Reply from Sommer and Sommer.

Responds to comments by H. L. Garber (see record 1985-24145-001), E. Furchtgott (see record 1985-24143-001), G. S. Bernstein (see record 1985-24133-001), K. Heskin (see record 1985-24148-001), and K. B. Carsrud (see record 1985-24136-001) on issues raised by the authors (see record 1984-10654-001) on the validity of research findings reported in textbooks. The hazards of unquestioning acceptance of appealing preliminary results and the need to exercise professional judgment in interpreting results are stressed. It is argued that textbooks in such core areas as developmental and abnormal psychology should be conservative in the facts they publish. The use of replication as a means of establishing validity is advocated. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Religiosity and emotional disturbance": Reply.

In response to the criticism of A. Ellis (see record 1988-20829-001) on flaws in the study by P. W. Sharkey and the present author (see record 1987-22684-001) on religiosity and emotional disturbance, it is asserted that the Ss studied were clients in Ellis's counseling center; 2 parameters for future studies are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Objectivity revisited.

Contends that G. M. Alliger and P. J. Hanges's (see record 1985-02739-001) assertion that Paradigm I scientists acknowledge their personal inability to make completely value-free observations has no bearing on the present author's (see record 1983-20002-001) argument. Their attempt to characterize the objectivity of science fails to distinguish it from numerous other social enterprises, such as theology and baseball. G. Nettler (see record 1985-02742-001) misses the structure of the present author's argument and supposes that he subscribes to views that he has cited only to refute. The author's basic claim is misrepresented in both these critiques. It is not suggested that one should prefer subjectivity to objectivity but that the distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is incoherent. Contrary to Nettler's suggestion, the abandonment of the subject–object distinction does not commit one to the view that experience is chaotic. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rejoinder to Robinson's "Ethics and advocacy."

Questions D. N. Robinson's (see record 1985-12952-001) argument that the American Psychological Association should not be an advocate for moral or ethical positions in important social issues because it lacks the appropriate moral authority. The present author stresses the importance of involvement in issues of social responsibilities and ethics and notes that such involvement has opened up new areas of investigation and sources of funding. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Process and outcome considerations in juror evaluation of eyewitness testimony.

Responds to comments by G. L. Wells (see record 1985-20040-001) on the present authors' (see record 1984-06612-001) argument that current empirical findings on perception and memory do not justify a role for psychologists in evaluating eyewitness testimony. The present authors argue that Wells's statements on process and outcome confuse the outcome of an individual trial and trials in the aggregate. The question of whether jurors tend to overbelieve eyewitness testimony is discussed. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Akiyama's comments.

Addresses M. M. Akiyama's (see record 1986-24110-001) comments concerning the present author's (see record 1985-25108-001) cross-linguistic comparison of the sentence verification process, focusing on the objectives of and the analysis of data from the author's experiments. It is asserted that, contrary to Akiyama's argument, the data obtained would not directly challenge the cognitive primacy hypothesis in any serious manner. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reexamining guiding assumptions: Theoretical and methodological implications.

Analyzes articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in terms of their assumptions concerning the nature of human beings and appropriate research methods in counseling psychology. They emphasize 4 sets of variables: intentionality, cognitive processes, consciousness, and talking behavior. They argue that the person in their social context should be the primary unit of analysis and that humans must be understood as active, self-constructing, goal-directed organisms. Replicated single-case designs are recommended as research methodology. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Optimum service delivery to the Black client.

Replies to the comments of H. U. Ashby (see record 1986-17759-001) and P. Bronstein (see record 1986-17774-001) on the author's (see record 1985-26063-001) work on the nondisclosing Black client. Ashby's and Bronstein's objections to the term healthy cultural paranoia are addressed with assertions that the author is not the originator of the term and that the impact of the proposal on the quality of care services to Black clients was not considered by either Ashby or Bronstein. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Voice recognition and self-deception: A reply to Sackeim and Gur.

H. A. Sackeim and R. C. Gur (see record 1985-22770-001) rejected the present authors' (see record 1983-29703-001) claim that voice recognition is inadequate as a demonstration of self-deception and presented evidence to support their position, especially with reference to the motivational aspects of self-deception. It is argued that Sackeim and Gur's (see record 1979-26213-001) data do not necessarily require the operation of a self-deception process. Sackeim and Gur argue that Ss' reports and their GSRs are both measures of recognition. They claim that when people are faced with their own tape-recorded voices, the overt and covert measures of recognition often do not coincide, and this lack of agreement implies that self-deception is operating. It is asserted that the evidence cannot be regarded as watertight, because almost exactly the same results are obtained when the target is a voice that is not their own. It is also contended that motivational manipulations fail to provide firm evidence for the self-deception hypothesis. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the confounding of "hassles" stress and outcome.

Comments on the argument between R. S. Lazarus et al (see record 1986-10770-001) and B. P. Dohrenwend and P. E. Shrout (see record 1986-10765-001) about confounding problems in studies examining the relationship between stress and psychopathology/symptomatology. It is suggested that neither addressed the major problem: the ability to separate statistically and conceptually the relative contributions of objective events and subjective appraisal of those events. Findings of the present author and colleagues (1981; also see record 1986-04136-001) are discussed to illustrate the point. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Research on human judgment and its application to clinical practice": Response to Garb.

In response to the comment by H. N. Garb (see record 1988-18224-001) on the article by the present author (see record 1987-05373-001) concerning research on human judgment and its application, the present author refutes Garb's criticisms and maintains that many core aspects of the original argument remain untouched. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reflections on human nature, science, and progress in counseling psychology.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in which they argue that traditional conceptualizations of living organisms as passive reactors to environmental events are inadequate views of the living being. An emerging view of people as causal agents acting to influence the actions of other causal agents for their own purposes has promise in developing a pragmatically useful scientific basis for helping people change through therapeutic relationships. It is concluded that the methods of scientific inquiry should be developed to suit the nature of the object of inquiry and need be limited only by the canon of intersubjective replicability. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On mood variation and memory: Reply to Isen (1985), Ellis (1985), and Mayer and Bower (1985).

Responds to comments by A. M. Isen (see record 1986-13663-001); H. C. Ellis (see record 1986-13654-001); and J. D. Mayer and G. M. Bower (see record 1986-13675-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-03061-001) findings that (a) depressed college students showed no overall deficit in recall performance and (b) depressed students failed to show selective recall for mood-congruent (negative) events in a story. Issues considered included performance deficits in depression, selectivity effects in memory, the possibility that affective traits rather than mood states were assessed, and potential reactions to the mood questionnaires. Evidence is presented that the Beck Depression Inventory is not a mild mood-induction procedure. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Clinical psychology training in Canada: Its development, current status, and the prospects for accreditation": Response to Conway.

Comments on J. B. Conway's (see record 1985-10567-001) history of clinical psychology in Canada. The discussion focuses on the sources of support for and opposition to the establishment of applied psychology programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rehabilitation services as ideology: A response to Stubbins, Coudroglou, and Berkowitz.

Responds to the comments of J. Stubbins (see record 1985-31779-001), A. Coudroglou (see record 1985-31754-001), and E. Berkowitz (see record 1985-31749-001) on needed reforms of the rehabilitation service system. With emphasis on Stubbins's comments, it is argued that Stubbins makes sweeping unsupported generalizations and that he overlooks the strengths derived from the legislative process, the disability rights movement, and rehabilitation research. Although reform is needed, it is suggested that it will come through informed inquiry and a changing environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Span of apprehension deficits in vulnerable children: Further comments.

Replies to the comments of R. F. Asarnow et al (see record 1985-01251-001) on the failure by the present authors (see record 1985-01308-001) to replicate findings of an earlier study by Asarnow and colleagues (see record 1978-05788-001) that showed performance deficits on the span of apprehension task in children vulnerable to psychopathology. Although the present authors acknowledge that the procedure used by Asarnow and colleagues involved nonfoveal presentations while the present authors' procedure did not, they stand by their conclusion that the findings of the earlier study are not generalizable. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Of old philosophies and new kids on the block.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in which they find the philosophy of science undergirding contemporary research in counseling psychology to be deficient. Their criticisms are reviewed and evaluated within the context of the present author's own view that the purpose of scientific activity is the construction (construing) of reality. The present author challenges the new philosophy to prove itself. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpreting children's responses to ambiguous messages: A reply to Robinson and Whittaker (1985).

Responds to E. J. Robinson and S. J. Whittaker's (see record 1985-25142-001) statement that the present author's (see record 1982-05434-001) interpretation of children's responses to ambiguous referential communications could not have been due to the hypothesized performative bias. It is argued that Robinson and Whittaker did not empirically test the hypothesis and so cannot say that their results contradict it. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Do not mislabel counseling": Response.

Responds to L. O. Bascue's (see record 1986-20566-001) comments on the present authors' (see record 1985-18426-001) work regarding the problems encountered in describing the practice of specialty areas within professional psychology. Issues on defining the population for role delineation studies and describing distinguishing features of specialty practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"More on determinants of delay of gratification": Reply to Kihlstrom.

Respond to J. F. Kihlstrom's (see record 1986-21976-001) comments regarding the present author and M. J. Harris's (see record 1986-20971-001) reanalysis of W. Mischel's (see record 1985-06679-001) data relating to the influence of personality and situational variables on the delay of gratification by clarifying that the intention of the article by the present author and Harris was not to establish the superiority of personality variables relative to cognitive ones but to counter the frequent implication that cognitive factors can be preferred on the grounds of effect size alone. (1 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)