CrMnN双相不锈钢的空泡腐蚀行为研究

利用磁致伸缩空蚀实验机研究了CrMnN双相不锈钢在3％NaCl溶液中的空蚀行为，采用电化学技术测量了静态和空蚀条件下的自腐蚀电位变化和动电位扫描极化曲线．利用扫描电镜(SEM)跟踪观测了试样表面的空蚀形貌．结果表明：CrMnN双相不锈钢的抗空蚀性能优于水轮机的常规用材0Crl3Ni5Mo．CrMnN双相不锈钢的空蚀破坏首先在铁素体相发生．铁素体相的失效方式为脆性失效，而奥氏体相是延性失效．奥氏体相区由滑移和孪生引起的塑性变形消耗了空泡溃灭产生的冲击能量，从而提高CrMnN双相不锈钢的抗空蚀性能．在NaCl溶液中。空蚀使CrMnN不锈钢的自腐蚀电位负移300mV，阳极电流密度增大近3个数量级，但由NaCl引起的失重量对总失重量的贡献很小．     

空蚀孕育期前后316L不锈钢的腐蚀行为

利用在蒸馏水中空蚀后转入氯化钠溶液中进行电化学测量的方法,排除空蚀对传质过程的影响,研究了316L不锈钢在空蚀孕育期前后的腐蚀行为,并探索用电化学方法准确确定孕育期长短的可能性。结果表明：随着空蚀时间的延长,腐蚀电流增大。在空蚀孕育期内,虽然没有材料脱落,但由于塑性变形导致表面积的变化、位错的增加和金属的不均匀化而对阻抗产生了影响;空蚀孕育期后,由于材料的脱落,促进了点蚀的发生,在测量阻抗的过程中,点蚀就进入了发展期,表现出两个时间常数。交流阻抗谱有望成为检测孕育期的可行技术。     

1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢在HCl溶液中的空蚀行为

利用磁致伸缩空蚀实验机研究了1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢在HCl溶液中的空蚀行为，利用扫描电镜(SEM)跟踪观察了试样表面的空蚀形貌，测量了静态和空蚀条件下的极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)，分析了腐蚀和氢对空蚀损伤的影响,结果表明：在0．1mol／LHCl溶液中，加工硬化能力高的1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢的抗空蚀性能优于水轮机常规用材0Cr13Ni5Mo；当盐酸浓度增大为0．5mol／L时，阳极溶解和氢的共同作用促进1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢表面裂纹的形核和失稳扩展，裂纹扩展、连接引起材料大量脱落，使1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢的抗空蚀性能大大劣化，反而不如0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢．     

20SiMn在蒸馏水和3%NaCl溶液中的空蚀行为

利用磁致伸缩空蚀实验机研究了20SiMn低合金钢在蒸馏水和3％NaCl溶液中的空蚀行为。利用扫描电镜(SEM)跟踪观察了试样表面的空蚀形貌，测量了静态和空蚀条件下的极化曲线和腐蚀电位变化，分析了腐蚀因素的影响。结果表明：空蚀使20SiMn的自腐蚀电位正移近200mV，使电化学腐蚀速率增大54倍；3％NaCl溶液中最大失重率约为蒸馏水中的3倍。两种介质中的空蚀形貌相似，空蚀破坏首先在铁索体相以及相界和晶界发生，在空蚀初期，材料的失重主要来源于铁素体相区的小片剥落，随着空蚀的进行，由于裂纹的扩展和连接导致材料大块脱落。     

316L不钢在回用污水培养微生物介质中的腐蚀行为锈

采用电化学方法研究了316L不锈钢材料在经三级处理以后的回用污水培养的微生物介质中的腐蚀行为。结果表明，不锈钢电极在回用污水接种的培养基介质中的自腐蚀电位较纯培养基介质中明显负移，阳极极化电流大于纯培养基介质中不锈钢电极的阳极极化电流，含菌培养基中不锈钢的电化学阻抗值小于相应的无菌培养基中的电化学阻抗值，这表明回用污水中的微生物对不锈钢材料的腐蚀起到促进作用。     

空蚀对20SiMn在3%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为的影响

利用带电化学测试系统的磁致伸缩空蚀试验机研究了 20SiMn低合金钢在3%NaCl水溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为，通过空蚀和静态条件下的自腐蚀电位变化以及交流阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线的比较，分析了空蚀加速20SiMn低合金钢电化学腐蚀的机理.结果表明，空蚀使20SiMn低合金钢的自腐蚀电位正移200 mV，并显著降低电荷转移电阻和线性极化电阻，使电化学腐蚀速率增大约54倍；随着空蚀的进行，电荷转移电阻和线性极化电阻减小，空蚀3 h后逐渐趋于稳定.     

钴元素对Cr18-Ni9奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响

利用真空感应炉冶炼了不含钴和钴质量分数分别为0.36％、0.55％的3组Cr18-Ni9奥氏体不锈钢,采用65％沸腾硝酸法和电化学动电位再活化法(EPR法)研究了3种不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性;采用电化学试验方法(阳极循环极化曲线法)及化学浸泡法研究了3种试验不锈钢的耐点蚀性能.结果表明:在Cr18-Ni9不锈钢中添加0.36％,0.55％的钻元素,材料的晶间腐蚀速率增大,在稀硫酸介质中的再活化率增大,材料的晶间腐蚀敏感性增大;添加0.36％钴元素对Cr18-Ni9不锈钢的耐点蚀性能影响不大,添加0.55％的钴元素使得Cr18-Ni9不锈钢在氯离子介质中的点蚀形核倾向明显增大,钝化膜的修复能力明显减弱,耐点蚀性能显著下降.腐蚀的电化学特征与其浸泡腐蚀的结果吻合.钴减少了Cr18-Ni9不锈钢中δ铁素体的数量是影响其耐蚀性能的主要原因.     

沿海核电站三种典型金属材料的常温腐蚀电化学行为

采用电化学方法研究了用于压水堆(PWR)核电站的三种典型金属结构材料,即低合金钢16MND5、不锈钢管材Z2CND18-12N和不锈钢焊缝金属308L在30℃模拟PWR一回路水溶液、掺入10mg/L Cl-的模拟PWR一回路水溶液和3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。对比分析了溶液介质、氧和材料因素对腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:在模拟PWR一回路水溶液中,三种材料都显示出钝化特征,腐蚀敏感性较小;在溶液中加入10 mg/L Cl-后,两种不锈钢的腐蚀行为没有显著变化,低合金钢16MND5的腐蚀速率明显提高,呈现活化极化控制的活性溶解特征。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,三种材料的腐蚀敏感性显著增强,其中低合金钢16MND5的全面腐蚀速率增大,两种不锈钢的钝化区缩小即点蚀敏感性显著增大,不锈钢Z2CND18-12N的点蚀抗力明显高于不锈钢308L,不同位向的不锈钢308L焊缝的点蚀抗力没有明显差别。空气饱和条件下溶液中充入丰富的氧后,三种材料的腐蚀敏感性增强,特别是低合金钢16MND5的腐蚀敏感性增强显著。     

温度对溴化锂溶液中Ti-6Al-4V初期空蚀行为的影响

采用三维视频显微镜、粗糙度轮廓仪和电化学测试研究溴化锂溶液中不同温度条件下Ti-6Al-4V微观空蚀形貌、粗糙度以及电化学腐蚀行为,探讨温度对空蚀的影响机理。结果表明:温度的影响随空蚀时间增加不断加强,240 min时最为显著,之后影响减弱并趋于稳定。温度升高,空泡溃灭产生的微射流冲击强度增大,使表面钝化膜更易被破坏,同时腐蚀作用加速了点蚀形成,导致表面局部应力集中和更多电化学电池的产生,从而促进了力学和腐蚀因素,两者的协同作用加速了空蚀破坏。空蚀破坏程度在温度55℃时达到最大值,继续升高温度,腐蚀因素仍被促进,但微射流对表面的冲击强度减弱,对表面钝化膜的破坏作用降低,由于力学因素在空蚀中占据主导地位,因此使空蚀速率得到减缓。     

几种金属材料的腐蚀磨损研究

<正> 腐蚀磨损是指摩擦过程中材料与介质发生化学或电化学反应并产生材料流失的磨损现象。在侵蚀性介质中工作的摩擦副如各类泵及阀门的密封面等部件往往因腐蚀及磨损的双重作用而过早失效,因此这类问题很受人们重视。 Uhlig对腐蚀与微动损伤的相互作用进行过讨论。等对某些高合金钢的府蚀磨损性能作过较系统的评价,并建立了实验设备。欲了解材料的腐蚀磨损性能,除了要弄清楚它在介质中的化学及电化学行为外,还要了解受机械力作用时材料表面或表面膜的变形及流失过程。更主要的是两者间的关系。因此,Kim及Bhattacharyya研究了不锈钢在NaCl介质中磨损及摩擦参数对电化学行为的影响。为了研究腐蚀磨损的瞬态过程而建立物     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.