不同乳基婴幼儿配方乳粉的理化性质和表面组成

为探究不同乳基对婴幼儿配方乳粉稳定性的影响,本研究对以牛乳和羊乳为基料制备的婴幼儿配方乳粉的水分质量分数和水分活度(water activity,a_w)、玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)、乳糖结晶度、溶解度、色度、蛋白组成、总脂肪酸和表面游离脂肪酸组成等理化性质进行分析,用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)仪对乳粉表面成分进行测定,并通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察乳粉表面形貌。结果表明：羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉具有较好的理化性质,与牛乳婴儿配方乳粉相比具有较低的水分质量分数、a_w、色度和T_g,而结晶度和溶解度接近,通过气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对脂肪酸含量进行测定发现,牛乳和羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉均表现出总脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,表面游离脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量较高的...     

婴儿配方乳粉中必需脂肪酸调配的研究

通过对婴儿配方乳粉中必需脂肪酸调配的研究实验，引用正交实验，得出最佳结果：按棕榈油10％、玉米油0．4％、葵花籽油0．4%、椰子油0．4％(均为质量分数)的比例进行油脂复配时，可使婴儿配方乳粉中亚油酸含量为34．10mg／g，亚麻酸含量为3．30mg／g，亚油酸和亚麻酸的比例在10：1(质量比)的范围，使配方粉中必需脂肪酸的含量和比例接近母乳，产品的综合评定最佳。     

羊乳婴幼儿配方粉中牛乳成分鉴别与测定模型的建立

目的 基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)建立羊乳婴幼儿配方粉中牛乳的鉴别与测定模型,实现羊乳婴幼儿配方粉中牛乳成分的快速分析。方法 样品经胰蛋白酶水解,采用四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, Q-Orbitrap-HRMS)结合蛋白数据库筛选特征肽段。选择具有代表性的羊全脂乳粉、牛全脂乳粉、羊乳清粉、牛乳清粉,分别按不同的比例进行混合, UPLC-MS/MS测定,通过换算系数构建特征肽与牛全脂奶粉和牛乳清粉的鉴别和定量分析模型。结果 牛β-酪蛋白与牛全脂奶粉的换算系数k₁为2.8343,牛β-乳球蛋白与牛全脂奶粉的换算系数k₂为1.6542,牛β-乳球蛋白与牛乳清粉的换算系数k₃为27.8598。牛β-乳球蛋白和牛β-酪蛋白在20～1000 nmol/L范围内,线性关系...     

美国联邦法规标准 第21卷 食品与药品 全脂乳粉(§131.147)

(a) 定义全脂乳粉是一种通过除去巴氏消毒乳中的水分而制得的产品,巴氏消毒乳可经均质处理。全脂乳粉也可通过将脱脂乳、浓缩脱脂乳或脱脂乳粉与稀奶油或稀奶油粉混合制得,或与液体乳、炼乳或乳粉混合制得,但产品中的成分应同巴氏消毒乳制得的全脂乳粉相一致。全脂乳粉中含有乳糖、乳蛋白、乳脂肪和乳矿物质,其间的相对比例同其原料乳相同。全脂乳粉的乳脂肪含量不低于26％,不高于40％;水分含量不高于非脂乳固体含量的5％。     

原生态与人工添加二十二碳六烯酸羊乳制品贮藏期脂肪酸稳定性比较

通过饲喂奶山羊富含二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid，DHA）的微藻粉，获得原生态DHA羊乳（DHA含量为30 mg/100 g原料乳），然后将其制作成超高温瞬时灭菌（ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization，UHT）乳及全脂乳粉，同时设立人工添加富含DHA微胶囊粉的UHT乳及全脂乳粉作为对照组，在常温（25 ℃）和高温（37 ℃）下进行为期28 d的贮藏实验，研究原生态与人工添加DHA羊乳制品贮藏期脂肪酸稳定性。结果表明，与人工添加组相比，贮藏期间原生态UHT乳及全脂乳粉的DHA含量下降速率明显减缓，在UHT乳中，人工添加组乳制品DHA含量降低率在37 ℃下最高达（40.92±3.52）%（贮藏第28天），此时原生态组DHA降低率为（36.70±4.84）%。贮藏期间，原生态与人工添加DHA的UHT乳及全脂乳粉中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量总体均下降，且与人工添加DHA的乳制品相比，原生态组中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量更高，更易氧化生成碳链更短的脂肪酸。此外，随着贮藏期的延长，原生态DHA乳制品组中的油脂氧化指标过氧化值和酸价上升速率明显低于人工添加DHA乳制品组。综上，本实验可为制备富含DHA的天然奶制品提供理论参考。     

毛细管电泳技术检测羊乳婴幼儿配方粉中的牛乳成分

婴幼儿配方乳粉的乳源鉴别对于保障产品安全和真实性至关重要。采用毛细管电泳技术对羊乳来源的婴幼儿配方粉中的牛乳成分进行检测。通过比较不同乳源产品中主要蛋白质组分的电泳图谱,筛选出牛乳表征蛋白峰。通过方法验证以及检测市售样品,证实毛细管凝胶电泳在准确度、精密度及重复性方面表现良好,筛选的表征蛋白峰峰面积与羊乳中牛乳含量呈现良好线性相关性(R~20.99),检测灵敏度0.5%,表明该方法可用于羊乳来源婴幼儿配方粉中牛乳成分的定性和定量检测。     

植物奶油粉产品特性及其在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用

婴儿配方乳粉专用粉末油脂可称为植物奶油粉 ,其物理结构与乳粉一致 ,营养成分及性能与母乳接近 ,弥补了牛乳粉营养成分的某些不足之处。奶油粉油脂富含亚油酸 ,为乳糖 (或 90乳清粉 )或糊精、酪蛋白等壁材包埋 ,赋予了产品与乳粉更好的流动、乳化和溶解性 ,是婴儿配方乳粉理想的配料     

吕梁地区牛、羊乳及其制品的脂肪酸组成分析研究

为研究吕梁地区牛乳、羊乳自制酸乳和乳酪的脂肪酸组成分析,试验将材料通过乙酰氯-甲醇溶液甲酯化处理,甲苯提取后通过气相色谱仪检测脂肪酸的组成和相对百分含量并分析比较。结果表明,吕梁地区牛、羊乳加工前后,脂肪酸的组成基本一致,但含量有明显改变。牛乳及其制品比羊乳及其制品中的短链脂肪酸含量均低,且吕梁地区牛、羊乳在加工后短链脂肪酸含量均增加。吕梁地区牛、羊乳及其制品中饱和脂肪酸以肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主,含量均在30%左右;单不饱和脂肪酸中油酸含量最多,含量均高于20%;多不饱和脂肪酸中以花生四烯酸、亚麻酸和亚油酸3种必需脂肪酸为主,牛乳在加工后必需脂肪酸含量增多,羊乳在加工后含量减少。吕梁地区牛、羊乳加工后,长链饱和脂肪酸含量降低,短链饱和脂肪酸含量升高。综合表明,羊乳及其制品比牛乳及其制品的脂肪酸品质更佳,营养价值更高,更容易被人体消化吸收。     

婴儿配方乳粉中亚油酸与维生素E的添加量

婴儿配方乳粉(infant formula milk powder)是以牛乳和脱盐乳清粉(或脱盐乳清)为主要原料,经配料、均质、杀菌、浓缩、喷雾干燥制成的供六个月以内婴儿食用的母乳代用品。其主要营养成分接近母乳,因此又称为母乳化乳粉(humanized milk powder)。根据国家专业标准规定,婴儿配方乳粉中乳脂肪应占脂肪总量50%以上,亚油酸甘油酯(1inolin,以亚油酸计)含量应在1500mg/100g乳粉以上。本文拟从亚油酸在人体必需脂肪酸中的地位、亚油酸的生     

双向电泳技术鉴别牛羊乳品真实性

采用双向电泳技术对牛羊乳品的蛋白质指纹进行分析。首先通过全乳图谱分析牛羊乳的差异蛋白,然后针对婴幼儿配方粉、乳清粉等开展方法特异性研究,通过婴幼儿配方粉添加实验开展方法灵敏度研究,最后对市售配方粉、液态乳、酸乳等进行检测。总体上,双向电泳技术信息丰度高,信息直观,重复性良好,能准确分辨牛羊乳及乳清,灵敏度达到5%。通过检测,8 份市售样品中有1 份酸羊乳实际为牛乳,图谱蛋白指纹信息清晰,直观反映产品真实性。     

酸水解法测定婴幼儿配方食品、乳和乳制品中二噁英类持久性有机污染物

建立适合婴幼儿配方食品、乳及乳制品中二噁英类持久性有机污染物(POPs)分析的前处理技术。方法 利用索氏抽提法和酸水解法分别提取婴幼儿配方食品、乳及乳制品中的脂肪,比较两种方法的差异。结果对于婴幼儿配方食品,两种萃取方法测得的结果差异不大;对于乳粉和液态鲜乳,索氏抽提法的结果与实际值偏差较大。结论 不同类型乳粉的组分(酪蛋白与乳清蛋白比例等)和加工工艺差异很大,酸水解法能有效地使乳及乳制品中的脂肪转变为游离态,提高了脂肪的提取率,为准确测定POPs奠定基础。     

Enzymatic interesterification of tripalmitin with vegetable oil blends for formulation of caprine milk infant formula analogs

The structure of triacylglycerols in vegetable oil blends was enzymatically modified, and the blends were incorporated into skim caprine milk to produce goat milk-based infant formula analogs, homologous to human milk. A modified lipid containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resembling the composition of human milk fat, was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification reactions between tripalmitin and a vegetable oil blend containing a 2.5:1.1:0.8 ratio of coconut, safflower, and soybean oils. A commercial sn-1,3-specific lipase obtained from Rhyzomucor miehei, Lipozyme RM IM, was used as the biocatalyst. The effects of substrate molar ratio and reaction time on the incorporation of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols were investigated. The fatty acid composition and sn-2 position of the experimental formulas were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results showed that the highest incorporation of palmitic acid was obtained at 12 h of incubation at 55°C with a substrate molar ratio of 1:0.4 of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. However, the modified milk interesterified for 12 h at a 1:1 molar ratio had a greater resemblance to human milk compared with the other formulas. The level of oleic acid incorporation at the sn-2 position increased with the molar ratio of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. It was concluded that, unlike the original goat milk and other formulas, the formulated caprine milk with a molar ratio of 1:1 and a 12-h incubation was similar to the fatty acid composition of human milk.     

植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用探讨

从婴儿配方乳粉在用的7种植物油(大豆油、玉米油、核桃油、葵花籽油、高油酸葵花籽油、棕榈油和椰子油)入手,通过检测植物油的脂肪酸含量,对亚油酸、亚麻酸和油酸等几个主要指标进行了分析,进而与3种新型植物油(双低菜籽油、米糠油和红花籽油)的脂肪酸组成进行了比较,对新型植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用进行了探讨。     

True ileal amino acid digestibility of goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk is used as an alternative to cow milk for the production of infant formulas. However, little is known about the protein quality and, specifically, about the digestible AA pattern of goat milk formulas compared with their cow milk counterparts. In this study, the true ileal AA digestibility of a goat milk infant formula was compared with a premium cow milk infant formula. The 3-wk-old piglet was used as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Both milk formulas were prepared as described by the manufacturer, with titanium dioxide added as an indigestible marker. The formulas were fed to the piglets over a 2-wk trial period. Digesta from the terminal ileum were collected post euthanasia and analyzed for AA content, along with samples of the formulas. True AA digestibility was determined after correcting for endogenous AA loss at the terminal ileum of pigs fed an enzyme-hydrolyzed casein-based diet, followed by ultrafiltration (5,000 Da) of the digesta. Total urine and feces collection was also undertaken to determine the nitrogen retention from the diets. The true ileal AA digestibility was similar between the goat and cow milk infant formulas for all AA except Gly and Trp. There was no significant difference in the nitrogen retention of piglets fed the two different formulas. The goat milk infant formula and the premium cow milk infant formula were similar in terms of protein quality.     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测配方羊奶粉中的牛β-乳球蛋白

建立了一种可快速检测配方羊奶粉中牛β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-lg)的胶体金免疫层析检测方法。通过杂交瘤技术制备β-lg单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,mAb),半抑制浓度(50% inhibiting concentration,IC₅₀)为5.87 μg/mL。将胶体金标记的β-lg mAb包被于金标垫,β-lg和山羊抗小鼠IgG标记于硝酸纤维素膜(nitrocellulose membrane,NC膜)分别作为检测线(T线)和质控线(C线),开发了可检测β-lg的免疫层析试纸条。该试纸条对β-lg的检测限(limit of detection,LOD)值为50 μg/mL,与其他基质成分均未产生有效交叉反应,对全脂山羊乳粉中掺杂脱脂牛奶粉(nonfat skim milk,NFSM)、脱盐乳清粉(desalted whey powder,DWP)和乳清蛋白粉(whey protein powder,WPP)的LOD值分别为5%、5%和0.1%。运用该方法对9个市售配方羊奶粉进行分析,检测结果与商品化酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒一致。该方法前处理快速简单,5 min即可裸眼判定结果,可用于配方羊奶粉商品的现场快速检测。     

基于多指标综合评分法优化棕榈油粉末油脂及其奶片制品配方

目的 优化棕榈油基粉末油脂和棕榈油基奶片的配方。方法 将棕榈油喷雾干燥成粉末状,然后和其他成分一起被压制成片剂。采用主成分分析法对棕榈油粉末油脂的包埋率、溶解度、水分含量、酸价和过氧化值进行了评价,并采用熵权法对棕榈油基奶片进行了评价。结果 所制得的棕榈油粉末油脂包埋率90.13%±0.35%、溶解度94.38%±0.26%、水分含量3.182%±0.009%、酸价(0.117±0.002)mg/g、过氧化值(1.561±0.034)mmoL/kg;棕榈油基奶片其硬度和强制对比法-熵权法综合感官评分分别为(91.03±0.29)HA和(91.97±0.46)分。棕榈油粉末油脂的最佳工艺配方为:棕榈油添加量42%、脱脂奶粉添加量18%、麦芽糊精添加量28%和复合乳化剂添加量4.5%;棕榈油基奶片最优配方为:最棕榈油粉末油脂添加量为10%、脱脂奶粉添加量为46%、复合糖粉添加量为15%、复合改良剂添加量为27%。通过单因素和正交实验分别对棕榈油基粉末油脂和棕榈油基奶片的配方进行优化后,所制得的棕榈油粉末油脂呈松散的乳白色,无异味,无结块和杂质;棕榈油基奶片呈乳白色,色泽分布均匀,无明显斑点...     

Mineral retention in three-week-old piglets fed goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.     

Composition and Oxidative Stability of a Structured Lipid from Amaranth Oil in a Milk-Based Infant Formula

ABSTRACT: Amaranth oil can be enzymatically modified to match breast milk fat analog requirements. We have developed a structured lipid (SL) from amaranth oil that, in combination with milk fat, delivers recommended amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with palmitic acid specifically esterified at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone. The aim of this study was to study the final fatty acid (FA) contribution and oxidation stability of an infant formula prepared using the structured lipid DCAO (DHA-containing customized amaranth oil). DCAO was included as complementary fat in a “prototype” infant formula, and prepared in parallel with a “control” infant formula under the same processing conditions. The same ingredients but different complementary fat sources were used. A blend of the most commonly used vegetable oils (palm olein, soybean, coconut, and high-oleic sunflower oils) for infant formula was used instead of DCAO in the “control” formula. Additionally, “prototype” and “control” infant formulas were compared to a “commercial” product in terms of FA composition. The oxidative stability index (OSI) of the extracted fats from “prototype,”“control,” and “commercial” infant formulas were evaluated and compared to the OSI of the substrate fat replacers used. DCAO was the least stable compared to other fat analogs. The use of commercial antioxidants in DCAO containing products should prevent oxidation and therefore increase their stability.