电子烟烟液体外毒理学评价用细胞筛选研究

  目的  目前, 国内外尚无电子烟制品体外毒理学评价的统一方法, 本研究旨在确定适合于电子烟制品体外毒理学评价用细胞。  方法  以人口腔角质细胞(HOK)、人鼻腔上皮细胞(RPMI 2650)、人支气管上皮细胞(Beas-2b)、人肺成纤维上皮细胞(HPF)、人肺泡上皮细胞(HPAEpiC)为候选细胞, 采用细胞毒性法和Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法细胞凋亡试验作为评价方法, 综合细胞的耐受性、细胞增殖特性及试验操作性选取适合于电子烟体外毒理学评价用细胞。  结果  细胞毒性和细胞凋亡试验结果均显示, 不同的受试细胞对相同的样品测试结果定性结果一致, 样品间相对定量趋势一致。候选检测用细胞的细胞倍增时间显示, 在24 h的测试周期内, RPMI 2650细胞和HPF细胞的增殖较快。  结论  综合细胞的耐受性、细胞增殖特性及试验操作性, 建议选取上呼吸道细胞RPMI 2650和下呼吸道细胞HPF为电子烟体外毒理学测试用细胞。      

基于电子舌的电子烟甜度评价模型研究

为了建立电子烟甜度定量分析的客观方法,利用电子舌对60个电子烟液样品进行测定得到60组数据,通过偏最小二乘、人工神经网络和支持向量机三种方法对电子舌测定数据与人工感官数据进行关联分析,建立了三个电子烟甜度评价模型。三个模型的比较结果显示,支持向量机法所建立的模型对未知电子烟样品甜度预测结果最为可靠,其中该模型的相关系数为0.96,预测结果的平均相对误差为7.30%,预测结果的均方根误差为0.61。由此可知,电子舌结合支持向量机法所建立的评价模型,可以实现对未知电子烟甜度的可靠预测。      

电子烟中化学成分风险研究进展

电子烟已成为国际烟草关注的焦点和发展的热点,也是我国烟草行业新型烟草制品发展的一个重要方向。对近几年国内外关于电子烟烟液、烟具和气溶胶中化学成分的风险研究文献和相关法规的进行了收集、分类、比较和分析,从以下三个方面对电子烟中化学成分风险研究现状进行阐述,以期为电子烟安全性研究提供参考:1）烟液和气溶胶中烟碱、醛酮类化合物、挥发性化合物、烟草特有亚硝胺和金属元素等相关研究;2）电子烟气溶胶与卷烟烟气中有害成分的对比研究;3）烟具中有害成分迁移量的分析研究。      

UPLC-MS/MS法检测电子烟烟液和气溶胶中的8种酚类化合物

【目的】建立一种定量检测电子烟烟液和气溶胶中8种潜在有害酚类化合物的方法,应用于电子烟产品的日常品质监管中。【方法】方法学的建立以电子烟烟液为样本,电子烟烟液经50%甲醇稀释后,利用液相-串联质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定,考察该方法的专属性、线性、检测限和定量限、准确度、精密度、以及溶液稳定性等。【结果】本方法中苯二酚、双酚A和剩余6种酚类化合物浓度分别在10～500μg/mL(R²=0.994)、0.02～1.00μg/mL(R²=0.998)和0.2～10.0μg/mL(R²=0.995～0.999)范围内时,线性关系良好;重复性测试溶液中各成分的RSD范围为3.6%～6.7%;各浓度加标溶液回收率为80.0%～119.2%;不同存储条件下样本稳定性良好。【结论】本方法检测速度快、专属性高、稳定性强,可用于准确有效检测电子烟烟液和气溶胶中的8种酚类化合物,并能高效应用于电子烟产品的品质管控中。     

国内电子烟市场产品特征分析

为了解国内电子烟市场各类产品属性特征,采用网络爬虫和Python数据软件采集国内65个市售电子烟品牌共130款电子烟产品信息数据,研究分析产品类型、机身材质、产品电池、外观规格和电子烟烟液共5类产品属性的特征分布.结果表明:①电子烟产品类型可分为低功率和高功率两类,市场占比分别为65.9％和34.1％.低功率电子烟主要...     

电子烟液中烟碱稳定性及其释放行为分析

对7种品牌市售电子烟及30种电子烟液,从烟液烟碱含量、单次充电最大抽吸口数、烟碱释放行为进行了分析比较,为深入研发电子烟产品提供数据参考。结果表明:①电子烟液常温放置半年,具有良好的稳定性;②电子烟液的实测值和盒标烟碱值差异较大;③不同品牌电子烟电池容量差异较大,可抽吸口数在50-420之间;④抽吸时烟弹中可释放烟液量和烟杆中电池电量对烟碱释放行为有明显影响。      

电子烟安全性研究进展

近年来,电子烟用户群体逐渐增加,电子烟安全性受到广泛关注。为了描述电子烟的安全性研究结果,文章结合部分电子烟对吸烟者抽吸行为的影响研究,从电子烟器具、电子烟气溶胶、电子烟烟液中香原料及电子烟对人体健康安全性等角度,综述了近几年国内外研究者在电子烟安全性方面的研究进展。需进一步研究电子烟材料物质向气溶胶中的转移规律,分析不同添加物加热雾化后对人体健康的影响以及电子烟对抽吸者抽吸行为的深远影响。建议国内针对电子烟产品制定统一高效的标准及严格的监管措施。     

电子烟滤芯材料研究进展

简要介绍几种常见的用于电子烟滤芯的过滤材料及其特点,概述不同纤维材料和非织造材料的制备工艺,并对电子烟滤芯材料的应用前景作出展望。     

模拟电子烟烟液中丙二醇和丙三醇裂解形成小分子羰基物

为模拟电子烟气溶胶中小分子羰基化合物的形成,分析了电子烟烟液的主要组成,采用裂解-气相色谱/质谱(Py-GC/MS)法考察了丙二醇和丙三醇在空气气氛下的主要裂解产物,探讨了裂解温度及含水率对丙二醇和丙三醇裂解形成小分子羰基物的影响.结果表明:①10种电子烟烟液中丙二醇、丙三醇和水的总量占烟液质量的86.5％～93.2％...     

电子烟产品的定量风险评估方法

随着电子烟在全球市场的不断发展和商业化,其健康风险受到越来越多的关注。与传统卷烟烟气相比,电子烟气溶胶可能降低有害和潜在有害成分（HPHCs）的释放。定量风险评估（QRA）结合化学和生物学数据,是一种科学的、基于证据的毒理学过程,可用于评估因接触风险物质而可能产生的健康风险,目前已被广泛应用于国内外烟草制品的上市决策中。为建立一种定量风险比较评估模型用于预测电子烟与传统卷烟的相对吸入风险,作为非临床证据权重的一部分以支持新产品的研发与创新,选用一款换弹封闭式电子烟（海外版）,分别测定了标准和深度抽吸条件下产生的气溶胶中HPHCs和目标组分的释放量,与文献报道的1R6F参比卷烟主流烟气产生的HPHCs和目标组分的释放量进行比较。应用权威监管机构的毒性参考值（如参考质量浓度和吸入单位风险）确定了HPHCs和目标组分致癌和非致癌的健康指导值。采用中国消费者特有的传统卷烟暴露参数以及人类健康风险评估的标准默认暴露参数,估算“典型”和“重度”两种模拟暴露场景下消费者的暴露质量浓度。最后结合剂量-反应评估和暴露评估结果,预测消费者使用电子烟与传统卷烟可能引起的致癌和非致癌吸入风险。结果显示,使用被...     

体外微核高内涵筛选法在食品毒理学遗传毒性评价中应用研究

目的探讨基于高内涵筛选(high-content screening, HCS)技术的体外微核(in vitro micronucleus, IVMN)检测方法应用于食品毒理学遗传毒性评价的可行性。方法采用IVMN和HCS法,分别对10种化合物进行遗传毒性评价,其中5种已知遗传毒性化合物(染色体断裂剂和非整倍体诱发剂)、1种已知非遗传毒性化合物以及4种食品原料,每个受试物至少设置3个剂量组,每个剂量组设2个复孔,同时设置阴性对照组(无血清最小必需培养基)和阳性对照组(+S9为环磷酰胺20μg/ml、-S9为丝裂霉素C 1.0μg/ml)。以中国仓鼠肺细胞为细胞模型,在有和/或无代谢活化系统条件下,依次对上述受试物采用短时处理(4 h)后进行微核检测,并分析微核细胞率。结果经IVMN和HCS法得到的IVMN试验结果显示:2.5～10μg/ml苯并芘[B(a)P]、5～20μg/ml甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)、0.01～0.04μg/ml 4-硝基喹啉-N-氧化物(4NQO)、0.25～1.0μg/ml秋水仙碱(COL)和0.5～2.0μg/ml硫酸长春碱(VB)在各自浓度范围内,在有或无代谢活化系统的条件下,诱导产生的微核细胞率随着受试物浓度的升高而增加,呈明显剂量-反应关系,且微核细胞率与阴性对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),试验结果为阳性;1 250～5 000μg/ml氯化钠(NaCl)、1 250～5 000μg/ml食品原料A、1 250～5 000μg/ml食品原料B、312.5～1 250μg/ml食品原料C和156.25～625μg/ml食品原料D在各自浓度范围内,在有和无代谢活化系统的条件下,微核细胞率虽呈现一定的剂量依赖性增加趋势,但均维持在较低的水平,且与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),试验结果为阴性。结论本试验条件下,两种方法对10种物质的检测结果均一致,提示将IVMN HCS法应用于食品毒理学遗传毒性评价具有一定的可行性。     

Evaluation of a gas in vitro system for predicting methane production in vivo

Methane production from ruminant livestock varies with the diet as a result of factors such as dry matter intake, diet composition, and digestibility. To estimate the effect of dietary composition and feed additives, CH₄ production can be measured in vitro as a first step because large numbers of samples can be incubated and analyzed at the same time. This study evaluated a recently developed in vitro method for prediction of in vivo CH₄ production by examining the relationship between predicted and observed CH₄ production values. A total of 49 different diets (observations), used in previous 13 in vivo studies, were selected to include diets varying in nutrient composition. Methane production was measured in all in vivo studies by respiration chambers or the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Overall, the in vitro system predicted CH₄ production well (R² = 0.96), but the values obtained were slightly underestimated compared with observed in vivo values (mean 399 L/d compared with 418 L/d: root mean square prediction error = 51.6 L/d or 12.3% of observed mean). Further analysis of the effect on residuals showed no significant relationship between CH₄ production and most factors known to affect CH₄ production such as dry matter intake, digestibility, and dietary concentrations of fat and starch. However, some factors included in the model were not well predicted by the system, with residuals negatively related to neutral detergent fiber concentration and positively related to concentrate proportion. The in vitro system can thus be useful for screening diets and evaluation of feed additives as a first step that can be best interpreted when feeding cows at maintenance level.     

紫色杆菌素及脱氧紫色杆菌素的基因毒性评价

目的：考察紫色杆菌素、脱氧紫色杆菌素以及二者混合物的基因毒性,为其更广泛的活性研究和应用奠定基础。方法：利用SOS/umu检测试剂盒定量分析紫色杆菌素、脱氧紫色杆菌素、二者混合物以及各自的S9代谢产物是否刺激鼠伤寒沙门菌Salmonella typhimurium NM2009细胞产生了SOS修复,以及与阳性药物2-氨基芴（2-aminofluorene,AF-2）和2-氨基蒽（2-aminoanthracene,2-AA）进行对比所产生毒性作用的强弱。结果：32.6 μg/mL的脱氧紫色杆菌素、经S9代谢后的34.2 μg/mL的紫色杆菌素和33.4 μg/mL的混合物对S. typhimurium NM2009细胞产生了基因毒性,但与阳性对照物相比属于低毒性物质,且相同剂量的紫色杆菌素和脱氧紫色杆菌素以及二者混合物的基因毒性基本相同,二者混合后未产生协同效应。结论：紫色杆菌素和脱氧紫色杆菌素属于低基因毒性物质。     

Evaluation of potential prebiotics: a review

Prebiotics are any undigested food ingredients that are selectively fermented and allow for specific changes in the gut microbiota, thus improving the hosts’ health. In order to assess the potential of a food component to be considered as a prebiotic ingredient, several in vitro and in vivo experimentations need to be performed to provide scientific substantiation. In vitro studies are widely used because they are faster, cheaper, and more ethical compared to in vivo studies. However, in vitro studies faced difficulties in simulating the highly complex physiological and physiochemical events occurring in animal and human digestive tracts. Therefore, it is recommended that the results of in vitro studies be justified with in vivo experimentations to support their specific methodologies. Devised standard procedures for the evaluation and validation of prebiotic ingredients will boost confidence among the scientific community, approval of regulators, and acceptance from consumers on prebiotics and functional food science.     

黑曲霉电子束辐照突变菌的遗传毒性评价

依据食品安全性评价中遗传毒性评价的方法,通过对电子束辐照诱变育种黑曲霉突变菌进行Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验研究,评价黑曲霉电子束辐照突变菌的遗传毒性。结果表明,在Ames试验中,黑曲霉突变菌各剂量组无论是否添加S9代谢活化系统,黑曲霉突变菌各剂量组的回变菌落数均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,表明黑曲霉突变菌对染色体无致突变作用。在小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验中,黑曲霉突变菌不能引起哺乳动物嗜多染红细胞的微核细胞率显著增加(p>0.05),黑曲霉突变菌对细胞染色体并未造成明显损伤,表明黑曲霉突变菌并无致突变作用。在小鼠精子畸形试验中,黑曲霉突变菌各剂量组的精子畸形率与阴性对照组相比无显著性差异(p>0.05),表明黑曲霉突变菌并未对小鼠的精子产生致畸作用。因此,在本实验条件下,Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。表明黑曲霉电子束辐照突变菌属于实际无毒级别,并无遗传毒性作用。     

体外微核试验在一次性使用结扎夹遗传毒性评价中的应用

目的 探讨流式细胞术体外微核试验在医疗器械早期遗传毒性筛选和遗传毒性评价中的应用.方法 CHL细胞分为无代谢活化系统短期接触组(-S9/6 h组)、无代谢活化系统长期接触组(-S9/24 h组)和有代谢活化系统短期接触组(+S9/6 h组).EMA和SYTOX Green双荧光标记,流式细胞术分析微核率,并与细胞分裂阻...     

In Vivo Genotoxicity Evaluation of an Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Aqueous Extract

The Cynara scolymus (artichoke) is widely consumed as tea or food and shows important therapeutic properties. However, few studies have assessed the possible toxic effects of artichoke extracts. This study evaluates genotoxic and mutagenic activities of artichoke leaf aqueous extract in mice using the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Leaf extracts were given by gavage (500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. Extract composition was investigated using phytochemical screening and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, antioxidant capacity was analyzed through the diphenyl‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and xanthine oxidase assay. Phytochemical screening detected the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins. HPLC analyses indicated the presence of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, isoquercetrin, and rutin. Extracts showed a dose‐dependent free radical scavenging effect of DPPH and an inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase. The genotoxic results showed that leaf extracts did not increase micronuclei in peripheral blood cells. Compared to the control group, a significant increase in comet assay values was observed only in bone marrow of group treated with 2000 mg/kg, the highest dose tested, indicating that artichoke tea should be consumed with moderation. Practical Application: This is the first report of in vivo mutagenic and genotoxic evaluation with C. scolymus. The present study revealed leaf aqueous extract from artichoke shows lack of mutagenicity in vivo, and low genotoxicity and antioxidant activity; indicating that artichoke tea should be consumed with moderation.     

Evaluation of an in vitro percutaneous permeation model with two oxidative hair dyes

The percutaneous permeation of two oxidative hair dyes was measured by means of pig skin in a flow-through diffusion cell system entirely constructed from Teflon. Pig skin membranes were prepared by reducing full thickness skin with a dermatome to a more in vivo -like barrier layer and their integrity was checked by measuring the steady-state permeation of tritiated water. Initially, the inter- and intraindividual variability of percutaneous permeation was determined with an aqueous solution of 1-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-amino-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene-hydrochloride, an oxidative hair dye component. In the same way the proper flow rate of elution fluid through the receptor cell was found to be most favourable at 10 ml h^-1, the thickness of permeation membranes was fixed at 1 mm, and it was shown that storage of the skin at −20°C for up to 35 days did not change the permeability. The percutaneous permeation of the same hair dye component and of 4-amino-2-hydroxymethylphenol-hydrochloride was determined after application to pig skin membranes under practical conditions of hair dyeing. The in vitro skin permeation was in the same order of magnitude as results from comparable in vivo skin absorption studies in rats.
Perméation percutanée in vitro de colorants d'oxydation pour cheveux