氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层性能研究

采用液体燃料氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂(HVO/AF)工艺在45钢表面制备WC-Co涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)表征了涂层的微观结构及相组成,并对涂层的孔隙率、显微硬度和结合强度进行了分析.研究结果表明,采用液体燃料氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层均具有较好的性能,超音速火焰喷涂氧气与空气混合比例对涂层的性能影响较大,采用HVO/AF喷涂技术能有效地抑制WC的氧化和分解,降低了涂层的孔隙率,提高了WC-Co涂层的硬度和结合强度等性能.涂层质量要好于传统的氧气助燃超音速火焰喷涂.     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC－Co深层的沉积过程。使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET－KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC－Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态；WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况。很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大、在超音速火焰喷涂条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出了计算由液相聚积固相形成的波固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC-Co涂层的沉积过程，使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET-KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC-Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态，WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况．很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大，在超音速火焰喷漆条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出厂计算由液相聚积固相形成的液固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

超音速火焰喷涂(HVAF) WC-Co合金涂层微观组织与耐磨性分析

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVAF)工艺在Q235基体上制备了WC-Co涂层,并研究了涂层的显微组织和磨损性能。结果表明:WC-Co涂层与基体结合良好,涂层致密,孔隙率较低,微观形貌呈层状结构。EDS能谱表明涂层发生了较低氧化。涂层的显微硬度高达1244HV0.1。涂层开始时失重磨损率较高,而且随着法向载荷的增大而增加,随着时间增加磨损率不断降低,体现了WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。     

亚微米WC添加对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层磨损性能影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法(HVOF)在304不锈钢基体表面制备WC和WC-12Co的复合涂层WC-Co,研究亚微米WC的添加对涂层相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射、压痕法、往复式摩擦磨损实验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对涂层的相组成、显微硬度、磨损性能和表面形貌进行分析测试,并分析涂层的磨损过程和机制。结果表明,添加质量分数5%的亚微米WC颗粒显著提高了涂层的显微硬度(16.3%);增强了涂层的耐磨性,磨损率从6.09×10-7 mm3/Nm减小到5.15×10-7 mm3/Nm(减小13.8%);亚微米WC颗粒喷涂后在涂层中保持了WC相,并主要存在于WC-Co扁平粒子界面和孔隙。基于涂层中扁平粒子的结合特性与磨损失效特征,建立强化模型,分析亚微米WC颗粒对涂层扁平粒子界面的强化机制。     

超音速火焰喷涂及涂层性能简介

本文简要介绍了超音速火焰喷擦的原理、发展状态；比较了超音速火焰喷涂层、等离子喷涂层，爆炸喷涂层、自熔合金喷熔层以及电镀硬铬层的硬度和耐磨损性能；介绍了超音速火焰喷涂层的部份应用实例及其应用效果。     

NiCr-Cr3C2超音速火焰喷涂的涂层性能

为配合干熄焦余热锅炉(CDQ锅炉)的开发和制造,保证CDQ锅炉过热器受热面管子在含焦粉粒的烟气中长期安全使用,通过试验,采用超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2粉末对受热面管子表面进行喷涂加工,确认涂层各项性能及指标满足设计要求。为后续的CDQ锅炉制造作了技术准备,现制作的首台CDQ锅炉已投入使用,取得了较好的效果。     

喷涂距离对超音速火焰喷涂 CoCrAlYTa 涂层组织性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术制备CoCrAlYTa涂层,研究了喷涂距离对涂层相组成、孔隙率以及硬度、弯曲强度、高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:喷涂距离在200～300 mm范围内时,随着喷涂距离的减小,涂层的致密度增加,孔隙率下降,显微硬度和弯曲结合强度增加,但相组成基本不变,主要由CoAl,AlCo2Ta和CoTa3相组成;涂层致密度越高,在高温氧化过程中,表面越易尽早形成连续氧化膜并促进涂层中Al元素的选择氧化,因此随着喷涂距离的减小,涂层的高温抗氧化性能逐渐增强。     

超音速火焰喷涂CoCrW涂层的高温抗氧化性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备了CoCrW涂层，用增重法测试了涂层的高温抗氧化性能。试验结果表明，在氧化性气氛下，涂层在850℃以下或经过较短时间处理时，涂层氧化增重较少，而经850℃以上处理或经过较长时间处理时，涂层氧化增重明显，而且，处理后涂层的X射线衍射结果也证明在涂层中出现了铬和钴的氧化物。可见，CoCrW涂层的稳定使用温度应控制在850℃以下。     

Heat transfer between WC-Co coating and aluminum alloy substrate during high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying

Mathematical simulation of the heat transfer between a WC-Co coating and an aluminum alloy (Al-4%Cu) substrate during HVOF spraying is provided. This simulation includes the investigation of tem-perature evolution, coating solidification, fusion and solidification in the substrate interfacial region, and particular features of the substrate-coating thermal interaction. Optimal thermal conditions for forming the coating structure are estimated. The results obtained are used in another paper (Ref 15), “Formation of Structure of WC-Co Coating on Aluminum Alloy Substrate During High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Spraying,” to predict the structural parameters, which agree well with the experimental data.     

Thermal processes in HVOF sprayed WC-Co coating on a copper substrate

Mathematical modelling of the heat transfer between a WC-Co coating and a copper substrate during high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying was undertaken. The modeling included the investigation of temperature variation, coating solidification, melting and solidification in the substrate interfacial region, and specific features of the substrate-coating thermal interaction.     

爆炸喷涂WC-Co/CoMoCrSi复合涂层的组织与性能

为了提高CoMoCrSi涂层的结合强度和力学性能,采用爆炸喷涂技术制备了WC-12Co涂层作为过渡层的WC-Co/CoMoCrSi复合涂层,借助SEM和EDS等手段分析了涂层截面组织形貌和化学元素组成,采用显微硬度计、万能拉伸机及销盘式摩擦磨损试验机等研究了涂层的力学及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：在氧燃充枪比为60%的喷涂参数下,制备WC-Co/CoMoCrSi复合涂层平均结合强度高达66 MPa,涂层截面组织致密、均匀,孔隙率小于0.6%,平均显微硬度为667 HV0.1,复合涂层摩擦因数0.53~0.56,具有优异的耐磨性能。     

电弧喷涂工艺参数对Zn-Al合金涂层性能的影响

采用高速电弧喷涂技术在16MnR钢表面制备Zn-Al合金涂层,利用正交试验研究了喷涂工艺参数对涂层结合强度、孔隙率和显微硬度的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,影响涂层结合强度的最显著因素为喷涂气压,影响涂层孔隙率的最显著因素为喷涂电压,影响涂层显微硬度的最显著因素为喷涂距离。优化的工艺参数为喷涂电压30 V、喷涂电流180 A、喷涂距离150 mm、喷涂气压0.7 MPa时,Zn-Al合金涂层组织呈现出典型的网络框架结构,其结合强度为32.5 MPa,孔隙率为2.1%,显微硬度为49.45HV0.05,具有较好综合性能。     

Influences of the compositions and mechanical properties of HVOF sprayed bimodal WC-Co coating on its high temperature wear performance

In this work, the bimodal WC-Co coatings were sprayed by high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF), and the conventional WC-Co coatings were also fabricated for comparison. The microstructure, mechanical properties and high temperature wear performance were investigated. The bimodal WC-Co coating presented denser structure (porosity lower than 1.0%), higher average hardness (1164 HV0.1) and fracture toughness (11.5 ± 1.4 MPa·m^1/2) than that of conventional coating. The Weibull analysis of microhardness data of the bimodal coating presents a mono-modal distribution. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the bimodal coating were 0.61 and 2.96 × 10^− 6 mm³·N^− 1·m^− 1, respectively, which is lower than that of conventional coating at the test temperature of 450 °C. The tribofilm could be formed on the worn surface of bimodal WC-Co coating, which is composed of WO₃ and CoWO₄. The formation of tribofilm could reduce friction and wear.     

超音速火焰喷涂Fe基合金涂层的抗汽蚀性能

采用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢基体上制备了200 pm厚的Fe基(含Cr、Ni等)合金涂层.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计、磁致伸缩汽蚀仪对涂层的组织、硬度和抗汽蚀性能进行了研究.结果表明,Fe基合金涂层组织均匀致密,孔隙率低,具有层状结构,涂层的平均硬度为993 HV0.1,是基体硬度的5.8倍;Fe基涂层抗汽蚀性能明显优于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢汽蚀沿晶界和孪晶界破坏,而Fe基合金涂层汽蚀沿表面微小孔隙破坏,破坏由孔隙边缘向外扩展,损伤程度由汽蚀试样表面中心向外递减,最终不同损伤程度的汽蚀坑分布于表面.     

Formation of structure of WC-Co coatings on aluminum alloy substrate during high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying

This paper is based on Ref 1 and concerns the mathematical simulation of the structure formation of the WC-Co coating on aluminum alloy (Al-4% Cu) substrate during high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Variations of the solidification velocity, thermal gradient, and cooling velocity in the coating and substrate interfacial region are studied. Formation of the amorphous and crystalline structures in the coating and of the crystalline structure in the substrate interfacial region is discussed. Behavior of the crystal size and intercrystalline distance with respect to the thermal spray parameters is analyzed. Opti-mal conditions for the development of fine and dense crystalline structure are established. Results agree well with experimental data.     

Processing optimization,surface properties and wear behavior of HVOF spraying WC–CrC–Ni coating

In this work, the optimal coating process (OCP) designed by Taguchi program for high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying WC–CrC–Ni powder on Inconel 718 substrate (IN 718) is obtained by optimizing hardness (38 FMR oxygen flow rate, 53 FMR hydrogen flow rate, 25 g/min powder feed rate and 7 in. spray distance). Oxygen flow rate affects hardness mostly. The surface properties such as microstructure, crystalline phase, hardness, and porosity of WC–CrC–Ni coating have been investigated. The phase of coating has been changed during the OCP spraying because a portion of carbides, such as WC, Cr₇C₃, Ni₃C decomposes to W₂C, Cr, Ni and free carbon. Hardness (1150 ± 50 Hv) and porosity (1.2 ± 0.2%) of the OCP coating have been improved by optimization. The friction and wear behaviors of the WC–CrC–Ni coating, electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) plating and IN 718 have been studied comparatively. The lubrication due to free carbon and metal oxide debris results in a decrease of friction coefficients of the WC–CrC–Ni, compared to EHC and IN 718 at both 25 and 450 °C. It is concluded that HVOF WC–CrC–Ni coating performs more excellent anti-wear than others at both temperatures.     

喷涂角度对HVOF WC-Co-Cr涂层分布的影响

在喷涂复杂形状部件时,喷涂焰流和基体表面几乎不可能固定一个角度。研究喷涂角度对涂层性质的影响是必要的。本文研究凹面曲率半径对沉积率的影响。实验使用团簇烧结的WC-10Co-4Cr粉末（粒径15~45μm）。实验时喷涂参数不变,喷涂半径为10,15,25mm的凹面。研究表明,喷涂角度严重影响涂层沉积率。喷涂角度减小导致沉积率减少。当喷涂角度少于30°.,涂层性质显著降低。涂层沉积分布和不同凹面半径的关系被推导。