纵向流混合管束换热器试验研究

对三种纵向流管壳式换热器进行了试验研究, 结果表明变截面管管束的传热系数比光滑管管束高１．３～２ 倍, 但压降也大出０．６～１ 倍, 而采用混合管束既可获得高的传热系数, 也可使压降不至过大．通过改变变截面管与光滑管不同数量比例和布置方式, 使之满足对强化传热和限定压降的各种要求．     

Regulation mechanism of EM parameters in natural ferrite and its application in microwave absorbing materials

1 Introduction Microwave absorbing materials (MAM) refer to a kind of materials that can be used to absorb the emitted electromagnetic (EM) energy and to minimize the wave reflected in the direction of an energy radar receiver. When the EM wave incidents into MAM, it is readily absorbed, attenuated, and changed into heat or other energy. MAM are functional materials that possess special performance for absorbing EM wave. Along with the advancement in radar and microwave technologies, MA…     

Advanced sludge reduction and phosphorous removal process

An advanced sludge reduction process, i.e. sludge reduction and phosphorous removal process, was developed. The results show that excellent sludge reduction and biological phosphorous removal can be achieved perfectly in this system. When chemical oxygen demand ρ（COD） is 332 - 420 mg/L, concentration of ammonia p（NH3-N） is 30 - 40 mg/L and concentration of total phosphorous p（TP） is 6.0 -9.0 mg/L in influent, the system still ensures ρ（COD）〈23 mg/L, ρ（NH3-N）〈3.2 mg/L and ρ（TP）〈0. 72 mg/L in effluent. Besides, when the concentration of dissolved oxygen ρ（DO） is around 1.0 mg/L, sludge production is less than 0. 140 g with the consumption of 1 g COD, and the phosphorous removal exceeds 91 %. Also, 48.4% of total nitrogen is removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

Study on two-phase countercurrent flow and transport phenomenon in PEM of a direct methanol fuel cell

The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which allows the direct use of an aqueous methanol solution as the fuel and air (O2) as the oxidant, is a further development of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It seems to be the most attractively al-ternative power source for environmentally benign vehicles in the 21st century in view of its all merits, such as its simplicity from systems point of view and its potential infra-structure capability for fuel distribution. The research on…     

Particle support mechanism in viscous debris flows at Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China

Hyperconcentrated viscous debris flows can move rapidly on low-gradient ravine under shear, because they have highly excessive pore pressure. The relationship between excessive pore-pressure (P_e) and volume concentration (C_(vt)) in viscous debris flows, i.e. P_e=2 494.76C_(vt)~(0.94), is quantitatively shown; the correlation coefficient γ=0.9671, 95％ confidence interval is 0.9053<ρ<0.9937. About 92.29％ of all grains (by weight) is supported by excessive pore pressure.##属性不符     

倾斜下降管内气（汽）─液两相流动特性研究

本文以空气─水为工质，对倾斜下降管内气─液两相流流型和摩阻压降进行了理论和试验研究。采用压差波动法测定流型，获得了不同流型下的压差波动信号。根据试验结果，绘制了不同倾角下的流型图，得到了四种主要流型的转换关系式。采用以分液相摩擦折算系数和马蒂内利参数Ｘ２的关系整理了倾斜下降流动摩擦阻力试验结果。在理论分析基础上结合试验结果，提出了三种流型下摩擦阻力计算公式，计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Gaussian peaks decomposing of simple liquids' RDF

According to feasibility of Gaussian peaks decomposing distribution function (DF) 4πrρ(r), radial distribution function (RDF) 4πr~2ρ(r) of simple liquids also is possibly decomposed into Gaussian peaks with r in the size of several atoms. Experimental structure parameters of pure liquid Al and Si were obtained by θ-θ X-ray diffraction measurements and following data processing. Based on Gaussian decomposing liquid aluminun's DF 4πrρ(r), liquid aluminum and silicon's radial distribution function (RDF) 4πr~2ρ(r), it is shown that RDF of simple liquids is able to be decomposed in Gaussian function, compared with decomposing of DF, supplying more physical meaning and better indicating the short range order of liquids, whicb draws a clearer structure picture of simple liquids.     

Electronic transport properties of La2/3Ca1/3Mn0.98Cu0.02O3 sintered at different temperature

The sol-gel method was adopted to prepare series of La_2/3Ca_1/3Mn_0.98Cu_0.02O₃ samples sintered at different temperatures, and the structure of samples, high-temperature electrical conductive mechanism and electronic transport properties of double-peak resistance were investigated. X-ray diffraction pattern indicates that the samples are in perovskite structures and obey the Variable-Rang Hopping Mechanism of ρ=ρ ₀exp[(T ₀/T)^1/4] under high temperatures during the electrical conduction. In addition, based on the polycrystalline granular system surface and image, the reasonable explanation was given for the double-peak resistance phemomenon. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60471024)     

速度滑移下液压主轴轴心轨迹动态研究

基于载荷增量法和扰动压力法,研究液体液压主轴系统的动态性能。通过有限差分法求解计入微尺度速度滑移效应的不定常油膜压力分布的雷诺方程,并得出非线性油膜力。应用载荷增量法和扰动压力法求解反映油膜动态特性的4个动态刚度和阻尼系数,并用于转子轴心轨迹的动力学描述,求解存在偏心质量下的转子轴心轨迹,实现液压主轴系统的流-固耦合分析。研究结果表明：速度滑移对液压主轴的动态刚度和阻尼性能造成了一定的影响。动刚度系数K_xx、K_xy、K_yx和K_yy受滑移影响降低的最大比率分别为4.85%、4.85%、7.20%、7.16%,速度滑移降低了油膜阻尼系数C_yx、C_xy和C_yy,阻尼系数C_xx受滑移影响比较复杂;随着转子偏心质量距的不断增加,主轴轴心运行轨迹在不断扩大,系统的稳定性不断降低。最后,通过液压主轴回转精度实验验证了轴心轨迹模型的正确性和有效性。     

Microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of lead borosilicate glass ceramics with Al2O3

The effects of Al₂O₃ addition on both the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of PbO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ glass ceramics were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that with the increase of Al₂O₃ content the bands assigned to [SiO₄] nearly disappear. Aluminum replaces silicon in the glass network, which is helpful for the formation of boron-oxygen rings. The increase of the transition temperature T _g and softening temperature T _f of PbO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ glass ceramics leads to the increase of liquid phase precipitation temperature and promotes the structure stability in the glasses, and consequently contributes to the decreasing trend of crystallization. Densification and dielectric constants increase with the increase of Al₂O₃ content, but the dielectric loss is worsened. By contrast, the 3% (mass fraction) Al₂O₃-doped glass ceramics sintered at 725 °C have better properties of density ρ=2.72 g/cm³, dielectric constant ɛ _r =6.78, dielectric loss tan δ=2.6×10⁻³ (measured at 9.8 GHz), which suggest that the glass ceramics can be applied in multilayer microwave devices requiring low sintering temperatures.     

Direct rapid determination of traces of sulfide in environment samples

An improved ethylene blue method for determination of sulfide is developed. It has been adapted to a direct determination of sulfide by both common spectrophotometric method and total differential spectrophotometric method. In common spectrophotometric method, the calibration curve is A=1.69ρ+0.006 and the correlation coefficient is 0.9994.The apparent molar absorptivity is 5.42×104 L*mol-1*cm-1 and calibration curve is liner when ρ is in the range of 0-0.9 mg*L-1. In total differential spectrophotometric method, the calibration curve is A=9.25ρ+0.004 and the correlation coefficient is 0.9996. The apparent molar absorptivity is 2.96×105 L*mol-1*cm-1and calibration curve is liner when ρ is in the range of 0-0.10 mg*L-1. The sensitivity of this method is increased significantly compared with the former ethylene blue method. The speed of reaction is also faster than the former one. The limit of detection is found to be 1.0 ng*mL-1 by both common spectrophotometric method and total differential spectrophotometric method. Ten replicate analyses of a sample solution containing 100 ng*mL-1sulfide give a relative standard deviation of 1.8%. The effects of various cations and anions on the determination of sulfide are studied and procedures for removal of interference is described. The method is used for the determination of sulfide in environment samples with satisfactory results.     

Understanding of the influence of process parameters on the heat transfer behavior at the metal/die interface in high pressure die casting process

The current paper focuses on the influence of the process parameters on the peak values of the inter-facial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) at metal/die interface during high pressure die casting (HPDC) process. A "step shape" casting and AM50 alloy were used during the experiment. The IHTC was de-termined by solving the inverse thermal problem based on the measured temperature inside the die. Results show that the initial die surface temperature (IDST, TDI) has a dominant influence while the casting pressure and fast shot velocity have a secondary influence on the IHTC peak values. By curve fitting, it was found that the IHTC peak value (hmax) changes as a function of the IDST in a manner of hmax =eαTγDI. Such relationship between the IHTC peak value and the IDST can also be found when the casting alloy is ADC12, indicating that this phenomenon is a common characteristic in the HPDC process.     

Effect of particle inertia on temperature statistics in particle-laden homogeneous isotropic turbulence

One of the most fascinating aspects of turbulent fluid motion is that the diffusion of suspended scalar quantities will be greatly enhanced[1]. These scalars may be smoke or dye which are able to follow all of the velocity fluctuations. However, these scalars mayalso be heavy particles that cannot follow all of the turbulent motion, i.e. the motion of heavy particles in a turbulent flow field is somewhat more complicated because of the additional parameters, such as particle response time, flu…     

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10⁻⁹ m/s at confining pressure (σ ₃) of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10⁻⁹ m/s at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ ₃ of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.     

Effect of atomization gas pressure variation on gas flow field in supersonic gas atomization

In this paper, a computational fluid flow model was adopted to investigate the effect of varying atomization gas pressure (P0) on the gas flow field in supersonic gas atomization. The influence of P0 on static pressure and velocity magnitude of the central axis of the flow field was also examined. The numerical results indicate that the maximum gas velocity within the gas field increases with increasing P0. The aspiration pressure (ΔP) is found to decrease as P0 increases at a lower atomization gas pressure...     

Thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics

Ca₃Co₄O₉ ceramics were prepared using the sol-gel process with ordinary pressing sintering and their thermoelectric properties were measured from room temperature to 673 K. The experimental results show that single phase Ca₃Co₄O₉ can be fabricated at 750–900 °C in different citrate acid molar proportions for 0.2–1.0. For all the oxides, both the Seebeck coefficients S and the electrical conductivities κ increase with the increasing temperature. The Seebeck coefficients S are all positive. The thermal conductivities k increase with the increasing temperature also and the lattice thermal conductivity κ _l plays an important role to the thermal conductivity κ. The citrate acid molar proportions have a large influence on the particle sizes, which influences the thermoelectric properties of the ceramics. The figure of merit increases with the increasing temperature and reaches 4.5×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ at 573 K for the sample in the citrate acid molar proportion of 0.46.     

A three-dimensional k-?-kp model in curvilinear coordinates for sediment movement and bed evolution

To aim at the substitution of the magnitude and direction of water flow movement near bed for those of bed load transport in solid-liquid two-phase one-fluid model, and to simulate the effect of secondary flow on transverse bed load transport in channel bends and the effect of bed slope on bed load transport in a better way, a three-dimensional k-ɛ-k _p solid-liquid two-phase two-fluid model in curvilinear coordinates is solved numerically with a finite-volume method on an adaptive grid for studying water- sediment movements and bed evolution in a 120° channel bend. Numerical results show that the trajectories of solid-phase deviate from those of liquid-phase in the channel bend, and the deviation increases with the increase of the particle diameters. The calculated bed deformation by the k-ɛ-k _p model is in better agreement with measured bed deformation than those by one-fluid model. It is proved that the k-ɛ-k _p model can simulate the effect of secondary flow on lateral bed load transport with the higher accuracy than the one-fluid model.     

Numerical simulation and analysis of water flow over stepped spillways

Numerical simulation of water flow over the stepped spillway is conducted using Mixture multiphase flow model. Different turbulence models are chosen to enclose the controlling equations. The turbulence models investigated are realizable k-ε model, SST k-ω model, v2-f model and LES model. The computational results by the four turbulence models are compared with experimental ones in the following aspects: mean velocity, the spanwise vorticity and the growth of the turbulent boundary layer thickness in the st...     

微小内螺纹管冷凝实验结果及关联式评价

为了研究不同顶角的内螺纹管单相及冷凝的压降及换热性质,对具有相同外径(5 mm)、相同螺旋角(18°)的内螺纹管进行实验,使用制冷剂为R22和R410A,质量流速为200~650 kg/(m2·s）,饱和温度为320 K,进出口干度分别为0.8和0.1.结果表明,内部实际换热面积增加比Aai/Afr是和强化换热系数直接正相关的.其中R22为工质的1#管和R410A为工质的7#管具有相对高的换热系数和相对低的压降.且在计算压降时,应用了Churchill模型［27］得出的摩擦系数及一个合适的相对粗糙度来修正光管的压降关联式.对Kedzierski和Goncalves关联式［11］进行修正,用基于齿根直径的换热面积代替实际内部换热面积,使误差在20%以内. 关键词：     

Lateral distributions of streamwise velocity in compound channels with partially vegetated floodplains

Natural rivers are commonly characterized by a main channel for primary flow conveyance and a floodplain, often partially covered with vegetation such as shrubs or trees, to carry extra flow during floods. The hydraulic resistance due to vegetation on the floodplain typically causes a further reduction of flow velocity and increases the velocity difference between the main channel and the floodplain. As a consequence a strong lateral shear layer leads to the exchange of mass and momentum between the main channel and floodplain, which in turn affects the overall channel conveyance and certain fluvial processes. The prediction of the lateral velocity distribution is important for many flood alleviation schemes, as well as for studies on sediment transport and dispersion in such channels. The present paper proposes a method for predicting the depth-averaged velocity in compound channels with partially vegetated floodplains, based on an analytical solution to the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a term included to account for the effects of vegetation. The vegetation is modelled via an additional term in the momentum equation to account for the additional drag force. The method includes the effects of bed friction, drag force, lateral turbulence and secondary flows, via four coefficients f, C _D, λ & Γ respectively. The predicted lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity agree well with the experimental data. The analytical solutions can also be used to predict the distribution of boundary shear stresses, which adds additional weight to the method proposed.