TCSC的次频阻抗特性

在假设可控串联补偿（TCSC）两端电压中工频分量和次频分量能够解耦的条件下，推导出了当在TCSC的基波电压上叠加一个微小的次同步频率分量电压的情况下，TCSC等效次频阻抗表达式。在此基础上，分析了TCSC抑制次同步谐振的机理。分析表明，TCSC对次同步频率分量呈现正电阻特性，其抑制SSR的机理在于电阻效应和电感效应等的综合作用。仿真结果证实了次频模型分析结果的正确性。     

附加励磁阻尼控制抑制次同步谐振研究

基于阻尼特性分析对抑制次同步振荡的附加励磁系统阻尼控制器（SEDC）进行了详细研究。首先基于IEEE次同步谐振第一标准测试系统及IEEE ST1A型励磁系统设计相应的SEDC。采用测试信号法，通过计算发电机组的次同步电气阻尼特性，分析所设计的SEDC对发电机组次同步振荡的抑制效果。结果表明，SEDC在不采用带通滤波器的方式下，将转速偏差经适当移相及放大，通过对励磁电压的调节，可以提供足够的阻尼转矩抑制次同步谐振;采用带通滤波器可大大提高通带频率对应的电气阻尼，同时对多个模态采用带通滤波，可以同时提高各个扭振频率处的电气阻尼，有利于次同步谐振的抑制。     

上都电厂SEDC提高次同步扭振阻尼的现场试验

在上都电厂4号机上进行了附加励磁阻尼控制（SEDC）提高次同步扭振阻尼的现场试验，介绍了试验的基本原理、运行环境、主要内容和试验数据分析。试验结果表明:采用励磁注入法可安全、可靠地激发轴系次同步扭振并精确测定其特征频率，SEDC能有效改善各扭振模态的阻尼且不会对励磁系统常规调节功能（自动电压调节器/电力系统稳定器）造成不利影响。作为中国第1次以现场试验方式实证SEDC提高次同步扭振模态阻尼的效果，为自主研发和应用SEDC抑制次同步振荡/谐振奠定了基础。     

采用SVC抑制次同步谐振的机理分析

针对采用静止无功补偿器（SVC）抑制次同步谐振（SSR）的核心问题，即如何提供与扭振模态频率互补的电流分量问题，提出了SVC基波电纳次同步调制的控制机理和数学模型。分析表明:对SVC基波电纳参考值进行次同步频率调制，可控制其输出大小和相位适当的模态互补频率电流，进而在机组中产生对应模态的阻尼扭矩，达到抑制SSR的目的。这一控制机理同时会导致SVC输出超同步和复杂分数次谐波分量。基于详细电力电子电路的非线性电磁仿真和实际SVC设备试验均验证了控制机理和数学模型的有效性和正确性，进一步将所提出的控制机理应用于锦界电厂串补输电系统的SSR问题，数值仿真结果证实了其有效性。     

静止无功补偿器的调节对电力系统静态稳定的影响

本文研究了静止无功补偿器的调节对单机无限大系统的静稳定的影响。建立了系统的数学模型，根据小振荡稳定性理论分析了失去静稳定的两种形式。用系统和补偿装置的参数构成稳定域的表达式，分析了各种控制变量对系统静稳定的影响，证明了多变量反馈控制的优点以及减小速度信号通道时延的重要性。通过对同步功率和和阻尼功率的分析，对文中所得的结论作了进一步的物理解释，为了工程上便于实现，提出了利用补偿器当地能获得的参变量进行调节控制的方案。证明了补偿器抑制的能力比同步补偿机有效的多。为有效地利用补偿器的调节作用，应尽量将其设置在靠近系统阻抗中心处。文中所得的结论被特征根技术和非线性模型上的数字仿真所验证。     

同步发电机转子磁场储能与灭磁能容计算

通过对同步发电机实际中遇到的两种灭磁工况现象分析，导出了同步发电机电枢反应电抗与转子磁场储能的关系，进而推导出转子磁场储能的统一表达式。在此分析基础上，对目前灭磁能容计算方法进行了分析、比较，进一步研究了灭磁过程中阻尼的作用。     

次同步谐振抑制方法综述

电力系统次同步谐振是由于串联电容补偿所引起的，是一种必须加以抑制的恶性事故。介绍了目前次同步谐振抑制方法，阐述了一些抑制次同步谐振方法的机理和性能。     

阻尼对多机系统机械振模正特性的数学证明

通过对多机系统特征值问题的摄动分析，给出了特征值与系统阻尼之间的显式 表达式，得到了阻尼对多机系统机械振模正特性的数学证明。最后通过实例计 算验证了理论结果的正确性。     

附加励磁阻尼控制抑制多模态SSR的机理及其关键技术

一些新建的大型煤电基地由于采用较高固定串补度的厂对网远距离大容量输电模式，所引发的多模态次同步谐振（SSR）正成为威胁机组安全和电网稳定的现实难题。以上都电厂串补输电工程（二期）为例，阐述多模态SSR的发生机理，分析采用附加励磁阻尼控制（SEDC）抑制多模态SSR的基本原理及其相对于其他措施的特点和优势，并重点探讨SEDC研发中面临的关键技术问题及其解决思路，为中国自主研发和应用SEDC设备解决SSR问题奠定基础。     

采用遗传-模拟退火算法优化设计SVC次同步阻尼控制器

针对锦界电厂串补输电工程的多模态次同步谐振（SSR）问题,在基波电纳次同步调制机理基础上,优化设计静止无功补偿器（SVC）次同步阻尼控制器（SSDC）。首先建立适应SSR分析与控制设计、包含SVC的多机系统线性化模型,其次提出了基于独立模态控制思路的控制器结构,然后将控制参数设计问题规范为一个约束型非线性规划问题,进而采用遗传-模拟退火（GASA）算法求解得到控制参数,最后采用特征值分析和时域仿真验证了控制系统的有效性。结果表明:SVC-SSDC能大幅提高机组扭振的模态阻尼,有效抑制SSR,从而保证了机组和电网的安全稳定运行。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).