Shock-Wave Attenuation and Energy-Dissipation Potential of Granular Materials

The propagation of uniaxial-stress planar shocks in granular materials is analyzed using a conventional shock-physics approach. Within this approach, both compression shocks and decompression waves are treated as (stress, specific volume, particle velocity, mass-based internal energy density, temperature, and mass-based entropy density) propagating discontinuities. In addition, the granular material is considered as being a continuum (i.e., no mesoscale features like grains, voids, and their agglomerates are considered). However, while the granular material is treated as a (smeared-out) continuum, it is recognized that it contains a solid constituent (parent matter), and that the structurodynamic properties (i.e., Equations of State (EOS) and Hugoniot relations) of the granular material are related to its parent matter. Three characteristic shock loading regimes of granular material are considered and, in each case, an analysis is carried out to elucidate shock attenuation and energy dissipation processes. In addition, an attempt is made to identify a metric (a combination of the material parameters) which quantifies the intrinsic ability of a granular material to attenuate a shock and dissipate the energy carried by the shock. Toward that end, the response of a typical granular material to a flat-topped compressive stress pulse is analyzed in each of the three shock loading regimes.     

排气系统疲劳断裂及振动特性分析

通常汽车在行驶过程中,由于道路和发动机的外部激励,排气系统经常发生断裂并影响车辆的NVH指标。通过建立波纹管的结构模型和橡胶吊坠的动力学模型,确定了对振动特性影响最大的关键部件和主要参数。以某歧管式催化转化器的断裂故障为例,基于CAE技术进行了低周疲劳和热疲劳分析,并提出了结构优化方案。此外,对整体排气系统进行了模态分析,根据分析结果对原悬点位置进行了调整。试验表明：改进后的歧管式催化转化器结构解决了断裂故障,优化了排气系统的振动特性。     

Extension of a Current Continuum-Level Material Model for Soil into the Low-Density Discrete-Particle Regime

In this article, an attempt is made to construct a soil-material model which can be used over a wide range of soil densities. To construct such a model, an existing purely continuum-type soil material model (used in the high-density regime), within which the granular structure of the soil is neglected, is combined with an existing discrete-type soil material model (used in the low-density regime) within which soil is treated as an assembly of interacting particles. In order to enable it to be used in conventional transient, nonlinear dynamics, and finite element analyses, the new soil material model is cast using a continuum-type framework. Thus, while in the low-density regime soil behavior is fully dominated by the discrete-type soil-material model, soil has been treated as a continuum constituent properties of which are governed by particle geometrical parameters and particle-particle interaction laws. To demonstrate the utility and fidelity of the new soil material model, a series of uniaxial strain computational tests involving rectangular, parallelepiped-shaped soil-slug normal impact onto a rigid, fixed, flat surface is carried out. While these tests are of a one-dimensional character, they are generally considered as being representative of the loading and deformation histories experienced by mine-blast-ejected soil during its impact with the target structure. The results obtained using the newly proposed soil material model, in the low-density regime, are found to be fully consistent with their discrete-particle modeling and simulation counterparts, suggesting that the new model can be used in transient nonlinear dynamics, finite element simulations involving low-density soil.     

撞针体开裂分析

材料为30CrMnSiA的撞针体零件在交付之后发现部分零件外表面存在裂纹,与其同批次的原材料表面亦在热处理工序之后发现疑似裂纹痕迹。通过对撞针体进行断口宏观及微观观察、能谱成分分析、金相组织检查和显微硬度测试,并与其原材料进行对比检查分析,最终确定了撞针体的开裂原因。结果表明:在热处理工序之前撞针体原材料已经存在初始折叠缺陷,该初始折叠缺陷是导致撞针体开裂的主要原因;建议在原材料进行热处理之前增加无损检测工序,及时排除初始缺陷（折叠）隐患。     

1Cr18Ni9不锈钢夹紧带断裂原因分析

夹紧带在进行振动试验时焊点处发生断裂,对断裂的夹紧带进行了断口的宏观、微观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、硬度测试和焊点质量检验。结果表明,焊接工艺控制不当造成热影响区组织过热以及焊点压痕深度过大是导致夹紧带脆性断裂的主要原因;另外,原材料强度偏高,导致焊接性能和断裂韧性下降,增加了脆断倾向。通过采用较低强度的冷作硬化状态钢带进行焊接加工,改善焊接工艺,优化焊接接头参数,产品经过振动试验未发生断裂失效。     

加力外圈总管断裂故障分析

针对发动机加力外圈总管在使用过程中出现多起进油弯管四通座附近裂纹和断裂故障，通过对故障件宏观检查、金相分析、断口观察等理化分析，对材料、焊接质量、断裂特征等做出评估，结合加力外圈总管安装结构特点、发动机加力燃烧室工作特性，进行加力外圈总管断裂分析。结果表明:加力外圈总管安装结构刚性过强，交变温度应力是导致加力外圈总管断裂的主要原因；通过降低加力外圈总管最大应力部位的刚性，可使工作中的交变热应力有效降低。     

LY12角片断裂分析

在对飞机进行地面例行检查时,发现用于固定液压管的LY12角片发生断裂,安装在其他部位用于固定液压导管的相同材料、相同热处理工艺的角片亦出现多起类似断裂现象.对失效角片进行宏、微观形貌检查、化学成分检测分析、金相组织检查以及显微硬度检测等理化检验,并对角片的实际装配情况进行了解,确定角片发生断裂的原因.结果表明:角片的断...     

Al-Cu-Li合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织和力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对2mm厚的Al-Cu-Li合金轧制板进行了焊接.接头内形成了焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区.焊核区由细等轴再结晶组织构成;热机影响区内的组织发生较大的弯曲变形,并在热循环的作用下发生了回复反应;热影响区形成了粗大的板条状组织.实验结果表明:在200mm/min的焊接速度下,接头的拉伸强度最高,达到393MPa,断裂形式为韧性和脆性的混合型断裂;在500mm/min的焊接速度下,接头强度为267.7MPa,断裂形式为脆性断裂.     

复合固体层中兰姆波的声场分析

基于弹性导波的部分平面波分析方法,对复合固体层中兰姆波的声场分布问题进行了研究。在对称的复合固体层中传播的兰姆波模式可以是对称的或反对称的;在非对称的复合固体层中传播的兰姆波模式是非对称的。针对常见的固体层－粘结层－固体层结构中兰姆波的色散关系及声场分布等进行了数值分析,所得结果对兰姆波应用于复合固体层的无损评价具有实际意义。     

电站凝汽器钛管断裂原因分析

电站在进行汽轮机试验时一根凝汽器钛管发生断裂。通过采取表面宏观检查、断口分析、材质检查等方法,对钛管断裂原因进行分析,并提出改进方案。结果表明:钛管的断裂性质为高周疲劳断裂,疲劳源位于钛管的焊缝位置;钛管断裂与蒸汽冲刷导致钛管振幅过大有关,从而在疲劳性能相对较差的焊缝处萌生裂纹源。通过增加防冲板的方式,可以有效避免类似故障。     

大型轧机柱销焊接保持架轴承失效分析

大型轧机用滚动轴承绝大部分都采用柱销焊接保持架结构,其具有承载大等优点,但在使用过程中,早期失效往往发生在保持架焊接部位。本文对典型失效轴承进行了宏观检查、断口分析、低倍检验、金相分析及轴承的运动状态分析。结果表明,焊接工艺失控导致柱销焊接端存在焊接未融合等缺陷是引起此类轴承早期失效的主要原因,并提出了在大型柱销焊接式保持架轴承的结构设计、柱销材料的选择以及焊接工艺质量控制等方面的改进建议。     

Effect of temperature on fatigue crack growth in P92 steel

Fracture at high temperature has become a critical problem for such high temperature components as those used in power plants or oil refinery plants, because both high operating temperature and pressure are required for better thermal efficiency. Therefore, it is very important to approach such problems from the viewpoint of high temperature material properties. Since fatigue and creep are closely related to such components failures, the fracture behavior in high temperature components must be evaluated through fatigue and creep crack growth tests, and based on these results, better operating conditions can be determined. In this study, recently developed P92 (9Cr-2W) alloy steel, which is a high strength material for high temperature use, is investigated and its fatigue crack growth has been characterized by Paris law. A series of high temperature fatigue tests were carried out at 400, 500, 550, 600, 625, 650, and 700°C to verify the temperature effect. The results indicated that the Paris exponent remained at approximately the same value up to a certain temperature. From 600 to 700°C, creep rupture tests were conducted in order to investigate the creep behavior with temperature. Further analysis has also been carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on fracture mode shift, dimple formation, and its role in crack growth rate and deformability at high temperature.     

发动机防喘引接管断裂分析

飞机发动机在空中飞行时发生喘振现象,地面检查发现发动机防喘引接管断裂,该现象发生数次。通过宏微观观察、能谱分析、金相检查及显微硬度检测,对引接管的断裂性质和原因进行分析。结果表明:引接管断裂性质为应力腐蚀开裂,随后在交变应力下发生疲劳扩展,最终导致断裂。综合分析引接管的断裂情况,从引接管材质、应力状态和使用环境等方面寻找原因,并提出相应的改进建议。     

铝合金焊接接头的局部断裂应变测定

利用自行开发的测量材料局部力学性能的双孔微剪切试验装置,对铝合金接头各区域进行微剪切试验.记录加载过程中的载荷一位移曲线,同时通过金相显微镜实时观察受剪切材料的变形,裂纹的启裂、扩展、直至断裂.结合双孔微剪切试验的有限元模型的计算,得到对应材料发生裂纹开裂时的等效断裂应变.结果表明,焊缝断裂应变小于母材,在热影响区断裂应变随着距熔合线距离的增加而逐渐增大.     

利用中心直裂纹半圆盘试样测定岩石在高温条件下的动态Ⅰ型断裂韧度（英文）

为研究加载速率和高温对岩石动态断裂韧性的影响,利用分离式霍普金斯压杆对4种温度状态下的中心直裂纹半圆盘试样进行动态断裂试验。采用试验和解析方法研究杆中温度梯度对应力波的影响,并利用高速摄像机观察试样的破坏特征。结果表明：杆上的温度梯度不会使应力波的波形发生明显的变形;即使在400℃条件下,试样也能达到应力平衡。在25～400℃的温度条件下,岩石动态断裂韧度随着加载率的增加线性增长,且高温对岩石断裂韧度具有强化作用。     

Erosion mechanisms of thermally sprayed coatings with multiple phases

Thermally sprayed coatings are frequently subjected to impacts by small solid particles which induce surface erosion. To identify the physical mechanisms associated with such a material removal process, experimental tests as well as detailed computational analyses of porous coatings containing multiple phases are performed. In the experiments, a gas jet erosion test is conducted to measure material loss of coatings with different mixtures of brittle and ductile phases. The results show higher erosion resistances with small volume fractions of metal phase added to predominantly brittle coatings. Following this outcome, the study is directed toward elucidating the physical mechanisms behind the increased erosion resistance. Here, solid particle impacts are simulated with dynamic finite element analyses where material removals and coating's energy absorption behaviors are closely monitored. Furthermore, parametric study is carried out to quantify effects of cracking resistances and plastic dissipation on the erosion rate. The results reveal synergistic effects of fracture energy and plastic deformation. The combined mechanisms allow greater energy absorptions and enhanced erosion resistance in coatings with mixture of ductile phase. These assessments should offer insights into tailoring coatings with optimized composition of ductile phase to increase their performances. The results are also valuable in understanding foreign object damage (FOD) of coatings.     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION AND ELEMENTAL SEGREGATION OF FLAKES IN STEELS

利用电子光学仪器(扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子探针和Auger能谱仪)对钢中白点的晶体取向和元素偏析进行了综合研究。结果表明:白点断口以晶内的准解理和沿晶的波状撕裂条纹的混合断裂形态为特征;白点断裂面的晶体学取向主要是沿铁素体{112}晶面的准解理断裂,显徽空隙内枝晶表面为{111}自由面;白点断口上有P和Cr,Mo,Mn的正偏析,其中以P最为明显。     

On the characterization of continuous fibres fracture by quantifying acoustic emission and acousto-ultrasonics waveforms

The aim of the present work is the classification of the characteristics of elastic waves, which are generated by fibre failures during quasi-static tensile fibre bundle tests and captured by the use of acoustic emission (AE) method. In addition, elastic waves generated out of the fibre bundle gauge length and propagated through the bundle at different stages of the loading process using an acousto-ultrasonic (AU) technique are also classified. To this target, a large number of tests were conducted on organic, ceramic and carbon fibre bundles according to DIN 53942. An in-house developed analysis and quantification methodology of the captured AE and AU waveforms is proposed in order to identify the frequency content of the fibre failure event, to characterize the medium of propagation and to investigate the effect of the acquisition system on the monitored signals. In fact, the application of the proposed analysis on the results of the conducted mechanical tests leads to the development of a useful database, concerning the ranges of AE features and the representative sets of frequency values that correspond to fibre fracture. Furthermore, the proposed database offers valuable knowledge for the role of material parameters, such as fibre structure and properties, on the characteristics of the recorded waveforms, constituting in this way a valuable tool that enables a better understanding of elastic waves initiation and propagation through continuous fibres.     

A7N01P-T5铝合金断裂韧度的厚度效应

采用国家标准GB4161-2007对高速列车承载底架焊接结构材料A7N01P-T5铝合金型材的断裂韧度KC进行了测试和分析,测试了3种厚度母材的KC,基于能量理论和线弹性力学提出A7N01P-T5铝合金断裂韧度随试样厚度变化关系KC(B)的解析公式,并进一步采用国家标准GB21143-2007的CTOD试验对其进行验证.结果表明,该公式具有较高的精度和普适性,可用于确定不同板厚材料的KC,将公式应用于不同壁厚条件下的焊接结构的完整性评定,以此节省人力物力,并大幅度缩短焊接结构完整性评定及结构剩余寿命的计算周期.同时为各种金属材料的KC获取提供通用性的方法和参考准则.     

航空发动机用齿轮泵齿轮轴疲劳断裂分析与优化设计

针对航空发动机用齿轮泵齿轮轴瞬时断裂的现象,对其关键运动副进行材料金相组织、结构受力和应力分析,将理论分析与试验相结合,明确了齿轮轴的瞬时断裂现象主要表现为疲劳断裂,明晰了齿轮轴疲劳断裂的影响因子,并以此优化了齿轮轴安装孔关键尺寸和机加工工艺。结果表明：优化后的齿轮轴安装孔附近的应力明显减小,能够有效提升齿轮轴在交变载荷下的抗疲劳特性。