益生菌发酵香肠工艺条件的筛选

目的:探究发酵香肠益生菌降亚硝酸盐的最佳工艺条件。方法:以市面销售的牛肉为原料,以嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌组成的混合菌剂为香肠发酵菌,在香肠发酵过程中添加一定量亚硝酸盐,以亚硝酸盐降解率和香肠感官品质为评价指标,采用单因素试验、正交试验和验证性试验方法。结果表明:发酵剂接种量为7%,发酵温度为25℃,发酵时间为24h时,亚硝酸盐降解率比较高,香肠品质最好。结论:发酵温度应在30℃以内。温度在一定范围内越高,发酵时间越长,亚硝酸盐降解率越高,但温度高,发酵时间长会影响香肠的发酵品质。     

添加醪糟益生菌发酵香肠工艺条件的筛选

探究添加醪糟益生菌发酵香肠的最佳工艺条件。以市面销售的鸡胸肉、牛肉为原料,以嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌按1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1的比例组成的混合菌剂为香肠发酵菌。在香肠发酵过程中,添加一定量亚硝酸盐,并添加醪糟,以亚硝酸盐降解率和香肠感官品质为评价标准,通过单因素试验、正交试验和验证性试验,研究在益生菌发酵香肠中添加醪糟后的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,温度为30℃、益生菌接种量为10%、发酵时间为24h、醪糟添加量为15%时,亚硝酸盐降解率比较高,香肠品质最好。实际生产时发酵温度不宜超过30℃,发酵时间不宜超过24h。温度在一定范围内越高、发酵时间越长,亚硝酸盐降解率越高,但温度高、发酵时间长会影响香肠的发酵品质。     

美人椒发酵工艺优化

为研究美人椒自然条件下的发酵工艺,文章以盐水比、发酵时间、生姜添加量、花椒添加量和白糖添加量为变量,以感官、总酸、质构为评鉴指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化美人椒的发酵工艺。结果:美人椒180.0g,凉开水800.0mL,盐水比1.5∶10,花椒11.0g,生姜80.0g,白糖25.0g,大蒜10.0g,白酒10.0g,发酵14天时,感官评分最高,为86分,总酸适中,为2.28g/100g,弹性为7.08mm,咀嚼性为50.94mJ,pH为4.05,氨基酸态氮含量为0.88%,亚硝酸盐含量为7.07 mg/kg,盐分含量为14.04g/100g。     

黑曲霉发酵鸡血血红蛋白工艺条件的优化

以提高鸡血血红蛋白(Hb)降解率为目标,利用正交设计方法考察了发酵培养基中不同浓度的蔗糖、Hb、Mg SO4、KH2PO4和Na Cl对黑曲霉发酵鸡血Hb的影响。研究结果表明,影响Hb降解率的最主要因素是Hb添加量,其次是蔗糖浓度,而其他3个因素的影响比较小。当发酵培养基中蔗糖含量为20 g/L,Hb粉8 g/L,MgSO40.4 g/L,KH2PO42 g/L,Na Cl 5 g/L时,其Hb降解率最高。在优化的发酵培养基基础上对不同发酵条件进行单因素试验,得出当接种量为9%,装液量为30 m L/250 m L,温度为30℃,发酵时间为7 d时,其Hb降解率达到最高。采用优化发酵工艺后,Hb发酵培养基的降解率由28.2%提高到了46.8%。     

LP-7501S用于发酵萝卜中亚硝酸盐降解工艺的研究

为使泡菜中亚硝酸盐快速降解,利用从自然发酵泡菜中筛选出的一株具有高效降解亚硝酸盐功能的优势菌株LP-7501S,对泡菜进行强化发酵,以蔗糖添加量、食盐添加量、氮源添加量、发酵时间和发酵温度进行单因素试验与正交试验,研究其最佳发酵工艺。结果表明最优发酵工艺为:蔗糖添加量0.7%、食盐添加量4%、氮源添加量0.7%、发酵时间84h、发酵温度30℃。在此发酵条件下,测得发酵萝卜中总酸含量为0.73g/100g,亚硝酸盐可快速降解,含量为0.432mg/kg。     

天然复合香辛料对低盐四川泡菜内微生物菌系的影响研究

文章研究了天然香辛料辣椒、花椒、大蒜和生姜对低盐四川泡菜发酵过程中有害菌的抑制作用及其对乳酸菌生长的影响。以乳酸菌、酵母菌和芽孢菌的菌落数、菌落总数及亚硝酸盐为评价指标,进行单因素和正交实验。实验结果表明:天然香辛料对有害菌的抑制效果为辣椒大蒜生姜花椒。最终确定香辛料的复配比例为:辣椒3.6g/dL、大蒜8.0g/dL、花椒1.8g/dL、生姜6.0g/dL。在此条件下,有害菌和酵母菌的抑制率达98%以上,乳酸菌活菌数量达1.13×10~8 cfu/mL。     

模拟条件下香辛类蔬菜对N-二甲基亚硝胺形成的影响

研究采用体外模拟条件及亚硝化反应体系,探究大葱、生姜、大蒜、洋葱4种香辛类蔬菜的冻干粉及其可溶性组分干粉对N-二甲基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA)形成的影响。结果表明:香辛类蔬菜的种类和添加量、亚硝化反应体系的温度、时间等都对NDMA的形成表现出不同程度的促进或抑制作用。在模拟温度(腌制(4±1)℃、室温(25±1)℃、低温加工(80±1)℃)条件下,大葱粉、洋葱粉及生姜粉均明显促进NDMA形成(P0.05),且80℃时促进率最大;同一温度条件下,随反应时间延长,大葱粉和洋葱粉对NDMA形成的促进作用明显增强(P0.05),生姜粉对NDMA形成没有显著影响(P0.05);在同一温度同一反应时间内,随香辛类蔬菜粉添加量增加,对NDMA形成的促进作用显著增强(P0.05)。但在4℃或25℃时,大蒜粉及生姜水溶性组分干粉对NDMA形成表现为抑制作用,其中生姜水溶性组分干粉抑制作用较弱(10%);在80℃时大蒜粉表现为促进NDMA的形成。实验说明4类香辛类蔬菜在模拟条件下对NDMA的形成未能起到抑制作用。     

发酵萝卜中亚硝酸盐含量影响因素分析

为了加速亚硝酸盐的降解,控制其在发酵萝卜中的含量,对发酵萝卜工艺进行了研究。首先对乳酸菌菌株进行单菌株和复合菌株发酵,筛选出复合菌剂配比为乳杆菌属(LP)∶肠膜明串珠菌属(LM)为1∶2这一菌株组合作为复合发酵菌剂,在此基础上,通过对蔗糖添加量、食盐添加量、复合菌株接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度进行单因素和正交试验,得出亚硝酸盐降解的最优发酵工艺为:蔗糖添加量0.5%、食盐添加量4%、接种量4%、发酵时间72h、发酵温度28℃。在此亚硝酸盐降解工艺条件下,发酵萝卜中亚硝酸盐含量为0.255mg/kg,不仅缩短了发酵周期,而且加速了亚硝酸盐的降解,降低了其在发酵萝卜中的含量。     

姜辣素的酶法提取及其对亚硝酸盐清除的研究

以生姜为原料,采用酶解法辅助乙醇提取生姜中的姜辣素,以酶解时间、酶解温度、纤维素酶的添加量以及料液比为自变量,以姜辣素提取率为试验指标,通过正交试验确定酶解法提取生姜中姜辣素的最佳工艺条件为酶解时间90 min、酶解温度50℃、纤维素酶添加量0.95%、料液比为1∶50(g/m L)。在最优工艺条件下生姜中的姜辣素提取率最高达到1.85%。提取得到的姜辣素粗提物可用于清除亚硝酸盐,通过正交试验得到姜辣素粗提物清除亚硝酸盐的最优反应条件为:反应体系温度100℃、反应时间15 min、姜辣素粗提物质量浓度为17.5 mg/m L。在该反应条件下姜辣素粗提物对亚硝酸盐的清除率可达(99.32±0.22)%,与1 mg/m L同体积的抗坏血酸溶液对亚硝酸盐的清除能力相当。     

中性蛋白酶降解棉粕中棉酚的研究

该实验旨在利用芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）和乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus）发酵棉粕,研究对棉粕中游离棉酚降解率及饲料活菌数的影响。研究发现,芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039在37 ℃发酵24 h后棉酚降解率达到85.89% （P＜0.05）,产中性蛋白酶活性达到2 811.40 U/g发酵料（P＜0.05）;发酵48 h时棉酚降解率达到91.47%,产中性蛋白酶活性达到2303.24 U/g。单独添加中性蛋白酶发酵24 h时,添加量为1 000 U/g的棉酚降解率已达到58.46%,2 000 U/g时棉酚降解率达到72.68%;发酵48 h时1 000 U/g的棉酚降解率已达到73.29%。乳酸菌发酵棉粕不能降解棉酚,但乳酸杆菌BLCC2-0092添加1 000 U/g的中性蛋白酶发酵24 h时,棉酚降解率达到67.13%,pH值降至4.71。     

The occurrence and growth of microorganisms during the fermentation of fish sausage

Minced fish (mullet) sausage mixes containing added sugar, salt, nitrate, nitrite and spices were fermented (48 h, 30 degrees C) by indigenous flora or by a starter culture (Pediococcus acidilactici) and the microbial ecology and behaviour of various bacteria was monitored. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus plantarum dominated the indigenous fermentation, achieving populations of 10(7)-10(8) cfu/g by 48 h, and decreasing the pH of the mix to 4.5-4.7. Significant growth (10(5)-10(7) cfu/g) of Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Micrococcus varians and Micrococcus luteus also occurred during this fermentation. Less growth was exhibited by Bacillus megaterium and yeasts. Pediococcus acidilactici dominated the fermentation when it was inoculated as a starter culture, but indigenous lactic acid bacteria (P. pentosaceus and L. plantarum) also grew to 10(7)-10(8) cfu/g. The growth of other bacteria and yeasts was restricted during fermentation with starter culture. Inoculated Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella sofia, and Staphylococcus aureus grew to 10(6)-10(7) cfu/g in the sausage mix during indigenous fermentation. Lesser growth occurred for Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Growth of these bacteria was significantly inhibited in sausage mix fermented with P. acidilactici.     

西瓜豆瓣酱研制及其亚硝酸盐含量研究

首先在传统西瓜豆瓣酱制作的工艺基础上,设定西瓜、花生油的添加量为150,10 g,通过将影响西瓜豆瓣酱风味的主要因素豆曲、盐、花椒、八角、小茴香、葱、姜、蒜的添加量进行单因素和正交试验,确定自制西瓜豆瓣酱的较优配方。试验结果表明,西瓜150 g、豆曲30 g、盐10 g、花椒1 g、八角2 g、小茴香1 g、葱8 g、姜12 g、蒜8 g为最佳配方。另外,研究了西瓜与豆曲的比例对亚硝酸盐的影响及西瓜豆瓣酱发酵成熟后随放置时间增加亚硝酸盐含量的变化。研究表明,在相同食盐添加量下,亚硝酸盐含量随着西瓜添加量的下降而降低,自制豆瓣酱亚硝酸盐含量随着放置时间的增加而降低并逐渐接近于平稳。根据GB 2762-2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》对于蔬菜类食品规定亚硝酸盐含量不得超过20 mg/kg[1],食用不会对人体产生危害,为人们在加工西瓜豆瓣酱时提供了参考。     

乳酸菌替代亚硝酸盐对香肠发色及质量的影响

亚硝酸盐常被用作香肠的发色剂,但是亚硝酸盐具有强致癌性。文章主要研究了乳酸菌完全替代亚硝酸盐对发酵香肠亚硝基肌红蛋白、高铁肌红蛋白、抗氧化性能及持水性的影响。结果表明,随着菌浓度的增加,香肠的亮度值和红度值明显增加。在未添加亚硝酸盐的情况下即可形成亚硝基肌红蛋白,乳酸菌添加量越多,对高铁肌红蛋白的还原能力越强,抗氧化性能及持水性能也随之增强。     

酸菜中降解亚硝酸盐乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及其在发酵香肠中的应用

目的:依据多项评价指标筛选亚硝酸盐降解能力强且适用于肉制品发酵的乳酸菌。方法:首先采用添加0.3%Ca CO3的MRS培养基从15份不同产地的农家自制酸菜中筛选乳酸菌,其后以降解亚硝酸盐能力和肉制品发酵剂所需要求为筛选指标对初筛所得乳酸菌进行复筛,并对其进行菌种的分子鉴定。最后以筛选到的菌株为发酵剂制作单菌株发酵香肠,通过检测香肠在发酵和贮藏期间的Na NO2含量来进一步验证所得菌株的实际降解亚硝酸盐能力。结果:筛选到1株降解亚硝酸盐能力优良(降解率为78.77%)且适于肉制品发酵的乳酸菌菌株,16S r DNA全序列分析鉴定为鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,ATCC 53103)。香肠发酵实验结果显示,在发酵结束时香肠的Na NO2含量为12.2 mg/kg,低于国家标准。同时,微生物指标检测结果证明了此条件下生产的发酵香肠的质量是安全可靠的。结论:鼠李糖乳杆菌能有效降低发酵香肠中的Na NO2含量,可用于开发成用于生产低亚硝酸盐的健康、安全的肉品发酵剂。      

Behaviour of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the fermentation of Datta and Awaze, traditional Ethiopian fermented condiments, and during product storage at ambient and refrigeration temperatures

The survival of E. coli O157:H7 in fermenting foods and its prolonged survival in refrigerated fermented foods is documented. This prompted the study to evaluate survival of E. coli O157:H7 during the fermentation of Datta and Awaze, traditional Ethiopian condiments. Datta was prepared by wet milling a variety of spices along with green or red chilli and fermenting it by lactic acid bacteria. Awaze is a slurry made of red pepper, garlic and ginger to which various other spices were added and fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. The Datta or Awaze slurry was separately inoculated with three strains of E. coli O157:H7 and the fermentation was allowed to proceed at ambient (20–25°C) temperatures for 7 days. When fermenting Datta or Awaze was initially inoculated at low inoculum level (3 log cfu/g), the test strains were not recovered after 24 h of fermentation. At higher initial inoculum level (6 log cfu/g), however, counts of the test strains in Datta at day 7 were less by about 1.5 log unit than the initial inoculum level. In fermenting Awaze, all test strains were completely eliminated in 7 days. The pH of the fermenting green and red Datta was reduced from 5.2 to 4.4 and that of Awaze dropped from 4.9 to 3.8 during this time. In another experiment, the fermented products were separately inoculated with the E. coli O157:H7 test strains at levels of 6 log cfu/g and incubated at ambient and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures for 7 days. In fermented Datta, two of the three strains were not recovered by enrichment after 6 days of storage at ambient temperatures. In fermented Awaze, all strains were below countable levels at day 5, but could still be recovered by enrichment at day 7. At refrigeration storage, counts of the test strains in Datta and Awaze products were <3 log cfu/g at day 7. The inhibition of our E. coli O157:H7 test strains in Datta and Awaze may be due to the antimicrobial activity of spices and other metabolites produced by LAB which may be effective at low pH.     

Spices as Beneficial Hypolipidemic Food Adjuncts: A Review

Abstract

The spices fenugreek, garlic, ginger, onion, red pepper, and turmeric are effective as hypocholesterolemics under conditions of experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, fenugreek is effective in human diabetics, whereas garlic and onion are effective in humans with induced lipemia. Capsaicin and curcumin, the active principles of red pepper and turmeric, respectively, are also documented to be efficacious even at doses comparable to calculated human intake. Capsaicin, curcumin, fenugreek, ginger, and onion are understood to cause an enhanced biliary secretion of bile acids also. Considerable human experimentation has been done with garlic and onion, but similar evaluation of the four other spices needs to be done. Limited information is also available on the hypolipidemic influence of spice combinations. Among these six spices, beneficial effects on lipid metabolism would probably be in the order: garlic?>?onion?>?red pepper/capsaicin?>?turmeric/curcumin?>?fenugreek?>?ginger. The mechanisms underlying the hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic influence of these spices have also been fairly well understood.     

发酵牛肉调味基料替代亚硝酸盐在红肠中的应用

在传统调味基料制备工艺基础上,增加微生物发酵环节制成发酵牛肉调味基料(Fermented beef flavor,FBF),将其按照不同添加比例应用于红肠的加工中,设计5组试验:阴性对照NC组(不添加亚硝酸盐)、阳性对照PC组(添加亚硝酸盐),分别添加2%、6%和10%发酵牛肉调味基料的样品组制成红肠,真空包装后,20 ℃条件下贮藏,在贮藏过程中对其进行品质评价。结果表明:发酵牛肉调味基料对红肠除具有明显提高风味作用(气味和滋味得分均不低于NC组)外,还起到良好的发色和抗氧化作用,添加发酵牛肉调味基料的试验组红肠的红度值与PC组无显著差异,当其添加量为2%时,红肠在贮藏过程中的TBARs值始终低于1.0 mg/kg,具有较强的抗氧化性。微生物多样性分析结果发现,发酵牛肉调味基料的添加对红肠中的优势腐败菌属(葡萄球菌属)具有明显抑制作用,其货架期比NC组明显延长,与PC组的保质期相当。可见,FBF具有应用于红肠中替代亚硝酸盐的潜力。     

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Several Commonly Used Spices

ABSTRACT: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are extensively used to screen chemo-preventive foods. Five well-known anticancer spices, ginger, red pepper, garlic, green onion, and leek, were selected and assessed in this study. Antioxidant function was evaluated based on the scavenging ability of the cation radical ABTS⁺. Moreover, anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. The antioxidant activity of the 5 spices followed this order: ginger > red pepper > leek > green onion and garlic. All of these spices had a strict inhibitory effect on NO production. The anti-inflammatory activity could be ranked based on the IC₅₀ of the spices, as garlic > ginger > green onion > leek and red pepper. Additionally, a significant correlation existed between antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. Obviously, total phenolics content was a crucial determinant of the antioxidant but not the anti-inflammatory activity of foods. The compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity should differ from those responsible for the antioxidant activity.     

无亚硝酸盐低温植物乳杆菌香肠的研制

该文以生鲜肉为主要原料,以植物乳杆菌为发酵剂,研究无亚硝酸盐低温植物乳杆菌香肠的发酵工艺.在单因素试验基础上,通过Box-Behnken中心组合设计,采用响应面法分析了接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间对乳酸菌香肠感官品质的影响,表明发酵温度对感官品质影响最大,发酵时间次之,接种量影响最小.通过优化确定香肠发酵的最佳工艺参数为:接种量107cfu/g、发酵温度21.5℃、发酵时间78h.在此条件下所得香肠感官评分值为91,与预测值符合较好.发酵香肠色泽鲜红,无亚硝酸盐残留,风味与质量均比高温香肠佳.对进一步提高发酵香肠质量和营养价值有很重要的意义.