RETARDATION OF MODIFICATION AND ENZYME FORMATION IN BARLEY ENDOSPERM BY STEEP LIQUORS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

Steep liquors from barley soaked for 6 hr. or longer retard the synthesis of amylase stimulated by gibberellic acid in barley endosperm. The liquors from grain steeped for only 1 hr. are less effective. Phenolic acids such as ferulic, p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids at concentrations of 100 p.p.m. also delay the induced synthesis of enzymes by gibberellic acid. Certain other compounds, including benzoxazolone, coumarin and radicinin at various concentrations likewise exert a retarding action on amylase synthesis. Steep liquors and phenolic acids at 100 p.p.m. do not interfere significantly with the onset of germination in intact barley whether treated with gibberellic acid or not. Emergence of the rootlets commences in the normal manner but after 2–3 days germination, rootlet growth is less than in untreated samples, and modification, as judged from hot water extract and soluble nitrogen, is slower. Benzoxazolone, coumarin and radicinin at low concentrations also retard rootlet growth in barley.     

Effect of different cultivation conditions on Lactobacillus manihotivorans OND32T, an amylolytic lactobacillus isolated from sour starch cassava fermentation

Study of the cassava sour starch fermentation has led to the isolation of a new homofermentative amylolytic lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus manihotivorans OND32T, whose nutritional requirements have been investigated in this work. The main effect of deleting one of the substrate components of the MRS-starch medium was to reduce the amylase production. When starch fermentation with nitrogen as a gas phase was compared to fermentation under aerobic conditions, both growth and amylase production were reduced whereas lactic acid formation was not affected. Addition of carbon dioxide (> or = 20% v/v) to the nitrogen gas phase restored growth and amylase production. The amylase production was high with starch, maltose or cellobiose contrary to glucose, fructose and sucrose. During mixed fermentation of glucose and maltose, a diauxic growth was observed. The maltose consumption and the amylase production started after the glucose depletion. The presence of maltose altered the carbon assimilation from glucose, whereas the energetic pathway was not affected. It is concluded that the elimination of soluble sugars by the wet extraction of starch during the processing of cassava, together with the expected in situ CO2 production, are conditions favouring the growth and the amylase synthesis. However, these are likely to be limited by the low nitrogen content in cassava.     

燕麦发芽过程中淀粉及其相关酶活性的动态变化

研究了裸燕麦发芽过程中淀粉及其相关酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,发芽过程中,燕麦还原糖和可溶性糖含量及α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活力明显地先增加后降低;直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉的含量均随着发芽的进行呈下降趋势,发芽72 h分别降低了25.86%、11.08%和17.31%。相关性分析表明,燕麦发芽期间还原糖、可溶性糖含量分别与α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及总淀粉酶活力呈显著正相关,而直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量均与淀粉酶活力呈显著负相关。     

In vitro Effects of Phytic Acid and Polyphenols on Starch Digestion and Fiber Degradation

The effect of phytic acid and polyphenols on the rate and extent of starch digestion as well as on fiber degradation was studied in vitro. Addition of phytic acid only had negligible influence on the enzyme activity of the amylases tested. In contrast, enzymes concerned with starch hydrolysis in the digestive channel (α-amylase, amyloglucosidase/maltase) were inhibited by tannic acid, and to some extent also by catechin. Furthermore, tannic acid reduced the total recovery of starch during enzymic starch analysis. The activity of cellulases and hemicellulases was not affected by phytic acid or catechin. However, the degradation of cellulose powder was inhibited by tannic acid, whereas no inhibition could be observed with carboxymethyl-cellulose as substrate.     

A Histological and Histochemical Study of Starch Granule Degradation in the Cotyledons of Lens culinaris

The pattern of starch granules degradation and amylase development in cotyledons of Lens culinaris Medik var. Castellana, was investigated by means of fluorescence microscopy and starch film method, respectively. Starch granules degradation in lentil cotyledons during germination started at the peripheral abaxial side and advanced towards the internal adaxial side of the cotyledon. However, amylase activity development took place from the whole periphery towards the center of the cotyledon. These results show the absence of a relationship between the zone of amylase activity and the degradation of starch granules. The absence of an embryonic axis did not affect the location of amylase activity but, on the other hand, did hinder the degradation of starch.     

In Vivo Effects of Phytic Acid and Polyphenols on the Bioavailability of Polysaccharides and Other Nutrients

The effects of the antinutrients tannic acid, catechin and phytic acid on digestion of starch, protein and lipids, and fiber degradation were studied in rat balance experiments. To separate digestion in the small intestine from fermentation in the hind-gut, diets were tested without and with the addition of antibiotics. The antinutrients had no effects, either on starch digestion or on fiber fermentation. In contrast, inhibition of protein digestibility was observed with all antinutrients tested, while the digestibility of lipids was reduced only with phytic acid and tannic acid. The fermentability of undigestible protein was affected by tannic acid, whereas that of lipids was affected also by phytic acid.     

Starch Digestibility as Affected by Polyphenols and Phytic Acid

The rate of wheat starch digestibility in the presence or absence of polyphenols (catechin or tannic acid) and/or phytic acid at concentrations found in legumes was determined in an in vitro dialysis system. Addition of tannic acid and phytic acid reduced the starch digestibility 13 and 60% respectively, at 5 hr. Combined tannic and phytic acid reduced the digestibility at a level (63%) which did not differ significantly from that with only phytic acid. Catechin had no significant effect on rate of starch digestibility.     

烘烤条件对烤烟淀粉降解及相关酶活性的影响

以烤烟品种红花大金元和K326的中部叶为材料,研究了烘烤条件对烤烟淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶活性及淀粉降解的影响。结果表明:烘烤过程中,2种酶活性均出现2次高峰,分别处于烘烤的变黄中期和定色前期。淀粉的降解是淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶综合作用的结果。淀粉的降解集中在烘烤的变黄期,进入定色前期淀粉降解缓慢,定色后期至烘烤结束时,淀粉降解甚微。不同烘烤条件相比较,采用低温低湿变黄,慢速升温定色的烘烤条件,烟叶中淀粉降解量、降解速率,淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶活性较高,烤后烟叶淀粉含量较低,水溶性总糖和还原糖含量较高,总体化学成分较为协调。      

烘烤过程中不同成熟度烟叶淀粉的降解动态

以烤烟品种红花大金元和K326的中部叶为材料,研究了不同成熟度烟叶烘烤过程中淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶活性动态及对烤烟淀粉降解的影响。结果表明:淀粉的降解是淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶综合作用的结果。烘烤过程中烟叶淀粉酶活性出现两次高峰,分别在烘烤的36h和72h;在鲜烟叶中淀粉磷酸化酶活性较高,随着烘烤过程的推进,至24h时达第1次高峰,之后降低,48h时出现低谷,随后又于72h达第2次高峰。不同成熟度的烟叶中淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶活性相比较,均以适熟叶中两种酶的活性较高,淀粉降解较快,烤后烟叶淀粉含量较低,水溶性糖和还原糖含量较高,总体化学成分较协调。     

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GERMINATING SORGHUM AND MILLET GRAINS

The parenchyma tissues of ungerminated and germinated sorghum and millet grains contain abundant fat and protein deposits, which undergo various metabolic changes during germination and seedling growth. The presence of these and other organelles which are characteristic of the mature plant cell was confirmed by a combination of light and electron microscopy. During the early period of the germination process in the millet scutellum, evidence of starch synthesis was apparent, suggesting that fat to starch conversion possibly occurred in the cells of this tissue. In the endosperm of 72 h germinated sorghum and millet grains, starch degradation occurred although such degradation was more extensive in sorghum than in millet.     

淀粉类酶降解鲜烟叶中淀粉的研究

为降低烤后烟叶中淀粉含量,研究了烘烤过程中外加淀粉类酶对淀粉降解的影响.结果表明,烘烤过程中,通过外加淀粉类酶来降解烤烟中的淀粉是有效的.烘烤变黄初期,不同外加淀粉类酶烟叶淀粉降解动态基本一致;变黄后期至定色前期,淀粉降解随外加酶量增加而加剧.烤后烟叶淀粉含量随外加酶量增加而减少,水溶性糖和还原糖含量随外加酶量增加而增加.方差分析表明,不同处理烤后烟叶之间淀粉含量存在极显著差异.多重比较结果表明,K326品种适宜的外加酶量为(6 60)U/g;HD品种适宜的外加酶量为(8 80)U/g.     

Inhibition of amylases present in ruminal particle‐associated micro‐organisms

The effect of different substances potentially inhibitory of ruminal amylase activity in sheep was assessed using biochemical and electrophoretic assays. Most amylase activity was detected in the particle‐associated fraction (70%) of the ruminal contents (which was selected for the assays) in comparison with the bacterial (21%) and extracellular (9%) fractions. Salts of divalent ions such as Sn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ produced 90, 82, 65 and 44% inhibition of amylase activity respectively when assayed at a relative concentration of 5 × 10^?3 mol l^?1. Organic acids such as tannic, formic, ascorbic and benzoic acid produced 79, 48, 43 and 37% inhibition respectively, whereas chelators such as EDTA, EGTA and 1,10‐phenanthroline produced an inhibition ranging from 32 to 37%. Substrate SDS‐PAGE zymograms allowed the identification of different amylase‐active bands in ruminal extracts, showing a wide range of relative molecular masses (from 36 to more than 100 kDa). Such zymograms also confirmed the effect of some inhibitors. The reversibility of the inhibitory effect of some of the assayed substances was assessed. ZnSO₄ was the most persistent inhibitory substance even at low concentrations and, owing to its low toxicity, appears to be an adequate substance to reduce the high in vitro ruminal degradation of starch. Implications for the process of enzymatic digestion of starch are discussed. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of germination on the activities of amylases and phenolic enzymes in sorghum varieties grouped according to food end‐use properties

Fifty sorghum varieties were screened to determine the effects of germination on levels of starch, α‐amylase, β‐amylase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Germination decreased starch content, with amylose being more degraded than amylopectin. In germinated grain, α‐amylase activity increased several‐fold in all varieties, whereas β‐amylase activity did not increase uniformly and even decreased in some varieties. Activity of the key enzyme in phenolic biosynthesis, PAL, was detected in only half of the varieties before germination but in all of them after germination. PPO was not activated in germinated sorghum grains, whereas POX activity increased up to tenfold in some varieties. Zymography revealed that germination induced de novo synthesis of several POX isoenzymes, among which an anionic POX isoenzyme (pI 3.1) was ubiquitously present. Amylase and phenolic enzyme activities could be correlated with grain and plant agronomic characteristics. The use of sorghum varieties for local dishes such as ‘tô’, ‘dolo’, couscous and thin porridge could be correlated with amylase and phenolic enzyme activities and the contents of their substrates. The biochemical constituents determined are useful markers for selection of varieties for food utilisation with special emphasis on infant porridges. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Protein profile and malt activity during sorghum germination

BACKGROUND: The effect of germination time on major sorghum macromolecules was followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sorghum flour was also incubated with sorghum malt to evaluate amylase and protease activities. RESULTS: The SDS‐PAGE results showed that levels of high‐molecular‐weight aggregates, β monomer and γ and α monomers increased by 120.5, 20.3 and 12.7% respectively during the first few days of germination. This behaviour shows the enhancement of prolamin extractability and concentration in sorghum as a result of starch degradation. After the third day, proteins suffered degradation by intrinsic proteases. FTIR spectroscopy showed a gradual decrease in lipid and protein levels and starch structural changes during the germination period. These modifications are due to intrinsic lipases, proteases and amylases. Sorghum flour was incubated with different malt samples resulting from 0–7 days of germination. It was found that a 5 day malt led to a sixfold increase in carbohydrate digestibility and a fourfold increase in free amino acid content. CONCLUSION: A 5 day sorghum malt is the best inoculum for porridge preparation, representing an inexpensive, effortless and culturally acceptable way to prepare weaning foods at domestic and industrial levels. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同粳稻品种的糙米发芽力及其发芽糙米中主要物质含量比较

比较了江苏省主栽的粳稻品种 (南农 4号、南粳 39、镇稻 99和扬粳 6 87)的糙米发芽力及发芽期间主要物质含量差异。结果表明 ,糙米的发芽力、呼吸速率和淀粉酶活力以及淀粉等贮藏物质的降解速度因粳稻品种不同而异 ,其中以南农 4号发芽率最高 ,淀粉降解速度快 ,还原糖、水溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量大。四个粳稻品种的糙米发芽势与淀粉酶活力、主要物质含量之间呈显蓍的相关性     

脱脂米糠酶法水解制备米糠营养素工艺研究

为了从脱脂米糠中提取营养素,分别采用不同α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶对其中的淀粉和蛋白质进行水解,选出适宜的α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶。通过对各酶的添加量、作用时间进行单因素试验,获得最优的水解条件为:高温α-淀粉酶的添加量为10U/g、时间30min;木瓜蛋白酶添加量为5%([E]/[S]),时间120min。在此基础上向酶解液中添加米糠油经微胶囊技术制得米糠营养素,通过对壁材、乳化剂和米糠油添加量做正交试验,得出最优组合为阿拉伯胶为25%(占提取液固形物重)、乳化剂含量1%、油/壁材为0.3。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型紫苏种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特征的影响

对苏引1、紫野7和紫野10三个不同基因型紫苏在不同浓度（0,50,100,150,200,250mmol／L）盐胁迫下种子萌发、幼苗生长、根系活力、丙二醛及可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶活性等进行了研究。结果表明：种子发芽率、发芽势、种子活力指数等发芽指标均随盐浓度增加而降低。不同盐浓度胁迫下幼苗培养3周后,随盐浓度增加,幼苗株高、幼苗活力指数、存活率、鲜重、干重和根系活力降低,MDA和可溶性糖增加,POD呈先增加后降低的趋势。三个紫苏品种在种子发芽、幼苗生长和生理变化上均表现出不同的耐盐能力,苏引1耐盐能力最强,紫野7居中,紫野10对盐胁迫最敏感。     

The effects of ensiling whole crop maize with a multi-enzyme preparation on the chemical composition of the resulting silages

An enzyme preparation containing cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and amylolytic activities was added to whole crop maize before ensiling in laboratory or pilot-scale silos. In the enzyme-treated silages, 5–28% of the cell wall components were degraded. The reduction in starch contents relative to the control, ranged from 40 to 75%. Higher enzyme dosages and longer incubation periods increased the degradation. The enzyme-treated silages contained high concentrations of ethanol (2–3 mol kg^–1 DM) and higher yeast counts. Counts of enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria did not differ. Levels of lactic acid were increased in the enzyme-treated silages while acetic acid concentrations were similar. The starch in maize silage was degraded relatively easily by the amylase activity present in the enzyme preparation in comparison to the degradation of cell wall constituents. The liberated sugars were fermented to ethanol by yeasts. Probably the increased yeast count explains the observed lower aerobic stability of the enzyme-treated silages.     

Degradation of tannic acid by cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus plantarum

The ability of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 748^T to degrade hydrolysable tannins was evaluated. Three commercial tannic acids were incubated in presence of cell-free extracts containing soluble proteins from L. plantarum. By HPLC analyses, almost a complete tannic acid degradation was observed in the three samples assayed. By using HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS, we partially determined the composition of tannic acid from Quercus infectoria galls. This tannic acid is a gallotannin mainly composed of monomers to tetramers of gallic acid. We studied the mechanism of its degradation by L. plantarum. The results obtained in this work indicated that L. plantarum degrades gallotannins by depolymerisation of high molecular weight tannins and a reduction of low molecular weight tannins. Gallic acid and pyrogallol were detected as final metabolic intermediates. Due to the potential health beneficial effects, the ability to degrade tannic acid is an interesting property in this food lactic acid bacteria.     

Physicochemical changes of oat seeds during germination

The physicochemical properties of native and germinated oat seeds cultivated in China and their correlations were investigated. The growth curve during germination of oat seeds was described. The malt yield was 84% at the end of malting. The losses by removing of shoots and rootlets were the major cause of the total dry matter losses in the last 24 h of germination. With total starch enzymes activities increasing continuously, the starch content decreased considerably from 60% to 20%, and the reducing and soluble sugars contents increased. Oat seed kernel protein increased slightly, but the lysine content increased almost 30% at the end of germination. The phytic acid content declined from 0.35% to 0.11% during germination. There is a significant correlation among compositions including starch, protein, free and reducing sugars, free amino acid, and phytic acid. A close correlation also was found between the colour of malt flour dried at 50 °C and the length of shoots and rootlets. The results suggest that oats grown in China are a good food material and that germination can improve their nutritional properties.