应用低钛高炉渣的半钢炼钢:脱磷热力学与工业试验

基于低钛高炉渣资源化综合利用和提高转炉半钢炼钢脱磷效果的考虑,对低钛高炉渣进行喷吹CO_2法脱硫处理后,配入25%~30%的氧化铁皮制备成半钢化渣球用于半钢炼钢。采用建立半钢渣系的脱磷热力学模型和工业试验的方法,对此半钢化渣球冶炼半钢的脱磷能力和冶金效果进行研究。研究结果表明:随着炉渣中TiO_2和Al_2O_3含量的升高,炉渣的脱磷能力降低,特别是当炉渣碱度和温度较低时,脱磷能力降低更快;在两种氧化物含量相同的情况下,TiO_2比Al_2O_3的负面影响更大;随炉渣碱度的增加,炉渣的磷分配比和磷容量均呈先升高后持平的趋势;随渣中w(FeO)的增加,炉渣的磷分配比和磷容量均先升高后降低;随w(MgO)的降低,炉渣的磷分配比和磷容量逐渐降低。采用半钢化渣球冶炼半钢,渣中w(TiO_2+Al_2O_3)和w(FeO)升高,炉渣碱度和w(MgO)降低,控制炉渣碱度在4.0左右,炉渣不仅具有较高的磷分配比和磷容量,并且可以弱化(TiO_2+Al_2O_3)对脱磷能力的影响,确定其加入比例为总渣量的15.0%~20.0%。留渣+化渣球法冶炼半钢的前期平均脱磷率增至58.59%,为原冶炼工艺的1.57倍,吨钢石灰消耗和终点钢水[O]含量分别下降3.48kg/t和112×10-6。     

转炉炼钢双渣法操作探究

本文通过磷在渣-钢间分配比关系分析,在对重钢80吨转炉现有工艺条件下通过生产实践摸索,转炉采用双渣法操作获得良好的脱磷效果,为开发新产品奠定了基础。     

莱钢60t转炉单渣留渣操作实践

留渣操作主要是利用前炉钢冶炼终点的高碱度、高氧化性和高温炉渣,促进本炉冶炼前期快速化渣,提高脱磷效率并降低渣料消耗。本文根据莱钢60t转炉单渣留渣操作实践,系统分析了留渣操作存在的危害原理并提出了预防措施,介绍了莱钢单渣留渣操作模式,并针对单渣留渣法和单渣法的冶炼前期和终点渣样,对单渣留渣法的益处进行了对比分析。     

氧气转炉“留渣+双渣”炼钢工艺技术分析

氧气转炉"留渣+双渣"炼钢工艺技术属于一种新型工艺,SGRS工艺利用转炉终渣在下一炉脱磷阶段重复使用的特点,能够达到降低原辅料消耗的目的。在使用该种工艺时,需要对炉底的液态渣进行固化处理,在完成固化工作之后,即可将铁水与废钢装入其中,开展脱磷吹炼,这一步骤完成后即可开展倒渣工作,并步入到脱碳环节中,结束出钢与留渣工作,循环往复。本文主要分析氧气转炉"留渣+双渣"炼钢工艺技术的应用。     

焊条药皮碱度对熔敷金属中硫磷含量的影响

通过试验研究了焊条药皮碱度对熔敷金属脱硫脱磷行为的影响。结果表明,焊条药皮碱度与硫在渣 铁水中的分配比呈极大值的抛物线关系,熔敷金属中的硫含量与焊条药皮碱度的关系曲线呈极小值的抛物线;药皮碱度的提高可使磷的分配系数提高,熔敷金属中的含磷量降低;但依靠焊条药皮碱度的提高来增加脱硫、脱磷的效果是有限度的。     

铁水脱磷预处理研究

本文对w[P]为0.30%左右的中磷铁水进行了脱磷预处理研究。分别研究生产温度、脱磷剂用量、助熔剂种类和Fe3O4过剩系数对铁水脱磷效率的影响。研究显示,生产温度控制在1400℃,脱磷剂用量控制在76g/kg,Fe3O4过剩系数控制在25%左右时,脱磷效果较好。本实验对各参数有关的生产影响进行了研究,有利于优化生产工艺,提高生产稳定性。     

磷化氢脱除剂的研制、筛选与性能的研究

我们进行了多种磷化氢(PH_3)脱除剂的研制与筛选,以寻求用于磷化氢尾气的净化及含磷化氢气体的提纯。在试验室,以N_2-PH_3为模拟气,对脱磷剂的性能进行了考察。重点考察了反应温度、空间速度、原料气浓度对脱磷效果的影响。试验结果表明,所研制的11种脱磷剂中,RP-03、RP-04、RP-05和RP-06脱磷剂对磷化氢均有较好的脱除能力,室温下脱除深度可达20ppb以下,其中,尤以RP-06为最佳。在空速为2.4×10~4hr~(-1)、反应温度为333K时,穿透脱磷容量为105.8mg/g。     

TP—1型磷化氢解毒装置的研制

介绍了新型工业用磷化氢尾气解毒装置TP-1型磷化氢解毒装置的流程，结构及模拟工业条件进行的脱磷深度和脱酯容量实验。结果表明，该装置脱磷磷深度可达0．03ppm，穿透脱磷容量为88克/公斤。该装置脱磷深度高，结构简单，操作方便，体积小，重量轻，能耗低，可用于半导体等行业含磷化氢的尾气处理，也可用于钢瓶中残存磷化氢气体的处理等领域。     

120吨转炉留渣操作工艺的研究与应用

本文详细介绍了对留渣操作工艺的研究及在120吨转炉上的应用，理论分析了溅渣后残渣脱磷能力、对转炉冶炼相关指标的影响情况以及留渣操作存在的安全影响因素，并提出了实际操作方法。     

液相化学法制备一维纳米材料

液相化学法是制备一维纳米材料的方法之一，因其设备简单、可控性强、成本低、产品纯度高、适合宏量制备的特点而备受青昧。简单介绍了溶剂热法、氧化还原法两类液相化学方法，并简要概述了近年来这两种方法的国内外研究进展和发展方向。     

支持向量机脱磷效率与炉渣碱度测试模型研究

炉渣碱度是影响冶炼产品质量和能源消耗的重要因素,适宜的炉渣碱度可以快速有效地去除钢液中硫、磷等杂质,同时减少炉衬侵蚀程度。通过对AOD炉冶炼中低碳铬铁过程中脱磷阶段的热力学分析,研究脱磷效率的影响因素,运用支持向量机建立炉渣碱度和脱磷效率之间的测试模型。仿真实验表明:相对误差在5%以内,为提高AOD炉的脱磷效率、解决生产中出现的含磷量高的问题提供了理论依据。     

汞离子微波频标光学设计

汞离子微波频标利用汞灯进行抽运,可实现小型化,同时具备体积小、指标高的优势,未来可在卫星导航、深空探测和守时中得到广泛应用。为了提高抽运效率及降低噪底,需要进行汞灯光学设计,使抽运光通过四极阱中心与囚禁离子充分作用的同时减少与真空腔及四极杆的反射。首先提出遮挡光源法和非等比例放大法两种光学设计方法。然后介绍了两种设计方法的具体设计过程和设计结果,并比较了两种光学设计方法汞灯的能量利用率。最后利用非等比例放大法进行光路优化设计,并完成了物理系统信号探测实验。实验结果表明：采用该光学设计方案,汞离子光微波双共振跃迁信号幅度提高了20%以上。     

Effect of Cr Substitution on Thermal Stability of Magnetization and Oxidation Resistance of SmFeN Compounds

We investigated the effects of Cr element substitution on thermal stability of magnetic flux and oxidation resistance of SmFeN compounds by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TG), and flux aging loss measurement methods. We found that with increases in Cr substitution, the irreversible flux losses of bonded magnets made from these alloys decrease remarkably. When Cr substitution reaches 2 at%, the beneficial effect reaches a maximum; the irreversible flux loss of such bonded magnets exposed to a temperature 170 $^{circ}$C for 2 h is only 4.97%. The oxidation resistance of SmFeN magnetic powders is also notably improved with the increased Cr substitution .      

Robust Regression using Probability Plots for Estimating the Weibull Shape Parameter

The Weibull shape parameter is important in reliability estimation as it characterizes the ageing property of the system. Hence, this parameter has to be estimated accurately. This paper presents a study of the efficiency of using robust regression methods over the ordinary least‐squares regression method based on a Weibull probability plot. The emphasis is on the estimation of the shape parameter of the two‐parameter Weibull distribution. Both the case of small data sets with outliers and the case of data sets with multiple‐censoring are considered. Maximum‐likelihood estimation is also compared with linear regression methods. Simulation results show that robust regression is an effective method in reducing bias and it performs well in most cases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喷雾参数对喷雾冷却换热特性影响的实验研究

搭建了一套封闭式喷雾冷却实验系统(水为工质),利用高速摄像仪对实验进行了可视化研究,分析对比了喷雾高度和喷雾压力在光滑表面及微结构表面对喷雾冷却换热特性的影响。结果发现:相比于光滑表面,在微结构表面上,喷雾高度和喷雾压力对喷雾冷却换热的影响更加明显。当喷雾高度较高时,降低喷雾高度可明显提高热流密度,直至喷雾高度较低且喷雾底圆与换热面内接时,继续降低喷雾高度,热流密度也略有上升;反之,提高喷雾高度则会降低热流密度,减小工质的有效流量,使换热表面过早出现干涸,表面温度均匀性变差。但大幅降低喷雾高度会延迟喷雾冷却进入两相区换热,降低喷雾冷却效率,并不利于换热。所以,喷雾高度对喷雾冷却换热特性的影响具有两面性,而喷雾压力的影响则趋于单一性,增大喷雾压力能提高喷雾冷却热流密度,增强表面温度均匀性,尤其在单相区,随着喷雾压力的增大,热流密度明显增大,最后趋近于一个固定值。     

Coil geometry models for power loss analysis and hybrid inductive link for wireless power transfer applications

This paper presents a hybrid inductive link for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) applications. Achieving better power transfer efficiency over a relatively wider distance across coils is the prime objective in most of the WPT systems, but often suffers from power loss in the near field area of inductively coupled coils. One of the reasons for this power loss is the pattern of the magnetic field produced by the source coil used in the WPT system. Mostly the nature of magnetic field produced by the source coil is distributed radially over the coil, in which the produced magnetic field is not fully utilized. Achieving better efficiency and load current by reducing power loss is the main driving force of this work. One of the viable methods to reduce the power loss is by increasing the field intensity thereby redirecting the flux lines flow to be directional. With this aim, three coils such as solenoid, spiral and conical are designed and simulated to determine the magnetic field strength using Finite Element Method. The conical coil produces the highest self-inductance of 8.63 µH and a field strength of 1.542 Wb with the coil thickness of 3.20 mm. Then, WPT system is demonstrated with the inclusion of Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm for improving efficiency. The schematic of flux generation of both in the transmitter and receiver sections are demonstrated and analyzed graphically. The efficiency of both simulation and experimental measurements are matched well with similar progression. The effect of parameters (angle, distance, and load resistance) on the efficiency is explored. The outcomes conclude that the inductive coupling has achieved 73% (average case) power transfer wirelessly over a distance of 5 cm with an input voltage of 5 V and 5 MHz frequency.     

H_2O_2催化氧化再生NiO的机理及动力学研究

利用红外光谱、扫描电镜及XRD分析了H_2O_2催化氧化吸附活性艳兰X-BR的NiO的再生机理,同时对其反应动力学进行了探讨。红外光谱分析表明,活性艳兰X-BR在发生降解的同时没有其他物质生成,NiO表面降解较彻底;SEM图分析表明,新生态的NiO具有疏松、颗粒分布均匀的特点,经再生后有一定程度板结,导致再生效率有所降低;XRD图显示,吸附前后及再生前后,NiO的衍射峰没有发生较大改变,其稳定性较好。H_2O_2催化氧化NiO的动力学规律为:双氧水的反应是一级反应;活性艳兰X-BR的反应符合二级动力学方程;表观动力学模型r=-19.39exp[24.36×10~3/(RT)][H2_O_2]~1[COD_(Cr)]~2,同时反应的活化能Ea大约为24.36kJ/mol,该反应能够在常温下进行。     

基于DEA的制造系统全要素能源效率评价与优化

针对目前机械加工车间制造系统能源效率评价需要基于大量的机械加工试验来分析能量消耗,需要基于经验公式来获得能源效率指标,以及没有实现基于能效评价后的能效优化等问题,基于生产管理信息系统监测数据,提出一种制造系统全要素能源效率评价指标。用数据包络分析方法对机械加工车间制造系统全要素能源效率进行评价,使用能源效率优化分析方法构建能源效率函数关系,从而提出降低能耗和提高能源利用率的定量科学方法。最后以某变速箱装配车间为例,通过实例分析,验证该评价及优化方法的理论及应用价值。     

Physical and oxidative removal of organics during Fenton treatment of mature municipal landfill leachate

Municipal landfill leachate, especially mature leachate, may disrupt the performance of moderately-sized municipal activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, and likewise tend to be recalcitrant to biological pretreatment. Recently, Fenton methods have been investigated for chemical treatment or pre-treatment of mature leachate. In this paper, the results of laboratory tests to determine the roles of oxidation and coagulation in reducing the organic content of mature leachate during Fenton treatment are presented. The efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) oxidation and coagulation were tested, and the ratio of COD removal by oxidation to that by coagulation was assessed, under various operating conditions. Low initial pH, appropriate relative and absolute Fenton reagent dosages, aeration, and stepwise addition of reagents increased COD removal by oxidation and the importance of oxidation relative to coagulation. Simultaneous aeration and stepwise reagent addition allowed comparable treatment without initial acidification pH, due to the generation of acidic organic intermediates and the continuous input of CO2. On the other hand, high COD oxidation efficiency and low ferrous dosage inhibited COD removal by coagulation. At significantly high oxidation efficiency, overall COD reduction decrease slightly due to low coagulation efficiency. Under the most favorable conditions (initial pH 3, molar ratio [H(2)O(2)]/[Fe2+]=3, [H2O2]=240 mM, and six dosing steps), 61% of the initial COD was removed, and the ratio of COD removal oxidation to coagulation was 0.75. Results highlighted the synergistic roles of oxidation and coagulation in Fenton treatment of mature leachate, and the role of oxidation in controlling the efficiency of removal of COD by coagulation.     

Flux paths and flux transfer mechanism in the T joints of three phase transformer cores

A better understanding of flux behavior within specific regions of a transformer core can lead to improved core design and magnetic efficiency. Flux paths and the flux transfer mechanisms have been determined for two practical T joints of different designs employed in two similar three-phase three limbed transformer cores. Each core was energized at three different core flux densities. The instantaneous flux density patterns both parallel to and perpendicular to the rolling plane of the laminations are presented in graphical and vectorial forms for both types of T joints. By "freezing" the continually changing flux pattern within a T joint, it was possible to trace individual flux paths through the joint and to determine the basic flux transfer mechanism between adjacent laminations. Flux behavior within the joints shows that while its path is dependent on both T joint design and core flux density, the basic flux transfer mechanism remains unchanged in both T joints and at all core flux densities.