议。     

风力机叶片气动外形优化设计综述

近年来,可再生能源发展很快,包括太阳能、风能、水能等,其中风力机是风能发电的主要形式。风力机通过叶片的转动将风能转化为机械能,故叶片对风的捕获能力是风能利用效率的重要影响因素,这涉及风力机叶片空气动力学问题,而叶片气动外形设计对其气动效率有着至关重要的作用。首先介绍了风力机空气动力学理论和气动计算模型,它们是气动设计的基础,然后分别介绍了传统的气动外形优化设计方法和现代优化设计方法。指出了风力机叶片设计的多学科、多目标发展趋势,以及开发风力机设计软件的迫切需要。     

低空低速载人飞艇艇身外形设计及气动计算

本文应用FLUENT计算软件,采用SIMPLE算法、S—A湍流模型数值模拟并计算了绕飞艇的低速不可压粘性流动,计算了不同挺身外形的阻力特性。本文的计算结果与参考文献中的计算结果符合良好,可以用于飞艇艇身的气动计算。通过对3类12种不同外形飞艇阻力特性计算,得到了最佳的飞艇外形,表明本文方法可以用于飞艇挺身外形的选形设计     

高速列车头型气动外形关键结构参数优化设计*

降低列车运行阻力和气动噪声是提升高速列车速度能力和环境适应性的有效手段。针对气动阻力、气动噪声这两项优化目标,利用Isight软件建立了集参数化驱动建模、计算网格划分、气动计算、优化分析等步骤的高速列车新头型气动性能自动优化设计流程,运用基于多目标遗传算法NSGA-II的优化设计方法,对鼻尖高度、排障器前端伸缩量、转向架区域挡板倾角等关键设计变量进行了优化设计以及与气动阻力和气动噪声的相关性分析,在此基础上提出了综合性能较佳的新头型气动外形。通过计算结果可知,① 鼻尖高度对整车阻力和头车表面最大声功率均为正相关关系;② 转向架区域隔墙倾角对整车阻力和头车表面最大声功率影响的相关性最大;③ 通过优化转向架区域隔墙倾角可有效降低该处气动噪声的表面声功率。     

变后掠翼导弹气动特性仿真分析

随着世界军事技术的迅猛发展,将变体技术应用于导弹设计,使之具有更强的飞行适应能力变得尤为重要。变后掠翼是满足变体导弹飞行特点的重要手段,通过改变气动布局,使导弹具有适应低速、亚声速、跨声速和超声速飞行状态的能力。文中参考“战斧”导弹外形特点,建立了变后掠翼导弹模型,并用计算流体动力学软件对5组不同后掠角导弹模型进行了研究,对比分析了不同速度下的气动特性。通过对变后掠翼导弹的仿真计算,总结了8组马赫数对应的升阻比随后掠角的变化规律,给出了不同飞行条件下应采用的后掠角方案,为今后变体导弹的气动外形设计提供参考。     

风力机叶片气动外形与主机运行特性耦合优化设计

在叶片的优化设计中,叶片的气动外形与风力机主机的稳态运行特性存在耦合设计关系,一方面叶片的外形形状决定主机的稳态运行特性;另一方面对不同外形形状的风力机叶片应设计与之相匹配的风轮转速、叶片桨矩角等主机稳态控制策略,进而才能准确的计算和提高叶片在低风速条件下的气动性能。基于高阶贝塞尔曲线和粒子群算法构建了叶片气动外形的优化设计模型,在最大叶根弯矩和风轮推力的约束条件下,以年发电量最大为目标对某1.5MW叶片进行了优化设计。结果表明,提出的优化设计方法可实现风力机叶片气动外形和稳态运行特性的一体化优化设计,提高了风力机在低于额定风速下的气动性能,研究方法可运用于低风速超低风速风力机叶片的设计中。     

大型风力机叶片气动外形及其运行特性设计优化

大型风力机叶片气动外形设计时,不仅应考虑气动外形参数的优化,还应该考虑参数优化后的运行特性,才能为风力机实际控制提供依据。为此,提出一种叶片气动外形及其运行特性设计优化方法。该方法首先建立叶片翼型分布、弦长分布和扭角分布等气动外形参数控制方程,基于叶素-动量理论分析各参数变化对风轮功率的影响。在满足额定功率条件下,以减小所需额定风速为目标进行优化求解,求解过程中考虑初始桨距角的影响。针对优化后的风轮,设计了风轮转矩-转速关系曲线,分析了风轮运行特性。最后,采用计算流体动力学方法佐证了设计结果的正确性。     

空气动力制动对汽车气动影响初探

在CATIA环境中使用NURBS方法完成汽车外形的数字化表达,并且在FLUENT软件中完成一系列的数值计算,研究了汽车使用空气动力制动前后,气动力随速度的变化规律,以及在并行时的气动特性变化规律,探讨了运用风阻制动技术所带来的一些挑战。研究过程中首次提出了气动主导因子Zd和气动稳定因子Wd的概念与计算方法,并成功应用于研究中。最后对公式进行了进一步的推广,使得公式具有更广泛的应用价值。     

基于CFD的某车型外流场分析及车身改进

选取某一微型车为原型,进行汽车三维外流场气动特性数值模拟研究,得到了车身表面主要气流分离区域及三维外流场流动结构的特点。在此基础上系统探讨了不同车身底部上翘角、尾部扰流板倾角和离地间隙对微车尾部尾流分离点、尾涡特性及其气动特性的影响规律,并寻求低风阻的微车气动外形结构。最后,针对车身局部造型进行了改进并确定改进车身外形。研究表明:改进后车身模型的风阻系数为0.3023,风阻系数降低8.7%。改进后模型可以有效减小汽车风阻系数,降低车身气动阻力,提升汽车的燃油经济性。     

大型风机叶片气动外形参数计算及三维建模方法

结合工程实践,基于Schmitz理论计算出风机叶片气动外形参数并利用三维坐标变换原理计算截面翼型空间分布位置,在此基础上,以大型三维设计软件UG为工作平台建立了叶片三维气动外形,并完全满足五轴数控加工制造要求,从而验证了该方法的可靠性.这一方法简化了复杂曲面的设计过程,提高了工作效率,为后续的数控加工、模具制作、结构设计及计算奠定了基础.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.