土工格栅加筋边坡优化设计研究

基于加筋材料的拉拔试验结果和极限平衡理论,针对具体边坡工程进行了不同加筋方案的计算与分析,对比了计算模型和设计方法的适用性,给出了满足边坡稳定条件的最佳设计方案。计算结果表明:采用改进瑞典法或荷兰法的计算结果相近且较原瑞典法有明显的提高,更能体现加筋效果;地震效应和地下水对加筋结构有较大影响;水利法应用于稳定地基上加筋边坡目的性强,能获得满足稳定性条件的合理布筋量;当地下水位较高时,筋材宜通铺。双层加筋效果较单层加筋有明显提高,但并非后者的简单叠加。单层加筋时,铺设位置对于边坡稳定性的影响有限,若铺设于坡身更能减少布筋量,降低造价。对比分析还表明,无论采用何种加筋方式,加筋前后的最危险滑弧位置均会发生改变,后者会向边坡中心和地基深处发展,对于提高其稳定性有明显作用。     

探讨土体加固在基坑工程中的重要性

在软土地区进行基坑开挖易造成临近结构物变形过大的状况,工程上往往采用土体加固措施以满足设计要求.以某开挖基坑为对象,建立有限元模型,分工况进行数值分析,针对有无土体加固两种情况进行基坑开挖分析,对临近结构物变形、周围土体变形以及基坑自身变形进行分析比较.结果表明:对基坑周围部分土体进行加固可以明显减弱基坑开挖的影响,将变形控制在工程允许范围内.通过比较分析明确了土体加固在基坑设计时的重要性,为以后的工程设计提供了合理的参考方案.     

有支撑钢框架离散型拓扑优化设计

为了研究离散型拓扑优化理论在实际工程中的应用,在遗传算法和渐进结构优化算法的基础上对有支撑钢框架的离散型拓扑优化设计进行了分析.通过引入拓扑变量并修改无效杆件的弹性模量,提出了一个能适用于桁架结构、刚架结构和桁架刚架混合结构的离散型拓扑优化问题统一数学列式.该统一数学列式能解决桁架拓扑优化问题中以截面面积作为设计变量而...     

Detail control strategies for topology optimization in architectural design and development

With the ability to generate forms with high efficiency and elegant geometry, topology optimization has been increasingly used in architectural and structural designs. However, the conventional topology optimization techniques aim at achieving the structurally most efficient solution without any potential for architects or designers to control the design details. This paper introduces three strategies based on Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) method to artificially pre-design the topological optimized structures. These strategies have been successfully applied in the computational morphogenesis of various structures for solving practical design problems. The results demonstrate that the developed methodology can provide the designer with structurally efficient and topologically different solutions according to their proposed designs with multi-filter radii, multi-volume fractions, and multi-weighting coefficients. This work establishes a general approach to integrating objective topology optimization methods with subjective human design preferences, which has great potential for practical applications in architecture and engineering industry.     

Comparison of predicted and observed behaviour of two test embankments

The results of finite element analyses of two test embankments, one geotextile reinforced the other a blank control section, are compared with field observations and the results of a simple limit equilibrium analysis. The results of both types of analyses indicate good agreement between predicted and observed failure heights. The geotextile reinforcement was found to significantly increase embankment stability for this case. The finite element analysis provided useful information concerning the development of plastic failure within the soil and the deformations which occurred as tension developed in the reinforcement. It is suggested that this information, which is not provided by simple limit equilibrium analysis, may be essential to the safe design of reinforced embankments.     

土工格栅加筋土挡土墙设计参数的弹塑性有限元研究

土工格栅加筋土挡土墙在水利、交通及城建等领域的应用越来越广泛。在模拟日本PWRI原型实验墙的基础上 ,应用弹塑性有限元法研究该种结构的各项设计参数 ,包括土的性质、加筋长度、加筋层间隔以及土体与面板的相互作用特性等。为了能够准确的描述加筋土挡土墙结构的性状 ,应用先进的弹塑性模型模拟墙体各个组成部分 ,其中土体用可以描述土体压力相关特性的广义塑性模型模拟 ,土工格栅应用弹塑性边界面模型模拟 ,而土与结构的相互作用应用可模拟滑移、脱开以及闭合的有厚度薄层滑移单元模拟。通过有限元分析 ,得到一些有助于土工格栅加筋土挡土墙设计的结论     

Limit state design framework for geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures

Conventional design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures is divided into two categories, walls and slopes, based on the batter of its facing system. Internal stability, characterized as sufficient reinforcement anchoring and strength, is performed using earth pressure-based design criteria for reinforced walls while reinforced slopes are founded on limit equilibrium (LE) slope stability analyses. LE analyses are also used to assess the global or compound stability of both types of structures, accounting for the geometry of the reinforced, retained and foundation soils. The application of LE-based methods typically results in determination of a slip surface corresponding to the lowest attained Safety Factor (SF), known as the Factor of Safety (Fs); however, it yields little information about reinforcement loading or connection load. In this study, use of the analyzed spatial distribution of SF known as a Safety Map, is modified to attain a prescribed constant Fs at any location in the reinforced soil mass. This modified framework, implemented through an iterative, top-down procedure of LE slope stability analyses originating from the crest of a reinforced structure and exiting at progressively lower elevations on the facing, enables the determination of a Tension Map that illustrates the required distribution of reinforcement tension to attain a prescribed limit state of equilibrium. This tension map is directly constrained by a pullout capacity envelope at both the rear and front of each reinforcement layer, providing a unified, LE-based approach towards assessing an optimal selection of mutually dependent strength and layout of the reinforcement. To illustrate the utility of the Limit State framework, a series of instructive examples are presented. The results demonstrate the effects of facing elements, closely-spaced reinforcements, secondary reinforcement layers, and is compared to conventional design approaches.     

空间网格结构基于离散变量的优化设计

空间网格结构离散变量的优化设计是空间网格结构的截面尺寸优化、形状优化、拓扑优化和布局优化的理论基础。本文在建立空间网格结构离散变量优化设计问题数学模型的基础上,分析了空间网格结构离散变量优化设计的特点和算法效率。文中采用相对差商法。对空间网格结构杆件截面尺寸的离散变量优化设计问题进行了研究和探讨。文章最后给出了两个算例,计算结果验证了本文理论的正确性和有效性。     

考虑土体-结构相互作用的数值极限分析上限法

非连续面拓扑优化技术(discontinuity topology optimization,DTO)是考虑涉及土体-结构相互作用的岩土稳定性问题的极限分析数值上限法。稳定性问题的几何范围采用规则的栅格点阵进行离散,且点阵之间潜在连接线即滑移线或非连续面构造形成允许速度场或破坏模式。诸如土钉、支撑挡墙等结构体与土体建模时同时考虑,不用区别对待,而且非连续面可以穿过结构体是本文DTO技术的独特之处。DTO技术可以涵盖平动和指定边界区域结构体的转动。最终优化问题呈线性特征,并借助线性优化问题的内点法进行求解。刚性块体平动和转动以及刚塑性结构的塑性铰屈服破坏模式均可模拟。以拱桥结构、锚定板桩墙以及内支撑挡墙基坑稳定性问题为例证,检验程序的有效性。DTO的计算结果以图示的形式清晰且细致地表述了非连续面布局构造的临界破坏模式。     

叠合多材质组合壳结构屈曲拓扑优化

采用所谓的散体材料优化方法(DMO),对叠合多材质组合壳结构屈曲荷载最大化的设计问题进行研究。设计优化方法基于多相拓扑优化的理念,计算材料的刚度作为备选材料的加权和,采用梯度技术和数学规划使得解决离散优化问题成为可能。以多层板为例,采用风机叶片翼梁帽的简化壳模型说明散体材料优化方法解决材料选择和纤维取向组合问题的前景。     

珠海某移民新村软基处理工程实例

根据5.5万m~2移民新村场地的软土情况,介绍了采用堆载预压结合塑料排水板进行软基处理的设计思路,通过现场监测数据分析及加固效果检验,总结了在深厚软土中采用排水固结法进行大面积堆载应注意的问题。     

Analysis of installation damage tests for LRFD calibration of reinforced soil structures

North American design codes are now committed to the development of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for reinforced soil structures including internal stability limit states. Reliability-based analysis is required to carry out these calibrations. A framework for LRFD calibration has been proposed by the writers that requires bias statistics for load and resistance terms for each limit state function. In this paper the formulation of the limit state for reinforcement tensile rupture is developed and the component strength-reduction bias statistics identified. The paper describes how to compute bias statistics from project-specific installation damage trials for use in reliability-based design for the reinforcement rupture limit state or using data from multiple sources for LRFD calibration. A database of results from field installation damage trials on 103 different geosynthetic products was collected from 20 different sources. A total of 799 and 2248 in-air tensile test results were reviewed for undamaged and damaged geosynthetic specimens, respectively. This database is used to compute installation damage bias statistics for six different categories of geosynthetic and four categories of backfill soils classified according to the D₅₀ particle size. A practical outcome is that for analysis purposes, bias statistics can be grouped into two ranges for each geosynthetic type based on D₅₀ of the soil greater than or less than 19 mm. The paper shows how bias statistics together with load and resistance factors for the geosynthetic rupture limit state function recommended by AASHTO (2010) can be used to calculate probability of failure using Monte Carlo simulation and demonstrates the sensitivity of probability of failure to magnitude of installation damage bias statistics. The installation damage data is valuable for future LRFD calibration to select resistance factors for use in design codes for the geosynthetic rupture limit state in reinforced soil structures.     

Design of reinforced embankments on soft clay deposits considering the viscosity of both foundation and reinforcement

The combined effects of the viscoplastic nature of foundation soil and viscoelastic behaviour of geosynthetic reinforcement (polyester, polypropylene and polyethylene) are investigated. A new method for defining the critical stage, with respect to embankment stability, and the operational field strain rate for use in assessing the undrained shear strength of rate-sensitive foundation soils similar to those examined is proposed. The effect of construction rate on the reinforcement stiffness at the critical stage is examined. The study shows that the selection of a design stiffness using the data obtained from a creep test provided reasonable and conservative results. The effects of the undrained shear strength profile, reinforcement stiffness and soil viscosity on embankment performance under working stress conditions are explored and a new limit equilibrium based design procedure is proposed. Finite Element analyses are used to examine the potential effectiveness of the proposed simplified design procedure.     

考虑土、上部结构和桥台相互作用的桥台抗震性能研究

 在以往的桥梁设计中并不考虑基础提离和地基土屈服等土与桥台相互作用对桥台地震反应的影响。因此,为了研究桥台在地震中的抗震性能,采用Newmark时程分析方法对考虑土、上部结构和桥台相互作用的由扩展基础支撑的桥台进行分析。采用离散的质点–弹簧模型对土、上部结构和桥台系统进行建模。利用非线性模型,模拟上部结构和桥台的碰撞反应、桥台背部填土及地基土的弹塑性反应,并采用Winkler地基梁模型模拟地基土与桥台基础的相互作用。分析结果表明,桥台基础的提离作用可以减弱桥梁上部结构及桥台在强烈地震中的反应,减小桥台墙身底部在强震作用下发生的塑性变形,起到一定的减震隔震效果。同时,桥台底部土的屈服减小了传递到桥台底部塑性铰处的弯矩,进一步增强了桥台基础提离的效果。然而,由地基土屈服引起的永久性沉降也造成桥台基础的倾斜。因此,在桥梁的抗震设计中,必须考虑桥台基础的提离和地基土的屈服等土与结构相互作用对桥台抗震性能的影响。     

优化原理在软土地基处理方案比选中的应用

结合多种软土地基加固处理方法 ,提出了应选择合理的、经济的加固处理优化设计方法 ,总结了在 10 8国道稷山段、10 8国道河津段公路工程实践设计中的经验     

基于鲁棒性的地基土承载力设计研究

地基土承载水平的确定至关重要,而岩土工程设计中仅考虑了地基土承载能力,忽略了设计的安全度稳定水平。针对岩土参数的不确定性对地基土承载力及计算模式的不同及对地基土极限承载力稳定水平的影响,提出基于鲁棒性的地基土承载力设计思路。首先将岩土参数作为不确定因素,利用平均值及标准差考虑参数的不确定性;其次设定基础几何尺寸作为设计参数,将承载力极限状态方程作为功能函数进行地基土承载力设计。鲁棒性设计避免了传统设计方法忽略岩土参数不确定性的不合理性,将鲁棒性作为地基土承载力的安全性评价标准,并结合经济性对基础进行多目标优化设计。通过与传统设计对比分析,证明了基于鲁棒性的地基土承载力设计方法的合理性与重要性。     

土钉支护结构优化设计方法

基于极限平衡法建立了以工程造价为目标的土钉支护结构优化设计模型,采用改进复形法求解,并通过优化后分析进一步揭示了模型参数变化对优化问题的影响。该方法已编制成计算机设计软件,实际工程应用证明是成功的。     

Buckling and imperfection sensitivity in the optimization of shell structures

The subject of the present study is the optimization of structures with geometrically nonlinear behaviour allowing the inclusion of instability phenomena and imperfection sensitivity in the structural design. The proposed optimization procedure is based on the methods of path following, direct computation of bifurcation and limit points and an accurate and efficient sensitivity analysis. The finite element method is used for the structural analysis. These techniques are used together with mathematical programming schemes and methods of computer-aided geometric, design.     

CEPAO—an automatic program for rigid-plastic and elastic-plastic analysis and optimization of frame structures

The computer program CEPAO handles the plastic design and analysis of plane frame structures. Classical finite element techniques combined with linear programming are used. In the plastic limit analysis, the program gives the collapsed load, the distribution of the bending moments, the normal forces, the shear forces, and the collapsed mechanisms of structures with proportional loading. Concerning stable design, the program finds the practical discrete profiles existing in Euronorm or American norm of different elements of the structure with minimum weight. The force distributions and the mechanism of the optimum state are given. The different stability conditions proposed by the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS) are verified a posteriori to obtain, finally, a safe structure. From the fact that the European Convention recommends a limitation of elasto-plastic deflections, a step-by-step program is combined with the optimization procedure to obtain an elasto-plastic analysis of the stable structure.The program may also consider the analysis and design of frame structures under variable loadings. Efficient linear programming formulations are adopted in such a way that all necessary information, such as residual stresses, plastic deformations and optimum mechanisms, are obtained directly in the output.CEPAO may also design concrete reinforced structures (optimal limit design) where full redistribution of moments serviceability and rotation capacity of critical sections are taken into account.     

An instrumented steep reinforced soil embankment at Åndalsnes, Norway

The design and construction of an instrumented steep reinforced soil embankment built over a competent foundation is described. The embankment, which is intended to act as a snow avalanche barrier, was constructed from a uniformly graded medium sand and ‘Tensar’ SR2 geogrid was used as the primary reinforcement. Reinforcement strains were measured using ‘Bison’ strain coils and measurements were also made of stresses and lateral displacements occurring in the soil. The measured values of reinforcement strain are shown to be substantially less than those obtained from a limit equilibrium analysis of the embankment in which the mobilized friction angle is based on pressure cell measurements of vertical and horizontal total stress. This result is consistent with other published field trials and indicates an excessive conservatism in the limit equilibrium methods currently used for design.