南昌市高校学生男男同性恋性病/艾滋病知信行调查

目的了解南昌市高校学生男男性行为接触者（MSM）对STD/AIDS相关知识的掌握情况及相应态度和行为,为进一步做好该人群的艾滋病防治工作做准备。方法通过滚雪球方式获得目标人群,进行一对一的知信行（KAP）访谈或自填问卷调查。结果 78名大学生MSM中94.9%的人听说过艾滋病,有78.2%的被调查者看过AIDS宣传册,AIDS相关知识平均知晓率为62.2%;有26.9%的人认为自己很可能或可能将来感染艾滋病;最近6个月内84.6%的被调查者有过肛交性行为,每次发生肛交时使用安全套的比率只占20.5%;最近6个月内,有24.4%的被调查者有过异性和同性性伴,每次发生性行为时使用安全套的比率只占25%。结论该人群安全套使用率不高,且多性伴现象普遍存在,获得艾滋病相关知识的主要途经是网络,自愿接受HIV检测率偏低。应该充分利用网络媒体的作用加大对该人群的干预力度。     

桐城市外出务工人员艾滋病相关知识及行为调查

目的 了解安徽省桐城市外出务工人员艾滋病相关知识和行为现状，为制定本地区艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法 2020年1—2月，将桐城市人口数和外出务工人数较多的龙眠街道、文昌街道和龙腾街道作为调查点，采用分层抽样方法，每个街道各选取100名外出务工人员问卷调查其艾滋病基本知识及相关行为，以EXCEL 2007和SPSS17.0软件分析数据。结果 共收回有效问卷297份，297名外出务工人员艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率63.5%；承认外出务工有过性行为194人、占65.3%，其中购买过性服务32人，均为男性、占男性总数的16.8%(32/190)，与性伴发生性关系使用安全套的占12.4%(21/194),32人中每次使用安全套的12人（37.5%），从未使用8人（25.0%）；今后希望获取艾滋病防治知识和信息来源的主要途径仍是手机（93.6%）和电视（80.1%）。结论 桐城市外出务工人员艾滋病防治知识知晓率低，存在高危性行为，应针对外出务工人员的主要特点，建立并完善多渠道艾滋病健康教育宣传和干预的长效机制。     

医务人员艾滋病职业暴露防护现状调查分析及对策

目的:调查分析医务人员艾滋病职业暴露防护现状及相关影响因素,为有针对性开展医务人员艾滋病职业暴露防护技能培训,完善制度建设与管理提供参考依据。方法:采用问卷调查的方法,抽取4所乌鲁木齐市综合或专科医院的医务人员作为调查对象,调查内容包括调查者基本信息、艾滋病相关知识,以及艾滋病病毒感染的防护相关知识等。结果:乌鲁木齐市521名医务人员对艾滋病相关知识总知晓率为32. 63%,医务人员对艾滋病传播途径知识、基础知识的总知晓率则为71. 21%。医务人员对艾滋病职业感染知识的总知晓率为39. 73%;艾滋病职业暴露知识全部答对仅有10人,仅占约1. 92%,处于过低知晓水平。结论:乌鲁木齐市医务人员整体上对职业暴露防护知识知晓率不容乐观,应加强对艾滋病知识的教育、普及、宣传,将艾滋病职业暴露防护的指导规范加入到日常防护工作中,进一步提高防范意识,在工作中积极做好防护。     

HIV初筛阳性病人高危性行为调查

目的调查HIV初筛阳性病人高危性行为及安全套使用情况,探讨高风险人群早期健康教育和行为干预的有效措施。方法选取2016—2017年广西桂林市临桂区人民医院就诊的HIV初筛阳性病人300例,征得其知情同意由预防保健科工作人员调查艾滋病相关知识知晓、高危性行为和安全套使用情况。结果 296例HIV初筛阳性病人,年龄集中在40～69岁(79.8%)、农民(95.0%)、初中以下文化程度(95.6%)和已婚(70.3%)人群中;艾滋病知识总知晓率为26.4%,其中40.2%的调查对象知晓正确使用安全套可以减少艾滋病传播,30.4%的人知晓只与一个性伴发生性行为可减少艾滋病,73.6%的人不能完整回答正确的预防方法;仅有6.0%的人与临时性伴或商业性伴发生性关系时每次坚持使用安全套,69.3%的人从未使用安全套;高危性行为年龄集中在40～69岁,且每次均使用安全套仅占5.4%。结论桂林市临桂区艾滋病初筛阳性以农民为主,因缺乏艾滋病预防知识且安全套使用率低,造成感染率较高;做好该人群艾滋病早期健康教育宣传、减少高危性行为,已成为亟待解决的问题。     

经济欠发达地区某高校大学生艾滋病认知现状调查

目的了解经济欠发达地区大学生对艾滋病相关知识的认知现状及性行为态度和发生情况,为制订学校艾滋病干预策略和措施提供参考依据。方法利用问卷星APP对甘肃中医药大学定西校区大学生开展网络问卷调查,并分析回收的有效问卷。结果 2017年甘肃中医药大学定西校区学生艾滋病警示性教育基础知识知晓率低,仅为31.64%,高年级学生知晓率高于大一新生(χ~2=74.149,P=0.000),不同性别(χ~2=28.343)、居住地(χ~2=7.198)、专业(χ~2=22.169)的学生,知晓率差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);4.77%的学生赞成同性性行为,68.74%的学生不反对同性性行为,65.94%的学生认为在双方可以结婚的情况下可发生性行为,8.92%的学生发生过性行为,其中24.81%的学生每次性行为均用安全套;仅有9.40%的学生通过家庭和学校获取艾滋病相关知识,91.50%的学生希望在学校开设艾滋病课程及知识讲座。结论经济欠发达地区大学生艾滋病防治健康教育相对滞后;应制定切实可行的宣传教育干预模式,对大学生进行长期、系统的艾滋病防治知识警示性教育,并加强学生性行为和性观念的健康教育。     

某高校医药商学院大学生对艾滋病知识、态度和行为调查分析

目的:了解某高校商学院大学生对艾滋病知识认知、态度、行为状况,为制定出合理有效的预防和健康教育措施提供参考。方法:方法采用自行设计的调查问卷对该校商学院586名大学生进行调查。结果:被调查大学生对艾滋病防治核心知识总知晓率为82.8%,各知识点知晓率在34.3-97.6%之间。来自城镇学生的总知晓率(83.4%)比来自农村学生(81.6%)高(χ2=5.270,P=0.022),33.8%的学生反对婚前性行为,83.4%学生在发生性行为时会坚持使用安全套。结论:应结合大学生对艾滋病的认识情况及其行为特点,有针对性地开展AIDS健康教育。     

天水市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的分析甘肃省天水市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病相关知识知晓情况、行为变化及艾滋病病毒感染的流行趋势。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,采用连续采样方法选取2012─2016年每年4─6月主动前来国家级哨点性病门诊就诊的15岁及以上男性2 000人。结果 2 000名男性就诊者,年龄集中在25岁～组,平均年龄(34.22±4.08)岁;艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率,2012年为74.25%、2016年87.25%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=31.75,P<0.05);就诊者中,最近一年与女性发生过商业性行为的比例,2012年为5.00%、2016年8.75%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.59,P<0.05);最近一年诊断过性病的比例,2012年为8.75%、2016年13.25%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=12.69,P<0.05);检出HIV阳性15例、阳性率0.75%,梅毒阳性62例、阳性率3.10%,HCV阳性57例、阳性率2.85%;梅毒(χ~2=4.40)和HCV(χ~2=10.43)的阳性率差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论甘肃省天水市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病防治知识知晓率逐年提高,梅毒和HCV的阳性率逐年上升,应加强梅毒和HCV的防治力度。     

2010—2019年揭阳市吸毒人群哨点监测分析

目的 了解广东省揭阳市吸毒人群艾滋病感染情况及其行为变化特征，为相关干预工作及防控措施的制定提供科学依据。方法 按照国家哨点监测工作方案，对2010—2019年揭阳市吸毒人群哨点所有吸毒人员进行问卷调查，了解吸毒人群人口学和行为学特征，并采集血样检测艾滋病抗体。结果 11 908名吸毒人员中，以25岁～组为主、占84.47%，男性多于女性、占93.36%，以初中及以下文化程度为主、占93.16%;2010年发生商业性性行为构成比（35.54%）下降至2019年的9.94%；揭阳市吸毒人群注射毒品构成比2010年最高（37.82%）、2017年最低（22.13%），揭阳市吸毒人群对艾滋病知识知晓率2010年的52.55%上升至2019年的97.51%（χ²=12.890,P<0.05），吸毒人群艾滋病感染率2012年最高（0.33%）、2016和2017年最低（均为0.00%）。结论 揭阳市吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓率显著上升，艾滋病感染率维持较低水平，但吸食复合型毒品人数显著升高，应继续加强吸毒人群的健康宣传教育和持续监测工作。     

凉山重点地区中学生艾滋病环境调查

目的了解凉山艾滋病重点地区中学生与艾滋病相关的家庭环境、学性艾滋病知识掌握、相关行为情况,为干预措施的制定提供决策依据。方法根据凉山地区艾滋病流行状况,在重点地区随机抽样的方式选择调查点。自制测试问卷,经过测试验证后修改,形成最后的正式调查问卷。收回问卷经过甄别,排除不合格问卷。合格问卷经过编号、分组。以EpiData3.1软件录入, PASW Statistics18软件分析。结果共完成调查10 749人,其中报告有一级亲属、二级亲属、三级亲属及远亲中有艾滋病患者的分别为529人、916人、1008人,报告率分别为4.9%、8.5%、9.4%。对个人前途持正面看法4457人、中性5429人、负面、763人,分别占42.4%、50.5%、7.1%。报告有性行为的1381人,报告率12.8%。家庭完整的6976人、单亲2280人、无父无母1439人,分别占64.9%、22.1%、13.9%。父亲文化程度为文盲的2536人,占23.6%;母亲为文盲的5181人,占48.2%。学生拥有姊妹人数为3.88±1.789人。结论凉山重点地区中学生面临较为严峻的艾滋病环境,有亲属感染HIV/艾滋病报告率较高。学生艾滋病知晓率较低,有性行为比例较高;学生对未来自信性差;父母文化程度较低,非完整家庭占有较大比例,家庭子女人数较多。     

辽宁省锦州市太和区流行性出血热传染病健康教育干预研究

目的:评价在辽宁省锦州市太和区居民中开展的流行性出血热传染病健康教育干预效果。方法:用自行设计的调查表,入户对1424例城市、农村居民进行现场调查。结果:调查对象相关知识总知晓率为78.72%,城市居民与农村居民知晓率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),城乡居民相关态度及行为形成情况在干预前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:锦州市太和区流行性出血热传染病健康教育干预取得明显效果,但农村仍是薄弱环节。     

An integrated model of HIV/AIDS testing behaviour in the construction industry

The South African construction industry is one of the economic sectors most adversely affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Prevalence rates exceed those of most other sectors. Little is known about the antibody testing behaviour of construction workers, and the determinants thereof. A field-administered questionnaire survey, using an item catalogue based on similar surveys, gathered data from 512 site-based construction employees in the Western Cape, South Africa. An integrated hypothesized conceptual model of testing behaviour, derived from the literature, was proposed as a starting point for data analysis. This model comprising demographic factors, lifestyle risk and condom use, alcohol consumption, drug use, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, prejudice towards HIV+ persons, and attitudinal fear of being tested, was used to explain testing behaviour. Bivariate analysis, regression modelling, and structural equation modelling were then used to test the conceptual model. A revised model was proposed. The findings indicate that: (1) employment type, alcohol consumption, drug use, and HIV/AIDS knowledge are the terminal predictors of testing behaviour; (2) knowledge about the disease is determined by education level and ethnicity; (3) age, gender, ethnicity and education behave as significant predictors of alcohol consumption; (4) drug use is predicted by employment type, education and alcohol consumption (marginally); and (5) the interrelationship between knowledge, prejudice, and fear of being tested is nuanced and complex. In strategies for positively influencing employee testing behaviour, employers should first ensure that effective communication is established with workers in all employment categories. Interventions relating to alcohol consumption and drug use by employees need particular attention. Existing peer educator training, and awareness campaign media, should be particularly sensitive to ethnic and cultural values that are likely to influence HIV/AIDS testing behaviour.     

ISO 9000 standards: perceptions and experiences in the UK construction industry

Recently the South African government introduced new legislation to regulate the construction industry and, in particular, redistribute the responsibility for construction worker safety and health to include all industry participants. Consequently, the need to maintain and promote construction workers' health and working capacity has been given an increased prominence. Considering that the highest rates of new infections are reportedly occurring on the African continent, the fight against HIV and AIDS in the workplace has become an African priority. A comparative assessment is carried out on the levels of knowledge, perceptions and beliefs, and behaviours of construction workers in South Africa relative to HIV infection and AIDS. The levels of knowledge and awareness of HIV and AIDS among construction workers younger than 40 years of age (‘younger workers’) are compared with those of workers older than 40 years (‘older workers’). A regional exploratory study commenced in August 2002. Both age cohorts of construction workers generally had acceptable levels of knowledge, perceptions and attitudes on most issues relative to the disease. However, several areas are highlighted where they had deficient knowledge and attitudes or demonstrated high levels of uncertainty. Overall, younger workers had lower levels of uncertainty and deficient knowledge. There were several areas where these were common irrespective of age. These are the areas that deserve urgent employer driven interventions.     

Guidelines for effective workplace HIV/AIDS intervention management by construction firms

Construction firms have an important role in combating HIV/AIDS in the South African construction industry. The HIV/AIDS intervention management practices of 12 construction firms in Cape Town are examined through interviews and documents. From thematic analysis, five themes emerged: construction firms’ perceptions of HIV/AIDS as a threat to the firm; construction firm interventions; barriers to the success of interventions; the role of service providers; and state-led interventions. A tension exists in managing HIV/AIDS interventions as firms are concerned with productivity and profit maximization, but are becoming more engaged with corporate social responsibility and a higher duty of care towards employees. Interventions should extend beyond awareness and prevention campaigns to include testing and treatment programmes. A guideline checklist for such interventions is proposed. Partnering with specialized service providers is recommended, as well as engaging closely with public sector services. Firms successfully managing their HIV/AIDS response should share their experience with others struggling to respond. Employee issues of stigma and reluctance to disclose need to be addressed. Attention should be paid to the employment structure of the construction industry and to the needs of the informal sector.     

突发公共卫生事件中南京公园管理策略研究——基于OD矩阵模型

针对突发公共卫生事件中的公园管理政策,以1月24日的南京关闭公园景点规定为例,通过结合流行病学、公共卫生、旅游、人口迁徙、绿地可达性多个专业领域数据及分析方法,基于OD矩阵角度比较不同出行方式和传染期对政策执行效果的影响差异.研究发现:1)及时关闭重要公园景点可能使93％研究范围免于被传染,被传染人数下降62％～3 1...     

南昌市小学生碘缺乏病健康教育效果评价

目的对南昌市小学生碘缺乏病（iodine deficiency disorders,IDD）知识知晓状况进行调查,并评价IDD健康教育的效果。方法于2008年12月至2009年3月从南昌市5个城区中各随机抽取1所小学,按整群随机抽样法抽取五、六年级学生开展健康教育,分别在干预前、后进行问卷调查。结果小学生IDD知识总体知晓率由干预前的36.1%提高到干预后的72.6%,干预前后差异有显著性（P〈0.001）。结论开展形式多样的健康教育可以有效改善小学生IDD防治知识较为贫乏的现状,要进一步探索和实施适合学生的健康教育模式,充分发挥小学生在消除IDD中的作用。     

Perceptions of HIV/AIDS policies and treatment programmes by Western Cape construction firms

The HIV/AIDS pandemic poses a substantial long‐term threat to economic development in South Africa. A questionnaire survey explored the perceptions of a sample of construction firms in the Western Cape regarding HIV/AIDS policy and treatment programmes. The findings show that there is no universal view about the long‐term threat of HIV/AIDS. Most organizations have awareness policies in place but prevention and treatment policies are less common. Treatment programmes are the least implemented of all intervention services due to insufficient resource capacity, the potential stigmatization of infected persons, and low take‐up rates. Despite an acknowledgement of the benefits flowing from mounting treatment programmes, doubt exists as to their financial viability.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者和获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者眼部病变相关的基础与临床研究

目的总结北京协和医院眼科诊治的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者和获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者眼部病变的发病率及其临床特征、治疗效果和房水、泪液病毒学检测结果。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2015年12月在北京协和医院眼科诊治的223例HIV/AIDS患者的眼部并发症的临床特征和治疗效果。其中男性157例,女性66例;平均年龄(39.2±9.7)岁(8.0~78.0岁)。对所有患者的感染方式、眼部并发症的临床表现、检查、治疗等进行回顾性分析。结果 223例HIV/AIDS患者中,有眼部并发症者99例(44.4%),共156只眼,其中并发巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)视网膜炎64只眼(40例),HIV视网膜病变54只眼(35例),HIV/梅毒双重感染合并眼底病变20只眼(13例),免疫重建炎症综合征(immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome,IRIS)16只眼(10例),慢性泪腺炎2只眼(1例)。CD4+T淋巴细胞计数小于50/mm3的HIV/AIDS患者泪液分泌低于正常人(P=0.008)。在行高效抗逆转录酶病毒疗法(highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)治疗有效且血浆HIV检测为阴性的16例HIV/AIDS患者的泪液中发现HIV-1病毒,中位病毒载量为2291(519,6667)拷贝/ml。结论在HIV/AIDS患者眼部病变中,CMV视网膜炎是AIDS晚期最常见的机会性感染,早期发现和及时给予全身及眼部治疗,可改善患者的视力预后。患者血液HIV检测阴性时,房水和泪液HIV仍持续阳性,提示防止HIV病毒播散,采取有效的预防措施至关重要。     

A study of evacuation behavior in the World Trade Center explosion

This paper is an analysis of five interviews conducted after the World Trade Center explosion on February 26, 1993, in New York City. Five people who were among those evacuated from the towers reported their experiences. The testimonies were analyzed according to the number of evacuees, occupants' awareness and knowledge of the emergency, behavior until egress, behavior in stairways, reverse flow of evacuees, and time to egress. According to the study, characteristics of human behavior become apparent in mass and simultaneous egress.     

Forecasting global HIV-AIDS dynamics: modelling strategies and preliminary simulations

Given that today's AIDS cases are merely a delayed reflection of HIV infections which occurred in years past, forecasting systems can be used to backtrack and infer HIV prevalence from AIDS data. Process-based models mimicking the timing of the host-HIV relationship have also produced findings about the reasons for the current slow growth of the epidemic among homosexual men. Many systems have been derived to predict the incidence of HIV and AIDS in closed communities, but they avoid forecasting the spread of infection. The author shows, however, that the basic recurrent-disease model can be converted to a multiregional format and applied to the forecasting of the global spread of HIV. Beginning with a suite of HIV models which build upon the standard community model for a population of homosexual men, a multiregional specification is developed with a cross-infection mechanism where high-risk and low-risk populations are distinguished by their promiscuity rates. The author compares the nature of this mixing with some existing modelling formats, and some preliminary simulations are presented for the timing and spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in a sixteen-city global system.