玉米秸秆半纤维素制备木糖醇的研究

首先采用无污染的碱性过氧化氢法研究了半纤维素的分离与提取,然后对提取的半纤维素分别进行化学水解和酶水解比较,最后研究了水解液发酵制备木糖醇。结果表明,半纤维素分离提取的优化参数为:2%过氧化氢,2%氢氧化钠,加热时间4 h,反应温度75℃。使用CF3COOH水解半纤维素所得木糖含量为67%~73%,水解率为76%~84%,稀盐酸预处理半纤维素再化学水解所得木糖含量高达88%,水解率上升至大约90%。半纤维素的酶水解实验表明,木聚糖酶的水解专一性高于半纤维素酶,木聚糖酶水解率为38%~60%。在水解液发酵实验中,酶水解液的木糖醇转化率高于化学水解液。另外,通过浓缩半纤维素水解液,提高发酵液的木糖初始浓度,有利于菌株生长,可以提高木糖醇转化率。研究对于玉米秸秆半纤维素制备化学品具有一定的指导意义。     

产朊假丝酵母发酵油茶果壳水解液生产木糖醇

目的:本文以油茶果壳为原料,利用产朊假丝酵母发酵油茶果壳木糖水解液制备木糖醇,得到产朊假丝酵母发酵油茶果壳木糖水解液制备木糖醇的最佳工艺条件,为油茶果壳综合开发提供理论依据及数据参考。方法:采用稀硫酸水解油茶果壳半纤维素,利用Ca(OH)2和活性炭对水解液进行脱色脱毒,再利用产朊假丝酵母发酵水解液制备木糖醇,在单因素实验的基础上,通过响应面法设计实验优化油茶果壳木糖水解液制备木糖醇的工艺条件。结果:最佳优化结果为:初始p H值5.68,发酵温度28℃,装液量53.88 mL,接种量为10%,木糖醇得率优化值为(16.56±0.25)%。结论:方差分析结果表明,所选模型具有显著性(p0.05),相关系数R2=0.9523,验证试验木糖醇得率为(16.56±0.25)%,与预测值16.81%的误差仅为1.48%,证明所得模型可信,优化工艺参数切实可行。     

麦草酸水解及水解液木糖发酵的研究

采用甲酸/盐酸水解体系水解麦草,发现 65℃ 水解 0.5 h 可实现麦草中半纤维素的充分水解。选用热带假丝酵母发酵麦草甲酸水解液制取木糖醇。分别研究了在不同浓度甲酸及甲酸根条件下D-木糖的发酵效果,发现在 2 g/L 的甲酸及 5 g/L 的甲酸根条件下,D-木糖实现发酵并得到最大产率的木糖醇,高浓度的甲酸及甲酸根都会抑制D-木糖的发酵。采用D311型阴离子交换树脂脱除甲酸根,实现了麦草水解液的发酵,木糖醇最高得率为 16.88%(木糖醇/木糖)。     

竹笋壳半纤维素水解液的制备

对用来发酵生产木糖醇的竹笋壳半纤维素水解液的制备进行了研究。在水解单因素试验基础上确定因素的合适水平,通过正交试验优化确定了水解条件:硫酸质量浓度0.01 g/m L、温度120℃、时间1 h、液料比(m L/g)8∶1。在该条件下水解木糖得率为69.31%,使半纤维素利用率得以提高。     

玉米秸秆稀酸水解与水解液发酵的实验研究

研究了玉米秸秆的稀酸水解性能,考察了底物浓度、反应温度、反应时间、硫酸浓度和秸秆粒径对水解得率和木糖得率的影响.在硫酸浓度为1.0%、水解温度126℃、水解时间1 h、底物浓度为50～80g/L情况下,玉米秸秆的水解得率为21.7%～24.6%,木糖得率为68.0%-77.1%.所得水解液主要成分为木糖和葡萄糖,经处理后可直接用于微生物的发酵培养.     

木糖渣的有机溶剂预处理及酶解性能

木糖渣是玉米芯经稀酸处理提取木糖后的残余物,一般作为燃料焚烧以提供部分热能。由于其含有丰富的纤维素组分,故可通过生物转化来生产多种化工产品,但残渣中大量木素的存在严重抑制了纤维素酶的水解效率。采用一些有机溶剂预处理可将部分木素溶出,因而可改善物料的酶解性能。采用乙醇对木糖渣进行预处理,研究了预处理条件（如温度、时间、固液比等）对木糖渣化学组分和纤维素酶解转化率的影响,并与玉米秸秆和玉米芯等进行了对比。结果表明预处理降低了木糖渣的木素含量,在固液（质量/体积）比1︰8、处理液中乙醇浓度50%（体积）、预处理温度210℃、预处理时间60 min时,木素脱除率为53.26%,预处理后木糖渣在酶解72 h时的纤维素转化率达到84.42%,比预处理前提高 14.58%。研究还发现,与木糖渣相比,有机溶剂乙醇更适合用于玉米芯和玉米秸秆酶解前的预处理。     

纤维废渣酶水解及L-乳酸发酵的研究

木糖厂的纤维废渣中,纤维素为主要成份, 本文用纤维素酶对木糖厂的纤维废渣进行酶解，继而研究了用米根霉进行乳酸发酵。结果表明，实验条件下，纤维废渣可用纤维素酶直接水解或经碱处理后进行酶水解, 9%的纤维废渣经酶解后还原糖浓度为39.6mg·mL-1，纤维素糖化率为68.2%. 物料经碱处理后酶解液的还原糖浓度为48.2mg·mL-1, 比碱处理前提高了约16.1%。水解液用米根霉进行乳酸发酵，乳酸的浓度达到了29.5mg·mL-1，比用碱处理前物料酶解液乳酸发酵的乳酸浓度(24.0mg·mL-1)增加了约23%，但过程的总体效率有待进一步提高。     

电渗析技术在木糖醇酸水解法制备中的应用

木糖醇作为一种可作为甜味剂的糖醇具有广泛的应用前景。目前工业上酸水解法制备木糖醇的过程中需要一个脱除水解液中的残酸的工艺步骤。传统的残酸去除方法为饱和石灰水中和法,存在能耗高、消耗的化学试剂多、污染大等缺点。为实验木糖醇的清洁生产,本文采用自我组装的电渗析装置对木糖水解液中的残酸进行了选择性的去除,考察了操作电流对残酸去除及木糖得率的影响。结果表明,当操作电流为30 mA·cm^-2时,电渗析过程对残酸的去除率大于99%,其木糖的得率为84.9%,电渗析工艺处理木糖水解液的能耗为179 kW·h·t^-1,脱酸工序成本为每吨母液139元,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。由此可见,电渗析工艺在木糖醇酸水解法制备过程中具有广泛的应用前景。     

盐酸水解玉米秸秆木聚糖的动力学研究

对稀盐酸水解秸秆半纤维素生成木糖水解液过程进行动力学研究。分别测定了不同温度下,不同水解时间水解液中木糖质量浓度以及其降解产物糠醛的质量浓度。利用Saeman模型拟合木糖生成过程。实验表明,该模型能够较好地描述木糖生成过程以及其降解产物糠醛的产生过程。通过曲线拟和确定了不同水解温度下木糖的生成速率以及分解速率常数,同时利用Arrhenius方程确定木糖生成活化能Ea为116 kJ/mol。综合比较不同温度下水解液中的木糖以及糠醛质量浓度,确定使用质量分数为2%的稀盐酸于120℃下水解60 min为最佳水解条件。其水解液中木糖质量浓度可达20.99 g/L,糠醛质量浓度可维持在1.46 g/L以下。     

玉米苞叶中提取出木糖醇的方法

用玉米苞叶生产木糖醇的方法主要是利用玉米苞叶进行水解制取木糖,木糖再经处理进行氢化制取木糖醇。该方法的特点是,水解所用的催化剂为盐酸,该催化剂相对使用硫酸节省了一半;用阳离子交换树脂中和木糖液中的盐酸,使木糖液中的灰分减少,提高了木糖液的质量;该方法以粉状和颗粒状混合的活性炭作为脱色剂,使脱色效果大大增强,又由于玉米苞叶中的色素含量较低,也节省了活性炭的用量,降低了生产成本。另外,水解是在常压下进行,节省了设备投资,因此,该方法可降低木糖醇的生产成本,提高木糖醇的质量。玉米苞叶中提取出木糖醇的方法…     

Clarification of a wheat straw‐derived medium with ion‐exchange resins for xylitol crystallization

BACKGROUND: Xylitol bioproduction from lignocellulosic residues comprises hydrolysis of the hemicellulose, detoxification of the hydrolysate, bioconversion of the xylose, and recovery of xylitol from the fermented hydrolysate. There are relatively few reports on xylitol recovery from fermented media. In the present study, ion‐exchange resins were used to clarify a fermented wheat straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate, which was then vacuum‐concentrated and submitted to cooling in the presence of ethanol for xylitol crystallization. RESULTS: Sequential adsorption into two anion‐exchange resins (A‐860S and A‐500PS) promoted considerable reductions in the content of soluble by‐products (up to 97.5%) and in medium coloration (99.5%). Vacuum concentration led to a dark‐colored viscous solution that inhibited xylitol crystallization. This inhibition could be overcome by mixing the concentrated medium with a commercial xylitol solution. Such a strategy led to xylitol crystals with up to 95.9% purity. The crystallization yield (43.5%) was close to that observed when using commercial xylitol solution (51.4%). CONCLUSION: The experimental data demonstrate the feasibility of using ion‐exchange resins followed by cooling in the presence of ethanol as a strategy to promote the fast recovery and purification of xylitol from hemicellulose‐derived fermentation media. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pilot‐plant production of xylo‐oligosaccharides from corncob by steaming,enzymatic hydrolysis and nanofiltration

This paper reports a pilot‐plant production process for xylo‐oligosaccharides (mainly xylobiose and xylotriose) from corncob meal by steaming treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and nanofiltration. The effects of corncob meal pretreatment, steaming temperature and time were investigated in order to obtain maximum extraction of xylan and to minimize the autohydrolysis of xylan into xylose. The enzymatic reaction was carried out using Aspergillus niger AN‐1.15 endo‐xylanase at 55 °C and the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis time was 5 h. The conventional downstream processing for purification of xylo‐oligosaccharides was incorporated with nanofiltration technology, giving benefits of energy saving and removal of monosaccharides. The final product from 40 kg of corncob meal was 10 dm³ of xylo‐oligosaccharide syrup (800 g dm^?3 total sugar), containing 74.5% xylobiose and xylotriose. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

A kinetic study of xylose recovery from a hemicellulose-rich biomass for xylitol fermentative production

Hemicellulose in the complex structure of lignocellulosic substances is mainly composed of xylan which is a polymer based on monosaccharide xylose. Using acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis, hemicellulose can be depolymerized into its constituent monomer. The kinetics of hemicellulose depolymerization and decomposition in oat hull was investigated under moderate pressures with catalyst (H₂SO₄) concentration up to 0.55?N and temperatures of up to 130?°C for a total residence time of 150?min. Different trends of recovery or generation and kinetic mechanisms obtained for the components in the hydrolysate which could be described by different kinetic models, that is, a single-phase kinetic mechanism with product decomposition (two-step sequential reaction) could describe xylose generation. However, generation of arabinose, furfural, and acetic acid followed a single-phase mechanism with no decomposition (one-step reaction). Generation of glucose in the hydrolysate followed a biphasic mechanism due to the fast- and slow-releasing fractions into the liquid phase which was apparently with no decomposition. A pentose recovery of almost 80% was achieved under optimal conditions. Parameters of xylitol bioproduction indicated that a xylitol/xylose conversion yield of 0.80?g/g is achievable from the concentrated hydrolysate with no complementary treatment proving its low toxicity compared to other hemicellulose resources.     

Treatments of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates and Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of Xylose to Xylitol

Xylitol is produced by the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of xylose over Raney nickel. The hydrogenation must typically be followed by several purification steps, which makes the chemical production relatively complex and expensive. In this study, activated carbon and bio‐purification treatments of corn stover hydrolysates and subsequent nickel‐catalyzed hydrogenation of xylose to xylitol were investigated. The activated carbon treatment was used to eliminate inhibitory compounds and increase the efficiency of the bio‐purification step. It was found that the glucose could be completely eliminated from the hydrolysate. The hydrogenation reactions of corn stover hydrolysate demonstrated that a high reaction temperature resulted in high sugar alcohol yields and selectivity. At a given temperature, the flow rate had no significant effect on xylitol yield.     

草酸预浸连续汽爆玉米芯制备木糖的模拟与中试研究

以草酸预浸玉米芯,对预浸料进行连续汽爆处理,考察了汽爆条件对木糖产量的影响,研究了水洗后汽爆物料的酶解状况. 结果表明,1.0 MPa汽爆压力、8 min维压时间、草酸/干玉米芯比45 g/kg为草酸连续汽爆制备木糖的最优条件. 采用SPSS statistics软件构建汽爆参数模型,方程相关系数均大于0.9,可用于描述实验条件与木糖产量的关系. 中试结果表明,3.81 kg干玉米芯可得415.50 g木糖,即约9.17 t玉米芯可产1 t木糖,达到工业生产要求. 酶解结果表明,草酸预浸汽爆玉米芯葡萄糖产量较中性汽爆玉米芯和未处理玉米芯分别提高32.30%和214.87%.     

Effect of glucose:xylose ratio on xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities from Candida guilliermondii in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate

The influence of glucose on xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme activity was evaluated from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate fermentations with different glucose:xylose ratios (1:25, 1:12, 1:5 and 1:2.5) by employing an inoculum of Candida guilliermondii grown in media containing glucose, a mixture of glucose and xylose, or only xylose as carbon sources. According to the results, the glucose:xylose ratio affected positively this bioconversion and a correlation was not observed between the favourable conditions for xylitol production and the XR and XDH activities. Also, the results were influenced not only by the glucose:xylose ratio in the fermentation medium, but also by the carbon source employed in the growth medium of the inoculum. The optimum condition for xylitol production by C. guilliermondii in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate should use hydrolysate with a 1:5 glucose:xylose ratio and inoculum grown in medium containing xylose as the only carbon source. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

ORP调控对马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵纤维素水解液的影响

采用通气的方式进行氧化还原电位（oxidation-reduction potential,ORP）调控,研究在添加抑制物条件下Kluyveromyces marxianus 1727-5利用葡萄糖、木糖以及两者混合体系的发酵性能,在此基础上考察了ORP调控策略对玉米秸秆水解液发酵的影响。研究结果表明：在调控ORP策略下,多种混合抑制物对酵母生长代谢造成的损害得以有效改善,细胞活性高,木糖、葡萄糖代谢速率加快。葡萄糖与木糖共发酵时,ORP调控至-150 mV时,葡萄糖发酵时间缩短近30%,木糖醇浓度由3 g·L^-1增加到10 g·L^-1。ORP调控策略也同样能有效缓解玉米秸秆水解液中较高浓度的多种抑制物对酵母细胞的胁迫,ORP为-100 mV时,相比于对照组,在保持终点乙醇不变的情况下,葡萄糖的发酵时间缩短了22%;木糖消耗由4.88 g·L^-1增至10.27 g·L^-1,木糖醇得率也由0.20 g·g^-1提高至0.48 g·g^-1。     

Effect of pH and activated charcoal adsorption on hemicellulosic hydrolysate detoxification for xylitol production

Biotechnological conversion of xylose into xylitol using hydrolysates obtained from the hemicellulosic fraction of lignocellulosic materials is compromised by the presence of compounds released or formed during the hydrolysis process, some of them being toxic to microorganisms. In order to improve the bioconversion of these hydrolysates it is necessary to find methods to reduce their toxicity. In the present work, rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate was treated by six different procedures (all of them involving pH adjustment, with or without activated charcoal adsorption), before being used as a fermentation medium for xylitol production. The most effective method of treatment was to increase the initial pH (0.4) to 2.0 using solid NaOH, followed by the addition of activated charcoal (25 g kg^?1) and increase in the pH to 6.5 using solid NaOH. Lignin degradation products were the most inhibitory compounds present in the hydrolysate; their removal was selective and strongly dependent on the pH employed in the treatment. The highest yield of xylitol was 0.72 g g^?1 xylose, with a productivity of 0.55 g dm^?3 h^?1. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry