何首乌饮片颜色-成分-活性快速无损评价

为分析何首乌饮片颜色、炮制程度与体外活性之间的相关性,建立何首乌饮片数据化的快速无损评价方法,利用色差计对何首乌饮片颜色进行量化分析,采用紫外可见分光光度法测定何首乌总多糖和游离总蒽醌含量,MTT法测定饮片对体外细胞的影响,进行颜色-成分-活性多种因素的关联性剖析。结果表明,何首乌饮片色差值L^*、a^*、b^*随着炮制程度的增加呈下降趋势。炮制6~8次何首乌饮片能显著促进细胞增殖,色差值L^*在34.38~36.11,a^*在3.44~4.22,b^*在1.45~3.24,总色差值E^*ab在34.58~36.50之间时,何首乌饮片对细胞增殖效果达到135.53%~153.14%。通过PLS建立了何首乌饮片细胞活性与颜色值、游离总多糖偏最小二乘回归模型:细胞活性(Y)=0.434×L^*-0.239×a^*+0.317×b^*+0.235×游离总多糖含量,Y值在14.7~17.2数据区间时细胞活性较好。本文首次将何首乌炮制前后变色和化学成分含量、细胞增殖活性相关联,可快速预测何首乌饮片的炮制程度,评价多糖含量及其体外活性,为常用中药何首乌炮制评价体系的建立提供了新的方法及思路。     

三种荞麦米储藏期品质动态变化研究

以通荞2号、赤甜1号和品甜2号三个品种的荞麦米为研究对象,开展80 d储藏期内色度、含水量、脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉、总黄酮、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等品质变化规律研究。结果表明,随着储藏时间的推移,荞麦米的外观颜色发生劣变。总色差ΔE^*、ΔL^*和Δa^*变化显著,Δb^*无明显变化;含水量、总黄酮、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低;蛋白质含量缓慢增加,但不显著;脂肪和淀粉含量无明显变化。这些因素变化趋势与时间变化相关性各异,ΔE^*、Δa^*与时间极显著正相关(P<0.01),ΔL^*与时间极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)负相关;含水量、总黄酮、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素与时间显著性负相关(P<0.05);三个品种的蛋白质含量与时间的相关性不一致;淀粉和脂肪与时间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。品种对ΔE^*、ΔL^*、Δa^*、含水量、脂肪、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化程度显著影响,而对Δb^*、蛋白质、淀粉、总黄酮影响很小。研究结果为提高储藏品质及延长货架期提供有力的参考依据。     

坛紫菜干品色差测定条件的优化研究

坛紫菜具有很高的营养价值,其品质与色泽密切相关,坛紫菜干品的色差研究有利于其优质化和标准化加工。以坛紫菜干品为研究对象,采用单因素和L₉(3⁴)正交试验确定色差最佳测定条件,以L^*、a^*、b^*值及变异系数为指标,研究光照强度、温度、湿度、背景色和坛紫菜干品片数对色差测定结果的影响。结果显示,坛紫菜干品色差测定的最佳条件为,光照强度为黑暗、温度为15℃、低湿度(40%以下)、白色背景及坛紫菜片数为4张,在该条件下坛紫菜干品的L^*、a^*、b^*值变异系数分别为0.41%、2.08%、2.07%。适宜测定条件有利于提高坛紫菜干品色差测定的稳定性,可为坛紫菜干品色差测定提供技术上的支持。     

粒度对马铃薯泥面条品质的影响

本研究通过磨浆时间和磨浆强度控制马铃薯泥的粒度,探讨粒度对马铃薯面条的外观色泽、蒸煮品质、质构品质的影响,为马铃薯泥面条的生产提供数据支持。结果表明:随着磨浆强度的增加,时间的延长,马铃薯泥的粒度逐渐变小;马铃薯泥具有明显的双峰粒度分布,大颗粒所占比例比小颗粒所占比例高;马铃薯泥在扫描电镜下,呈片状结构,片与片镶嵌在一起,随着马铃薯粒度的降低,片的厚度不断变薄,片的尺寸也不断变小;随着粒度的降低,马铃薯面条的L^*值降低,a^*值和b^*值升高,面条A的L^*、a^*、b^*值与面条B、C、D、小麦粉面条的对应L^*、a^*、b^*值具有显著性差异(p<0.05),而面条B、C、D的L^*值之间没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。随着粒度的降低,马铃薯面条的烹调损失率均呈上升趋势,从9.38%增加至10.16%;马铃薯面条的断裂距离显著高于小麦粉面条(p<0.05),不同粒度的马铃薯面条断裂距离没有显著性差异(p>0.05);马铃薯面条煮后黏度随着粒度的减小而减小;总体来说,马铃薯泥的粒度对其面条的品质显著的影响,粒度中位径d(0.5)为130 μm的马铃薯面条品质好。     

近红外高光谱联用Stepwise算法快速无接触评估冷鲜鸡肉色泽及嫩度

利用900~1700 nm近红外高光谱成像系统联用Stepwise算法快速评估鸡肉色泽和嫩度。通过采集新鲜屠宰鸡肉高光谱图像,提取试验样本感兴趣区域(Region of interests,ROI)反射光谱信息,经中值滤波平滑(Median filtering smoothing,MFS)、多元散射校正(Multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)和标准正态变量变换(Standard normal variable correction,SNV)三种预处理后,分别利用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Squares,PLS)和多元线性回归(Multiple linear regression,MLR)挖掘光谱信息与鸡肉色泽参数(L^*、a^*、b^*)及嫩度参考值之间的定量关系。结果显示,经MFS预处理的近红外光谱(486个波长)构建的全波段PLS回归模型(F-PLS)预测L^*(R_P=0.904,RMSEP=2.036)、b^*(R_P=0.908,RMSEP=1.577)和嫩度(R_P=0.948,RMSEP=1.596)效果更好。为提高预测效率,采用Stepwise算法筛选最优波长优化F-PLS模型,结果显示,从SNV预处理光谱筛选的14个最优波长构建MLR回归模型预测L^*值(R_P=0.894,RMSEP=2.160)效果较优,从SNV预处理光谱筛选的13最优波长构建的O-PLS回归模型预测b^*值(R_P=0.877,RMSEP=1.811)效果较优,从MFS预处理光谱筛选的20个最优波长构建O-PLS回归模型预测嫩度值(R_P=0.888,RMSEP=2.408 N)效果较优。本试验表明,利用近红外高光谱成像技术结合Stepwise算法可实现鸡肉色泽参数L^*、b^*值以及嫩度的快速评估。     

不同采收期坛紫菜感官品质及蛋白组成分析

为探究不同采收期对坛紫菜感官及蛋白组成的影响,分别以头水、一水和二水坛紫菜为原料,考察其色泽、质构、蛋白质、总氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,不同采收期坛紫菜L^*值、a^*值和b^*值均有所变化,随采收期延后,坛紫菜的L^*值显著增加,a^*值变化不显著,二水和三水坛紫菜的b^*值显著高于头水。采收期对坛紫菜的韧性影响不显著,但硬度和弹性随采收期延后而增加。游离氨基酸对坛紫菜的鲜味起主要贡献作用,头水、二水和三水坛紫菜的游离氨基酸含量依次降低,分别为1629.80、1450.18和1155.13 mg/100 g。坛紫菜蛋白质含量丰富,头水坛紫菜的蛋白含量为39.38%,显著高于二水和三水坛紫菜。随着采收期延后,坛紫菜的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量和非必需氨基酸含量均逐渐减少,存在显著差异。综上所述,坛紫菜具有较高的营养价值,收割前期的坛紫菜品质更好,呈鲜味氨基酸更丰富。本研究结果可为坛紫菜质量分级及其开发利用提供依据。     

岗巴羊羊肉营养品质及其因子分析

为探究岗巴县孔玛乡的岗巴羊羊肉的营养品质,对3个年龄的岗巴羊的营养成份、食用品质和感官品质指标进行比较分析,并结合主成分分析研究其影响因子,结果表明:孔玛乡岗巴羊羊肉水分含量为74.78%,灰分含量为1.20%,蛋白质含量为19.70%,粗脂肪为3.63%;L^*和a^*值分别为50.17和10.02,色泽好;剪切力低至33.54 N,失水率、滴水损失、蒸煮损失分别低至33.72%、9.37%、47.53%,具有很好加工特性和出肉率。通过因子分析以0.75 为界限值进行关键品质指标的筛选,其关键指标为灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、pH、L^*、b^*、失水率和蒸煮损失等8个品质指标,本实验结果为岗巴羊产业的发展提供基础数据。     

不同注水量对猪肉食用品质的影响

通过研究不同注水量(0、10%、20%、30%、40%)对猪肉色泽、pH、剪切力、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、压榨损失、离心损失、贮藏损失、拿破率的影响,比较分析正常猪肉与不同比例注水猪肉食用品质的差异。结果表明:随着注水量的增加,L^*、b^*、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、压榨损失、离心损失、贮藏损失显著增大(p<0.05),a^*、剪切力随着注水量的增加显著减小(p<0.05);当注水量小于20%时,注水猪肉的L^*、压榨损失、贮藏损失、离心损失与正常猪肉差异显著(p<0.05),而当注水量大于等于20%时,注水猪肉的L^*、a^*、压榨损失、贮藏损失、离心损失、剪切力值、蒸煮损失、滴水损失均与正常猪肉存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。与正常猪肉相比,注水后的猪肉亮度增加,保水性变差,嫩度有所增加。相关性分析表明,注水后肉块保水性的变化影响色泽的改变,同时也会影响嫩度的变化。     

基于CIELab参数分析发酵前添加不同橡木片对葡萄酒陈酿期间颜色的影响

探索发酵前添加橡木片处理对葡萄酒颜色的影响,本实验以新疆和硕产区赤霞珠葡萄为原料,在发酵前添加5种不同产地不同烘烤程度橡木片(法轻度、法中度、法中+度、中度、美中+度)及3种添加量(2、3、4 g/L),分别在陈酿1、3、6、9个月时基于CIELab参数分析颜色相关指标。结果表明,发酵前添加橡木片处理均可在陈酿期间提高葡萄酒的颜色的稳定性,降低葡萄酒的亮度L^*,增强红色色调值a^*,减缓黄色色调b^*的升高,有助于保持新酒的紫色色调,提高贮藏期间的聚合色素含量,改善酒体颜色。但不同橡木处理陈酿期内对颜色指标的影响有一定差异性,陈酿3个月时,2、3 g/L处理的a^*、C_ab^*、聚合色素、总花色苷显著高于对照(P<0.05),3 g/L处理L^*显著低于对照,4 g/L处理L^*显著高于对照(P<0.05),a^*显著低于对照(P<0.05);陈酿9个月时,各处理颜色指标与对照均表现显著差异(P<0.05),但4 g/L处理表现更低的L^*,较高的a^*、聚合色素。故建议生产上对于仅需要短期贮藏的葡萄酒,可在发酵前进行2或3 g/L的橡木片添加处理,对需要长期陈酿的葡萄酒可在发酵前进行4 g/L的橡木片添加处理。     

食盐与高温对猪肉糜品质的影响

本文研究不同食盐添加量与高温蒸煮对猪肉糜品质的影响。通过对猪肉糜的蒸煮得率、色泽、质构、流变等进行分析,研究不同食盐添加量(1%、2%、3%)和蒸煮高温(105、115和125 ℃)对猪肉糜品质的影响。结果表明:随着温度的升高,相同食盐添加量猪肉糜的a^*值、b^*值显著升高(p<0.05),L^*值、蒸煮得率、弹性、内聚性下降显著(p<0.05);相同温度下,1%食盐处理组的L^*值最小,a^*值和b^*值最大;3%食盐添加量显著提高(p<0.05)蒸煮肉糜的硬度、弹性和内聚性。加热到105 ℃以后,随着温度升高不同食盐添加量猪肉糜的储能模量(G')呈下降趋势,3%食盐添加量猪肉糜的G'最高。综上所述,高温能够降低猪肉糜的品质,3%食盐添加量在105 ℃时猪肉糜的品质最佳。     

Use of digital images to estimate CIE color coordinates of beef

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of digital images (DI) to estimate CIE L^*a^*b^*, hue angle and chroma of beef, as compared to a colorimeter (CM). Loin samples from 21 steers finished with high-grain diets were displayed under retail-simulated conditions. Color readings were obtained from 63 cores covering the full spectrum of discoloration in beef. CIE L^*, a^*, and b^* were measured with a surface-reflectance CM. Red, green and blue (RGB) values were obtained from DI and sequentially transformed to XYZ and CIE L^*a^*b^* color space. Hue angle and chroma were calculated from a^* and b^* values. Regressions of CM on DI for a^*, hue angle and chroma had R² values of 0.93 and above. Average color difference () between the predicted and the actual CM L^*, a^*, and b^* values for 13 samples that were not included in the regressions was 1.57, below reported thresholds of detection for 50% of observers. Color readings from DI could be used to accurately predict color coordinates measured by CM, especially a^*, hue angle and chroma. Use of digital imaging could become a practical tool to detect changes in beef color and other muscle foods.     

Colour changes after carcasses decontamination by steam and lactic acid

The surface decontamination of meat by steaming and by lactic acid prolongs its shelf life. Possible changes of colour were evaluated by reflectance spectrophotometry and video image analysis (VIA). Reflectance spectra were measured using a D₆₅ source and CIELab values L^*, a^* and b^* were calculated together with ratios of the different myoglobin forms (red, oxy, met). The same samples were evaluated by video image analysis (software LUCIA). Steaming and spraying with lactic acid increased slightly the lightness (L^*) of the meat surface. Coordinate a^* (redness) decreased slightly after the decontamination treatment. This was confirmed by VIA; brightness increased and red-ratio r decreased. Both methods, i.e. reflectance spectrophotometry and VIA, reflect the colour changes in a similar way. The main advantage of reflectance spectrophotometry was its higher sensitivity and the possibility of direct calculation of the ratio of the haem pigment forms. However, video image analysis allows analysing of different particles in the image and this method is therefore a suitable tool for monitoring the changes of the surface appearance.     

Colour of normal and high pH beef heated to different temperatures as related to oxygenation

The effects of oxygenation and thermal treatment (internal temperature, T_i: 45, 60, 75°C) on the colour and some colour related physical and biochemical properties of beef longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, both normal (pH_u5.6) and DFD (pH_u>6.6), were studied. The colour components (L^*, a^*, b^* values) for the raw and heated LD, both before and after oxygenation, were instrumentally and sensorily evaluated. The colour of raw and heated (60°C) DFD beef before and after oxygenation differed significantly from the normal meat and contained more native muscle pigment (TMP). pH also influenced the depth of the oxygenated layer, specific activity of cytochrome c oxidase (SACCO) and the amount of oxygen consumed. An increase in internal temperature was usually accompanied by a lower SACCO and a significant decrease of TMP, as well as a change of all colour parameters. Oxygenation of the raw and heated slices (except at 75°C) of both types of meat led to higher L^*, a^* and b^* values.     

Storage and packaging effects on sensory and color characteristics of ground beef

Effects of irradiation (2 kGy) of ground beef patties from trimmings stored aerobically for 0 or 6 days on lean color, odor, and sensory attributes were investigated. Beef trimings were coarse ground and split into 2 groups. Group one was fine ground, pattied, and packaged immediately; group-two was stored 6 days then fine ground, pattied, and packaged. Irradiated beef patties had greater (P<0.05) off-odors, and off-flavors, lower (P<0.05) CIE L^*, a^* and b^* and saturation indexes values (P<0.05) after four days of storage at 0±1 °C. Irradiation of patties produced from trimmings aged an extra 6 days resulted in increased (P<0.05) saturation indexes and b^* values, but not off-odors when compared to non-aged and irradiated patties. Thus, the production of irradiated beef patties should utilize beef trimmings with the shortest postmortem aging time and a dose of less than 2 kGy to minimize discoloration and off-odors.     

Effect of carbon monoxide in modified atmosphere packaging, storage time and endpoint cooking temperature on the internal color of enhanced pork

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of gas atmosphere, refrigerated storage time, and endpoint temperature on internal cooked color of injection-enhanced pork chops. Enhanced chops were packaged in 0.36% CO/20.34% CO₂ (CO-MAP), 80% O₂/20% CO₂ (HO-MAP), or PVC-overwrapped (PVC-OW; controls), stored at 4 °C for 0, 12, 19 or 26 days, displayed for 2 days then cooked to six endpoint temperatures (54, 60, 63, 71, 77, and 82 °C). L^*, a^*, and b^* values, hue angle and chroma were determined on the internal cut surface of cooked chops. Chops packaged in CO-MAP had the highest a^* values; a^* value began increasing on day 14. The lowest hue angles occurred in chops cooked to lower endpoint temperatures. Chops in CO-MAP had lower hue angles and higher chroma than those in HO-MAP and PVC-OW. Above 71 °C, hue angle and chroma increased. Overall, CO-MAP packaged chops stored for longer time periods then cooked to lower endpoint temperatures appeared reddest. HO-MAP packaged chops were less red, did not change over time, and appeared more well done at lower endpoint temperatures than those in other gas atmospheres. CO-MAP packaged chops retained redness even after cooking at 82 °C.     

Effect of season on color of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) beef

A total of 1278 head of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) slaughtered over four seasons were used to evaluate the effect of season on color characteristics of beef longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. CIE L^*, a^*, b^*, C^* values and hue angle were significantly lower (P<0.05) in cattle slaughtered in the winter season. Meat color was darker in the winter than in the spring and autumn seasons. The L^* values among three average daily temperature (T_a) categories were different (P<0.05) in order of: [5 °CT_a<25 °C] > [T_a25 °C] > [T_a<5 °C], indicating that the meat color of cattle slaughtered at T_a<5 °C was darker. The a^*, b^*, C^* values and hue angle were significantly lower (P<0.05) in cattle slaughtered at T_a<5 °C. Season at slaughter is of great importance for meat color. Namely, meat color of Hanwoo beef was influenced by environmental temperature. Overall, cattle slaughtered in the winter season of T_a<5 °C produced beef with more undesirable meat color properties.     

Effect of pH at time of salting on the functional properties of pre-rigor beef

The functional properties of thawed pre-rigor beef that had been minced and salted or not salted when its pH value reached 6.8, 6.6, 6.4, 6.2 and 6.0, then immediately frozen, were determined. The mince samples were used to manufacture a finely comminuted sausage batter. Presalting before frozen storage resulted in higher (p < 0.05) thawed mince pH, and batter cook yield and shear strain, and lower (p < 0.05) mince salt soluble proteins, thaw drip and Hunter L^* and b^* values and batter shear stress than unsalted controls. The pre-rigor pH at time of salting/mincing affected (p < 0.05) thaw drip (unsalted mince only), Hunter L^* and b^* values and shear stress. Shear stress tended to increase (p < 0.01) and Hunter L^* (p < 0.05) and b^* (p < 0.01) values tended to decrease with fall in pre-rigor salting pH. No interaction (p > 0.05) between salting and pre-rigor pH at time of salting was observed.     

Color evaluation of carbon monoxide treated porcine blood

The stability of liquid porcine blood, treated with carbon monoxide (CO) at different pH values (7.40, 6.70, and 6.00) up to its complete saturation, was studied. Lowering the pH from 7.40 to 6.70 resulted in a decrease in the amount of CO necessary to obtain 100% carboxyhemoglobin. Further pH lowering to 6.00 did not result in additional reduction in the amount of gas. During 4 days of refrigerated storage CO treated liquid blood maintained, at every pH, a more stable and attractive red color than fresh blood, which was a result of an increase (P<0.05) of a^* (redness) and b^* (yellowness) values and no variation (P>0.05) on L^* (lightness) value. Hue (h^*) and chroma (C^*) decreased in the untreated blood but not in the CO-treated blood. The results indicate that blood saturation with CO yields a product having greater potential for use in meat products without compromising its visual appearance.     

Effect of different stunning systems on meat quality of light lamb

The present study was proposed to compare the effect that different types of stunning (TS) had on the quality of refrigerated meat from light lambs of the Spanish Manchega breed at 24 h and 7 days post-mortem. Lambs were electrically stunned (ESL; n = 10), using CO₂ (GSL; n = 10) or slaughtered without previous stunning (USL; n = 10). Measurements on meat quality were carried out by evaluating pH, colour coordinates (L^*, a^*, b^*), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), shear force (SF) and drip loss (DL). At 24 h post-mortem, no significant differences were found in any of the variables studied. However, at 7 days post-mortem, meat quality was affected by the different TS: pH, CL and DL were lower (P < 0.001) in the USL group and GSL obtained the lowest a^* (redness) and b^* (yellowness) values (P < 0.01) than in the other groups. Ageing of meat affected SF in the ESL group (P < 0.01), although there were no significant differences due to treatments at any of the ageing times.     

Development of a computer vision system to measure the color of potato chips

The objective of this research was to design and implement an inexpensive computer vision system for measuring the color of a highly heterogeneous food material not only in shape as well in color such as potato chips in L^*a^*b^* units from RGB images. The system was composed of (i) a digital color camera for acquiring the images in a digital format, (ii) a computer for storage the images, (c) image analysis routines integrated into a software programmed in Matlab that converts the color RGB of the food image into L^*a^*b^* units. In this way the color of potato chips can be calculated in L^*a^*b^* units over representative areas and in a reproducible way. The kinetics of color changes in potato slices during frying at four temperatures was followed using the implemented computer vision system (CVS). Color values in L^*a^*b^* units were recorded at different sampling times during frying at the four oil temperatures using the total color change parameter (ΔE). Chips fried at higher temperatures get darker as expected and showed by the CVS. The implemented computer vision system can be used to study as well foods different from potato chips by selecting their proper settings for image acquisition and digital image processing.