洗涤剂表面活性剂生产的生命周期调查

由13家生产洗涤剂表面活性剂及有关中间体的公司所组成的生命周期评估小组进行了一项表面活性剂的生命周期调查研究（LCI），考查了22种洗涤剂常用的表面活性剂对资源（能源和原材料）的要求；以及对环境的排放（大气中、水中和固体废渣）。研究的结论认为、任何一种表面活性剂，不论是从石油化学品得到的，或者从油脂化学品得到的，要声称在总体上对于环境是最为优越品种，都缺乏科学技术上的依据。     

Recovery of residual oil from the centrifuge sludge of a palm oil mill: Effect of enzyme digestion and surfactant treatment

Residual oil recovery from the centrifuge sludge of a palm oil mill was investigated by treating with enzyme (Celluclast) followed by washing the digested substrate with surfactant. The optimal conditions for enzyme digestion with respect to pH, temperature, reaction time, concentrations of enzyme and surfactant were evaluated. The possible role of the surfactant in the oil recovery process is discussed. The chemical composition and physical properties of the sludge before and after treatment were determined and its significance in the subsequent effluent treatment/utilization of the sludge is discussed. Part of this work was presented at the American Chemical Society’s 63rd Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, Seattle, Washington, June 18–20, 1989.     

Parametric study of surfactant effect on mechanical and dissolution properties of detergent tablets

The aim of this study is to investigate the functional characteristics (mechanical strength and disintegration time) of effervescent detergent tablets containing chlorine provider in the presence of surfactant. A preliminary study high-lighted that the presence of 2% of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was not favorable to the tablet mechanical properties, inducing a lower “bonding ability,” whereas the disintegration time increased, compared with the reference tablets without surfactant. The linear relationship between the disintegration time and the end-dissolution time led us to consider just the disintegration time to express the behavior of the tablets in water. A parametric study has been completed to assess the influence of the mixing method, the nature, the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, the granulometry, and the concentration of the surfactant on the tablet properties. In all cases, surfactant presented adverse effects on the mechanical properties and had a retarding effect on disintegration time, but neither solubility, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, interfacial properties, nor ionic character could be clearly involved to explain surfactant contribution. Furthermore, tablet dissolution could not be correlated to surfactant available surface, as evidenced by granulometry comparison on one side and concentration impact on the other side (a similar effect was observed from 1 to 15%). On the contrary, mechanical properties were damaged as much as the area developed by surfactant particles increased. On the basis of this work, it has been concluded that SDS interacts with the other compounds of the formula by creating weak interparticle bonds and limiting water uptake responsible for disintegration.     

磺酸盐类表面活性剂在三次采油中的应用

介绍了三次采油中应用的磺酸盐类表面活性剂的种类、性能、发展现状,总结了其复配体系的协同效应,同时指出磺酸盐类表面活性剂具有重要的实用价值和广阔的开发前景。     

表面活性剂的发展

分析了当前表面活性剂行业所面临的经济形势、法规和环境要求、原材料供应困境、应用技术挑战、市场的变化以及消费者的要求,并从生产技术、品种、价格以及应用等几方面对表面活性剂今后的发展状况做出预测。     

绿色表面活性剂烷基糖苷的生产与应用

介绍了烷基糖苷类非离子表面活性剂的国内外发展现状、合成反应机理及其制备工艺方法,并对烷基糖苷类产品在各工业领域中的应用进行了阐述。     

表面活性剂在环境保护中的应用--农药微乳剂

概述了农药新剂型－微乳剂的优越性、基本理化性能要求和配制技术。以水为分散介质的农药微乳剂具有热力学稳定、传递效率高、铺展性好和渗透性强等优点，取代传统的乳油剂型可以大大减少有害溶剂的使用量并赋予原药更高的药效，具有重要的环境效益和经济效益。     

2009年度全国表面活性剂原料及产品产销统计分析

统计了2009年规模以上表面活性剂生产企业的产品产销情况及2009年表面活性剂产品及原料的进出口情况,并对此进行了分析。结果表明,2009年表面活性剂行业已基本摆脱了不利影响,并得到快速复苏。同时,预测了2010年行业的基本情况。     

硫酸化妥尔油表面活性剂的合成及其泡沫性能研究

以妥尔油和浓硫酸为原料制备硫酸化妥尔油表面活性剂。通过单因素试验考察了反应时间、反应温度、反应转速和浓硫酸与妥尔油摩尔比对硫酸化妥尔油表面活性剂泡沫性能的影响,并探讨了不同碱中和剂对其泡沫性能和表面张力的影响。结果表明,硫酸化妥尔油的较佳合成条件为:反应时间6 h,反应温度40℃,反应转速600 r/min,浓硫酸与妥尔油摩尔比为1:5;采用N-甲基二乙醇胺中和所得硫酸化妥尔油表面活性剂的起泡性和稳泡性较佳,发泡体积为350 mL,半衰期为27 min;不同碱中和后所得表面活性剂的表面张力均在28~33 mN/m之间;将较佳条件下制备的硫酸化妥尔油表面活性剂经N-甲基二乙醇胺中和后与硬脂酸铵进行复配,当m(硬脂酸铵):m(硫酸化妥尔油)=3:2时,发泡体积达到550 mL,半衰期为35 min。     

Preparation of KF/CaO nanocatalyst and its application in biodiesel production from Chinese tallow seed oil

KF/CaO nanocatalyst was prepared by using impregnation method and used to convert Chinese tallow seed oil to biodiesel. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated and the structure of the catalyst was characterized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photograph showed that the catalyst had porous structure with the particle size of 30-100 nm. Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis indicated that the catalyst specific surface area was 109 m² g⁻¹ and average pore size was 97 nm. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the new crystal KCaF₃ was formed in catalyst, which enhanced catalytic ability. Under the optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was 96.8% in the presence of as-prepared KF/CaO catalyst, showing potential applications of catalyst in biodiesel industry.     

Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³. In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow-OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo-azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon-silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow-OB is solubilized only in the azo-form in the hydrocarbon-silicone surfactant system.     

驱油用表面活性剂AF性能评价及驱油效果研究

评价了脂肪酸烷醇酰胺表面活性剂AF的界面张力和乳化性能,利用岩心驱替实验对其提高采收率效果进行了研究。结果表明,在模拟地层水的矿化度为5 119.63 mg/L时,AF浓度为0.2%～1.2%,其界面张力均能达到超低值;NaCl浓度为0.4%～2%,AF有效浓度为0.3%～0.6%时,体系的界面张力均能达到10-3mN/m数量级。AF具有较好的乳化原油的能力,在浓度为0.5%时,形成的O/W乳状液的稳定性最强,液滴粒径最小。岩心驱替实验表明,AF表面活性剂可在水驱基础上提高原油采收率20%以上,提高采收率效果明显,具有良好的应用前景。     

Characteristics of bread and buns made with lard and vegetable oils of different iodine values

A good-quality white loaf of bread or rolls can be baked by substituting liquid vegetable oil (canola, soya and palm) for the standard shortening,i.e. lard, tallow or partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening. Canola oil and soya oil produced lower specific volumes of 5.56 and 5.55 cm³/g and higher softness indices when used with mono- and diglycerides only. Palm oil and lard produced specific volumes of 6.33 and 6.15 cm³/g and lower softness indices with mono- and diglycerides. When a blend of surfactants consisting of mono- and diglycerides and sodium stearyl lactylate (SSL) was used at 0.5% of flour weight, palm, canola, lard and soya gave comparable results in specific volume and compressibility. Rolls baked with the same fats and oils, and addition of ethoxylated stearic acid (MYRJ 45H) or a blend of MYRJ 45H and SSL, all gave good specific volumes ranging from 6.92 to 7.27 cm³/g and a softness index range of 0.71–0.86 and 0.68–0.86 after 48 and 96 h of storage. When a proper surfactant is used, good-quality bread and rolls can be baked with liquid vegetable oil. Furthermore, the usage level of liquid oil can be cut by approximately 30% in comparison to lard or shortening while still maintaining quality.     

三次采油用表面活性剂的制备与应用及其进展

概述了石油磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐、石油羧酸盐和木质素磺酸盐等的制备方法。阴离子型表面活性剂可用于各种表面活性剂驱中,在三次采油中应用最为普遍,其中以磺酸盐型最多。非离子表面活性剂也大量用于三次采油中,其优点是抗盐能力强,耐多价阳离子的性能好。但其在地层中的稳定性差,吸附量比阴离子表面活性剂高等缺点限制了其使用。两性表面活性剂可用于高矿化度、较高温度的油层驱油,但价格高。三次采油用表面活性剂的研究趋向主要是耐高含盐量、耐高温、吸附损失低及成本低等方面。     

黏弹性表面活性剂及其在油田中的应用

介绍了黏弹性表面活性剂溶液的性质，确定黏弹性表面活性剂性质的测试方法和实验手段，以及其内部微观结构和流变特性等方面的研究成果。当黏弹性表面活性剂溶液浓度增加到某一临界浓度时，球形胶束开始向蠕虫状胶束转变，溶液黏度突然增大，随着浓度的进一步增大，蠕虫状胶束快速生长、增长并形成线型柔性棒状胶束，柔性棒状胶束相互缠绕、粘附甚至融合，形成某种超分子三维网状结构，溶液黏度急剧增加，并表现出较强的黏弹性。概述了黏弹性表面活性剂在油田中的应用，特别是在压裂液、酸液、钻井液及提高采收率等方面的应用，指出了黏弹性表面活性剂广泛运用的前景和尚未解决的问题。     

Comparative kinetics of transesterification for biodiesel production from palm oil and mustard oil

The kinetics of palm oil and mustard oil transesterification are compared. Transesterification of palm oil and mustard oil using KOH as a catalyst was performed at various reaction temperatures ranging from 40 to 60°C. The reaction steps are reversible and transesterification is favoured at elevated temperatures. The reaction step of triglyceride to diglyceride is the rate determining step (RDS) that controls kinetics of overall transesterification with activation energies of 30.2 and 26.8 kJ/mol for palm oil and mustard oil transesterification, respectively. It is found that percentage of saturated compounds play a vital role on transesterification kinetics. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

三采表活剂重烷基苯磺酸盐的工业化生产

本文详细介绍了把工业重烷基苯经过切割后有效组分通过开米松公司的降膜磺化装置磺化成用于大庆油田三次采油用表面活性剂的工艺控制条件及产品的性能特征。     

黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液的研究与应用进展

黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液是以黏弹性表面活性剂为主剂的清洁压裂液。黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液体系具有破胶后无残渣、携砂性好、滤失控制性能好等特点,但随着对环保问题的日益重视及钻井深度的不断增加,丰富黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液体系迫在眉睫。本文介绍了黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液的发展和应用。根据压裂液配方不同,将其分为常规黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液和非常规新型黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液,总结了不同种类的黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液的组成、耐温耐剪切等性能及应用情况。分析表明,降低成本、研制简单的配制工艺是常规黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液的主要发展方向;在油田进行大规模实际应用及得到更完善的体系是非常规新型黏弹性表面活性剂压裂液的主要发展方向。     

合成洗涤剂生产废水处理工程设计探讨

介绍了泡沫分离、混凝沉淀、生化处理相结合的处理工艺在合成洗涤剂生产废水中的设计和应用研究。通过对合成洗涤剂生产废水进行混凝处理试验研究，选用PAC混凝剂和较合适的混凝剂用量，去除率达到71％－80％；该处理工程经过初步运行，结果表明，该废水处理系统有着占地面积少、处理效果好、运行费用低、操作管理简便等优点，并且该技术不仅对合成洗涤剂生产废水有较好的治理效果，而且对合成洗涤剂废水和类似的洗涤废水的治理也有很好的参考价值；并最后根据工程现场情况，提出了采用混凝反应器与一沉池一体化的思想。     

棕榈油酯交换制备生物柴油的反应动力学

在甲醇与棕榈油的摩尔比为6∶1和催化剂KOH用量为棕榈油质量1.0%的条件下,研究不同温度下棕榈油制备生物柴油的酯交换反应动力学,采用Origin软件拟合曲线方程,建立棕榈油酯交换反应的宏观动力学模型。研究结果表明:棕榈油制备生物柴油的酯交换反应遵循1.40级动力学方程,反应速率随温度的升高而加快,二者符合Arrhenius方程,该反应的活化能为27.23 kJ/mol,频率因子为1.4×103。文中研究建立的反应动力学模型将对扩大试验研究提供理论依据和基础数据支持。