Genetic and environmental variability in protein,oil and fatty acid composition in high-alkaloid hite lupin (Lupinus albus)

Protein, oil and fatty acid composition ere determined on seed samples of Lupinus albus L cultivars gron in to different locations, Villafranca and Córdoba. Seeds planted in the latter location ere inoculated ith Rhizobium leguminosarum f lupini as soil pH as 7·5-7·9. Locations clearly caused differences in both protein and oil contents. Interactions beteen localities and genotypes ere not significant. Environmental effects ere much greater than the genotypic factors except for oleic and linoleic acids. Both locality and genotype effects ere clearly significant for all fatty acids studied except for palmitic acid. A negative correlation as found beteen protein and oil content. Oil and oleic acid contents ere positively correlated to each other. Linoleic acid content seemed not to be correlated ith any other fatty acid except oleic. Linolenic acid content as also negatively correlated ith that of oleic acid. Covariance analysis shoed a strong positive genetic correlation beteen oil and oleic acid contents; the genetic correlation as higher than the environmental one. Oil content is strongly negatively correlated ith both linoleic and linolenic acid contents at the genotypic level.     

The evaluation of oil and fatty acid composition in seed of cotton accessions from various countries

Cottonseed oil has a 2:1 ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, but in large amounts it contributes to a short shelf‐life due to rancidity. The aim of this study was to screen germplasm from various countries for oil and fatty acid content, to identify parents that can be used in hybridisation to increase stearic and oleic acids and reduce palmitic fatty acids. Oil content varied from 13.6% to 24.7%. Linoleic acid ranged from 51.5% to 63%, palmitic from 19.2% to 25.6%, oleic from 14.2% to 18.5% and stearic from 2.1% to 2.8%. Stearic and palmitic acids were positively correlated, and stearic and linoleic acids were negatively correlated; therefore breeding for increased stearic acid and reduced palmitic acid as well as breeding for increased stearic and linoleic acids at the same time might be difficult through conventional breeding. CIM70 and Cyto 12/74 had high values for stearic and oleic acids and Stoneville had high values of stearic and oleic acids and low palmitic acid. These can be used as parents to improve these two fractions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Genotypic and environmental variation in the total phenol and flavanol contents of barley grain

Flavanol and total phenol contents have been determined in samples of barley grown in Britain under a wide range of environmental conditions. An assessment has also been made of the genetic variation in flavanol and total phenol contents among exotic genotypes and current UK varieties. Total phenol content decreased in the first 3 months immediately after harvest but no indication was observed that prolonged storage significantly reduced the levels of flavanols and, after the initial decline, no systematic decreases were found in total phenol content. Significant differences were found between trial sites for both constituents but these could not be related to geographical locations. An examination of inter-varietal variation revealed significant differences among both the current UK varieties (flavanols 0.11–0.17%, total phenols 0.43–0.53%) and 85 diverse genotypes (flavanols 0.08–0.15%, total phenols 0.37–0.54%). The levels of both constituents appeared to be independent of grain size, malting quality, oil content and protein content and no significant differences were found between either two and six-rowed varieties or husked and naked grain types.     

黍稷籽粒含油量及脂肪酸组成分析

研究分析18个黍稷（Panicum miliaceum L.）品种的籽粒含油量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,黍稷籽粒含油量为2.54%~4.00%,均值3.71%。黍稷籽粒中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸（18:2n6）、油酸（18:1n9）和棕榈酸（16:0）,含量区间分别为0.075~5.19、0.150~3.02和0.897~1.81 g/100 g,并含有棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、二十二烷酸和二十四烷酸。不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）占总油脂的82.1%~ 94.6%。相关性分析和主成分分析的结果表明,10种脂肪酸含量存在显著的相关性。聚类分析表明,脂肪酸组成在黍稷品种间的差异显著。     

不同品种甜瓜种子表型性状、含油率及种子油脂肪酸组成分析北大核心CSCD

以50个品种甜瓜种子为试验材料,对其表型性状进行测定,然后用索氏抽提法测定含油率,气相色谱法测定种子油脂肪酸组成,并对种子表型性状、含油率与种子油脂肪酸组成相关性进行分析。结果表明:表型性状最大的甜瓜品种为MW,MW的籽粒表面积、宽、千粒质量均最大;林蜜25号甜瓜品种的种子含油率最高,为32.532%,WQ的种子含油率最低,仅为17.915%;甜瓜种子油中含量最高的脂肪酸为亚油酸,其次是油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,亚麻酸含量最低,亚油酸含量最高的甜瓜品种是常见小绿瓜,为75.011%,油酸含量最高的甜瓜品种是省工108,为31.289%,棕榈酸含量最高的甜瓜品种是WQ,为13.281%,硬脂酸含量最高的甜瓜品种是爽口1,为9.862%;相关性分析表明,含油率与红度呈极显著正相关。3个品种的马泡瓜含油率较高,且皮薄,种子非常多,因而马泡瓜最适宜选育榨油。     

高含油量油菜种子和果皮油份积累及主要脂肪酸的动态变化

以高含油量油菜品系为材料,研究角果发育过程中种子和果皮油份积累与主要脂肪酸的动态变化。结果表明：高含油量品种在角果发育早期油份的合成与积累较为缓慢,开花后20d种子含油率仅占成熟种子油份含量的8．35％～12．32％,角果发育中期是油份含量增加最快的时期,开花后40d种子含油率占成熟种子油份含量的72．89％。94．73％,籽粒成熟时油份含量达到最大值。果皮的油份积累与种子相反,随角果发育油份含量依次下降,两者呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0．95。种子和果皮的二十碳烯酸、芥酸合成规律明显不同。种子的7种主要脂肪酸组成中芥酸和二十碳烯酸与16碳、18碳脂肪酸含量均呈负相关,亚麻酸和亚油酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸含量均呈正相关,与油酸含量H2和H27为正相关,H1和H28为负相关。而油酸与其它脂肪酸的相关关系较为复杂,与棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸、亚麻酸的相关关系有正相关,也有负相关,可见油酸的合成与积累不仅与棕榈酸、硬脂酸有关,还会影响亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量,这是创新油菜高油酸材料的基础。     

基于气相色谱法的食用向日葵葵籽含油量及脂肪酸组成研究

收集12类不同品种食用向日葵葵籽为测试材料,测定不同样品千粒重、出仁率与含油量,在食用向日葵葵籽样品中滴加甲酯化剂进行气相色谱检测,依据标准品总峰面积确定食用向日葵葵籽出油率,利用气相色谱法检测材料样品脂肪酸组成及相对含量。分析结果显示:食用向日葵葵籽千粒重为43.37 g~205.87 g、出仁率为43.84%~75.59%;食用向日葵葵籽含油量33.08%~41.26%,出油率与含油量相比差距为1%左右。食用向日葵葵籽样品脂肪酸甲酯总离子图内出峰时间说明脂肪酸组成成分主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸以及亚油酸,其中亚油酸相对含量较高,基本达到50%以上。     

Variability in fatty acid composition in peanut I. Bunch group

Oil content and fatty acid composition of the 50 bunch peanut types have been reported. The oil content showed little variation, (49.1 ± 2.5%) and of the major component acids, oleic acid showed little variation (44.5 ± 5%) whilst the palmitic (P) and linoleic (L) contents were reciprocally related (P + L ? 48%).     

Capillary gas chromatography analysis of Ethiopian mustard to determine variability of fatty acid composition

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is an oil crop grown in Ethiopia. However, the oil is considered low quality, as it contains long chain monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly erucic acid. High erucic acid content is beneficial for the polymer industry, whereas low erucic acid is recommended for food purposes. Both linoleic and linolenic acids are essential fatty acids; however, less than 3% linolenic acid is preferred for oil stability. The objectives of this study were to determine fatty acid composition of Ethiopian mustard to determine the range of genetic diversity for these traits. The genotypes were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (CGC). Twenty‐six fatty acids were identified. In all accessions, the predominant fatty acids were erucic, linoleic, α‐linolenic and oleic, followed by gadoleic and palmitic. To a lesser extent stearic, vaccinic, nervonic and behenic acids were found in all accessions. Significant correlations were found between palmitic acid and stearic acid (positive), between erucic acid and palmitic, stearic, vaccinic, oleic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids (negative) and eicosenoic acid (positive). Selection and hybridization techniques can be applied to modify the oil content of Ethiopian mustard, considering the variability observed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

摘薹对甘蓝型油菜籽粒品质性状的影响及其综合评价

为了探明摘薹对油菜籽粒品质性状的影响,本研究以21份甘蓝型油菜品系为材料,进行摘薹处理与正常收获,测定籽粒中饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、油份、蛋白质及硫苷含量变化。结果表明：摘薹后棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、蛋白质及硫苷含量表现为增加的趋势,油酸、油份含量表现为减少的趋势,芥酸、花生烯酸含量变化趋势并不明显。相关性分析表明,摘薹后油份与油酸呈极显著正相关,二者均与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、蛋白质呈极显著负相关。主成分及隶属函数分析表明,摘薹后y15油菜品系籽粒综合性状最优良,y12、y10、y14、y6、y19、y11、y7、y13、y20、y3、y8品系次之,y4、y2、y9品系综合得分低于对照y21。     

Variation in the oil content and fatty acid composition of field beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum spp.)

Oil content has been found to range from 1.2–1.9% in a wide range of diverse field bean (Vicia faba) cultivars, populations and selections and from 1.4–2.8% in a narrower range of pea cultivars. The ranges in fatty acid composition for beans and peas respectively were palmitic, 13.9–21.0% and 12.0–16.6%, stearic 2.2–3.5% and 2.5–4.2%, oleic 15.0–33.0% and 14.2–33.3%, linoleic 41.3–59.7% and 43.7–60.9%, linolenic 2.6–4.9% and 6.4–13.4%. Environment exerted a significant effect on the oil content of field beans but cultivar differences remained apparent. The analysis of whole or milled field beans stored for up to 5 years showed only minor losses of oil and component fatty acids. In both species over 90% of the total oil content was found in the cotyledons. Cultivar differences in whole grain oil content were associated with the concentration of oil in the cotyledons and appeared independent of the relative proportions of either embryo or seed coat. The interrelationships between oil content and other seed characteristics were also determined and the significance of these results in relation to plant breeding are discussed.     

江西地区油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成的调查与分析

本文对江西地区2011年产的38个油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:油茶籽含油率在20.48%~49.84%之间,平均为37.07%。油茶籽油脂肪酸主要是由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸等脂肪酸组成,棕榈酸含量平均值8.19%;硬脂酸含量平均值2.48%;油酸含量平均值81.02%;亚油酸含量平均值7.74%;花生一烯酸含量平均值0.46%,主要不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸含量平均达到了88.76%,说明江西地区的油茶籽油符合高品质食用油的标准。     

超临界CO2萃取菌草灵芝孢子油中三萜类物质和脂肪酸的测定

研究超临界CO2萃取菌草灵芝孢子油中三萜类物质含量和脂肪酸的组成。用分光光度法分析其中三萜类物质含量;用薄层色谱和气质联用分析其中脂肪酸的组成。超临界CO2萃取菌草灵芝孢子油提取率为24.82%;三萜类物质含量为30.25%;菌草灵芝孢子油主要以甘油三酯形式存在,检出15种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占61.15%。超临界CO2萃取菌草灵芝孢子油中三萜类物质的含量较高,不饱和脂肪酸是其脂肪酸的主要组成成分。     

12株油茶种仁含油率及脂肪酸组成分析

测定名邛台地(四川省境内的名山、邛崃、蒲江一带)的12株野生油茶的产量和种仁含油率,采用气相色谱法(GC)对油茶籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,并对主要脂肪酸组成间进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同油茶的产量和种仁含油率存在差异,单株产量为12.95~54.00 kg,种仁含油率为37.04%~45.56%;油茶籽油脂肪酸组成以油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主;各脂肪酸含量之间存在密切的相关性,油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸呈极显著负相关,关系最密切的是油酸和亚油酸,其相关系数达到-0.829;根据产量、种仁含油率和脂肪酸组成筛选出的川雅31、川雅21、川雅28、川雅20可作为进一步培育优良品种的材料。     

不同品种油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成分析研究

对132种油茶籽含油率进行了测定,并采用GC分析油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成.结果表明:油茶籽含油率大部分集中在30％～60％之间,平均含油率为38.39％;含油率最高,为57.96％,最低仅为0.60％.油茶籽油脂肪酸主要是由软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸4种脂肪酸组成;油酸含量在70.33％～86.21％,均值为78.24％;亚油酸含量在3.25％～17.18％,均值为9.50％;软脂酸含量在7.03％ ～ 13.85％,均值为9.63％;硬脂酸含量在1.35％～5.49％,均值为2.61％.     

普通玉米高油化对籽粒脂肪酸组分积累的影响

以3种高油玉米为授粉者,与2种普通玉米品种杂交,研究其籽粒形成过程中各脂肪酸组分含量的变化情况.结果表明,随着籽粒的成熟,饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸、硬脂酸)和亚麻酸的含量不断下降,油酸和总不饱和脂肪酸的含量不断升高.与普通玉米自交相比,授高油玉米花粉的普通玉米籽粒成熟时含油量平均增加35.41％,油酸含量平均增加11.99％,硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量有所降低,杂交当代籽粒的总不饱和脂肪酸含量高于普通玉米自交的籽粒含量.说明高油玉米花粉的直感效应对普通玉米籽粒的脂肪酸组成有显著影响.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilisation on protein content,total fatty acid content and composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grains

The impact of N-fertilisation level on protein content, total fatty acid (TFA) content and major fatty acid composition of barley grains (cv. Eldorado), grown in a replicated field trial, was investigated. Increasing amounts of N-fertiliser, applied at several stages during the growing season, resulted in a higher protein content and a very slightly lowered TFA content in the grains. Protein and TFA contents were negatively correlated (r=-0.4685). Minor changes of fatty acid composition were found in the decrease of the oleic acid (C18:1) proportion (r=-0.8376) and in the increase of the palmitic acid (C16:0) proportion (r=0.7273). The stearic acid (C18:0) and the linoleic acid (C18:2) proportions were also affected, however, no significant linear correlations with the total N-fertiliser level were obtained. The slow increase in the linolenic acid (C18:3) proportion (r=0.5674) was too small, compared to the residual variance, to be significant. TFA content was positively (P<0.001) correlated with the oleic acid proportion, and negatively (P<0.001) with the palmitic acid proportion. These data suggest that the application of higher amounts of N-fertiliser slightly decreases the total fatty acid content of barley grains, probably due to a decreased synthesis of oleic acid, precursor of the unsaturated C18 fatty acids. The result is a relative increase in palmitic acid.     

GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND MATURITY EFFECTS ON PECAN KERNEL LIPID, FATTY ACID, TOCOPHEROL, AND PROTEIN COMPOSITION

Concentrations of kernel oil, fatty acids, protein, and tocopherols were analyzed in 70 cultivars and selections to assess genetic, environmental, and maturity effects on composition. The most abundant fatty acids in pecan kernels were oleic > linoleic > palmitic > stearic > linolenic, and their concentrations varied with genotype, maturity, and year of production. The concentration of oil and protein in individual lines ranged from 60 to 76% and 7 to 17%, respectively. The lipid composition of 8 individual cultivars varied substantially due to production year, with the degree of variation being cultivar dependent. An inverse linear relationship was found between the concentration of oleic and linoleic acids. During maturation, there was a general decline in linoleic acid with a commensurate increase in oleic, yielding a progressively more mono-unsaturated oil.     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SEED OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS AND OPEN POLLINATED VARIETIES

SUMMARY— The seed of high oil hybrids and open pollinated sunflower varieties from experimental plantings at nine locations in six southern states in 1969 was analyzed for moisture, crude protein, total oil and fatty acid composition. Total oil content ranged from 28.8–44.7% with an average of 35.3% for hybrid varieties and 39.5% for open pollinated varieties. The crude protein ranged from 16.9–25.1%. All the introductions mere relatively low in palmitic and stearic acids. Small amounts of palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids were present in all samples. Oleic acid ranged from 33.4–62.7% and linoleic acid from 27.3–54.2%. The average oleic and linoleic acid content of the open pollinated varieties at the nine locations was 46.6 and 41.6%, respectively, as compared to 49.4 and 39.6% for the hybrids. The linoleic acid content of sunflower oil varied inversely with temperature during development of the seed. The oil of the sunflowers grown at the warmer locations and at the lower latitudes had a lower linoleic acid content than of those grown at somewhat cooler locations and higher latitudes.     

麻疯树籽油制备生物柴油及应用研究

采用压榨法提取了麻疯树籽油,用GC/MS法分析了不同产地麻疯树籽油中的脂肪酸成分及含量。检测了麻疯树籽油甲酯的理化性质,并将其与石化柴油按一定比例混合后,检测了16项质量指标。结果显示,麻疯树籽出油率为39.8%,其脂肪酸主要成分是月桂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,其中含油酸46.833%,亚油酸为28.500%,棕榈酸为19.767%,合计为95.1%。麻疯树籽油甲酯密度为0.885g/cm3,十六烷值为44.81,与柴油混配后,大部分指标均在标准范围内。