残余应力重分布引起的结构件铣削变形研究

航空铝合金结构件毛坯在成形过程中产生很大的残余应力,使得其在后续机械加工过程中极易发生翘曲变形,这已经成为国防武器快速开发和高效加工的瓶颈.采用有限元数值模拟技术,建立了航空铝合金板材残余应力释放引起加工变形的力学模型,分析了在7050T7451铝合金板材材料去除过程中残余应力释放引起的加工变形规律,并针对7050T7451隔框零件进行铣削加工变形实验研究,并与有限元模拟结果进行比较,验证了数值模拟结果具有较高的精确度.     

残余应力引起的铣削变形有限元分析

应用弹性力学理论推导出了二维连续铣削过程中工件内应力再分布及其引起变形的计算递推公式.解决了有限元建模、初始应力加载、变形评估等仿真关键技术,建立了残余应力引起铣削变形的二维有限元仿真模型.最后对实例进行了仿真计算,分析了残余应力引起的加工变形规律,并用解析法对仿真结果的进行了验证.     

残余应力作用下的航空整体结构件加工变形仿真

铝合金预拉伸板在成型过程中会产生较大的残余应力,在切削过程中毛坯的初始残余应力的释放对整体结构件的宏观变形有重要的影响。在弹塑性力学的基础上,综合运用Hypermesh和ABAQUS建立残余应力单因素作用下的三维铣削仿真加工变形场的有限元模型,利用生死单元技术模拟了材料的去除,分析了铝合金板材材料去除过程中残余应力释放引起的加工变形规律。并且运用Hypermesh提高了有限元前处理的速度,解决了复杂模型的残余应力加载困难与单元去除困难的问题。     

Effects of tool diameters on the residual stress and distortion induced by milling of thin-walled part

Residual stress has a sustained impact on the deformation of thin-walled parts after processing, raising the strict restrictions required in their using procedure. In general, with regard to thin-walled parts, different processing parameters will affect the distortion and residual stress generation of the workpiece, which play the key role in the machining. However, controlling the material removal rate is also quite critical to machining of thin-walled parts. In order to reach these goals, based on the relation between residual stress and uncut chip thickness (UCT), a method is proposed by optimizing the milling tool diameters. The research finding reveals that, by improving the tool diameter, at the same circular position, smaller UCT can be achieved. In addition, take 6 and 12 mm tool diameter as analysis cases; larger tool diameter can reduce the residual tensile stress distribution significantly (the ratio ranges from 13.9 to 34.7 %) and improve the material removal rate. Moreover, a typical thin-walled part is evaluated using different tool diameters (6 and 12 mm) by experiments, as the final distortion can be decreased by 60 % with 12-mm tool diameter. The distribution of machined surface and subsurface residual stress is turning to be more uniform. Hence, it proves that, under the goals of maintaining machining accuracy and material removal rate, also improving the distribution of residual stress, it is possible to achieve by controlling the UCT (tool diameters) in the processing of thin-walled. All these findings can help to enhance the milling precision of thin-walled parts, as well as control and optimize the residual stress distribution.     

专用旋风铣床的振动测试分析及其加工工艺改进

针对某旋风铣床加工大型锚具外螺纹时,振动较大,出现刀具早期崩刃现象,致使不能进行正常加工的情况,对该机床进行振动测试分析,结果表明:旋风铣头刚度不足、工艺参数中切深、进给量、刀盘齿数和转速是影响振动的主要因素,原工艺参数使机床加工发生共振。根据分析结果对机床加工工艺提出改进措施。通过增厚铣头基座以提高刚度,工艺上粗、精加工分别切削,减小铣刀齿数,采用变频器控制电动机改变切削速度,以避开共振区,解决了机床刀具早期崩刃问题,使加工能顺利进行。     

食品膨化挤出螺杆的内旋风铣削加工方法研究

传统的膨化挤出螺杆加工方法，其加工质量、加工效率等均不能令人满意。这里在研究三自由度无瞬心外包络法铣削螺杆螺旋曲面的基础上，将无瞬心包络加工工艺与以往内切式旋风成形铣削技术相结合，应用内旋风铣的圆形轨迹包络加工挤出螺杆。这种数控加工技术具有内旋风式铣削的高效性和包络法的高柔性，显著提高了膨化挤出螺杆的加工效率和加工精度。     

铣削用量对铝合金已加工表面残余应力的影响

基于单因素试验法,在有限元分析软件DEFORM-3D中模拟了硬质合金刀具铣削7075-T6高强度铝合金的加工过程,获得了不同的铣削用量对已加工表面残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,随着主轴转速、每齿进给量和切削深度的增加,工件表面的残余应力有不同程度地增大;而切削宽度的变化对表面残余应力影响不太显著。研究结果为分析7075铝合金零件后续的加工变形和表面质量奠定了扎实的基础。     

基于盘铣加工钛合金表面残余应力的工艺参数优化

为探索低速盘铣钛合金时铣削参数与加工表面残余应力的关系,设计完成了铣削速度、切削深度、进给速度三因素三水平的正交实验。实验结果表明,在所选用切削参数范围内,已加工表面残余应力均表现为压应力,铣削速度的变化对其影响最显著,进给速度次之,切削深度影响最小。提出将支持向量机回归技术应用于工艺参数优化,建立了盘铣加工钛合金表面残余应力的支持向量机模型,并通过实验以及与指数型回归经验模型的对比,验证了该方法的实用性和合理性。     

超声振动铣削加工Ti6Al4V的表面残余应力研究

建立了包含振动铣削、移除铣刀、载荷释放及降温等多个分析步的超声振动铣削三维有限元模型,对铣削表面的残余应力进行了仿真。通过有限元计算,得到了不同振动参数和铣削用量条件下加工表面的残余应力大小与分布情况,并根据振动切削表面残余应力的影响机制对仿真结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,对工件施加超声振动后,切削表面残余拉应力值明显减小;振动参数和铣削速度对残余应力的影响较大,而进给量对残余应力的影响较小,并通过相关实验验证了有限元仿真结果的正确性。     

Numerical investigation on residual stress in photovoltaic laminates after lamination

A series of simulations were carried out to investigate the residual stress induced in the photovoltaic laminate during the cooling process after lamination with a global model and several submodels. The simulations focus separately on the effects of the cooling rate, the cell layout and anisotropy on the residual stress and deformation of the photovoltaic laminate in a comparative manner with the finite element method. The results have shown that significant stress concentration and twist occurs in the interconnection region in the cell. In addition, different cooling rates, cell layouts and anisotropy only influence the largest stress rather than the stress distribution and deformation. Therefore, the results of a uniform stationary isotropic model with fewer cells can provide enough insight into the stress distribution in real photovoltaic laminates and the modified largest first principal stress can be used for design and verification.     

Experimental investigation of residual stress distribution in pre-stress cutting

This paper presents an analysis and experimental study on the formation and distribution of machined surface residual stress in pre-stress cutting. In the first component of the paper, the mechanical and thermal effect on residual stress is analysed. The results show that machined harden layer and cutting heat transfer conditions are crucial to form residual stress in a machined surface. Residual stress has three kinds of distributions in different mechanical and thermal conditions: tensile stress, compressive stress and tensile–compressive stress. If pre-stress is applied, it would facilitate residual compressive stress in the machined surface effectively; its action is analysed with an experimental study. The experiment is carried out by hardened 40Cr alloy steel turning with different tool rounds and pre-stress loading; the results obtained in this study indicate that the tool round would redound to generate residual compressive stress in the machined surface and affect the residual stress distribution significantly, whilst pre-stress load can affect the magnitude of residual stress actively, but does not for its distribution. It is found that the experimental results of residual stress distribution are consistent with the theoretical analysis.     

An approach for analyzing and controlling residual stress generation during high-speed circular milling

In the rapid development of the modern high-speed milling industry, particularly in the aerospace field, machined residual stress is an important evaluation indicator of the quality, and whether it can be controlled or not is critical. In this article, experimental data of residual stress in feed direction and vertical feed direction validated with finite element (FE) simulation, which resulted in the finding that residual stress distribution is nonuniform in varied machined circular areas. The maximum residual tensile stress in different directions changes with coordinates. It is well known that uncut chip thickness (UCT) will influence the cutting force and temperature, but the relation between UCT and residual stress is still difficult to understand and explicate. Traditional measurement of residual stresses in the feed and vertical feed direction is difficult to explain. Based on the UCT model which is a function of feed rate and tool diameter, by measuring residual tangential and radial stress, it is observed that residual tangential stress is influenced by the UCT. Moreover, residual radial stress, under high feed rate, is distributed with wave change, and residual radial stress under smaller feed rate is still affected by the UCT. These results indicate that it is possible to optimize the residual stress distribution by controlling UCT (feed rate and tool diameter) with high-speed milling.     

多齿圆周铣削残留面积高度研究

提出了一种非简化的多齿圆周铣削几何运动模型,该模型考虑进给速度对刀齿运动轨迹的影响,发现在多齿圆周铣削中存在残留面积的现象,并推导出计算残留面积高度的公式,公式表明多齿圆周铣削的残留面积高度与刀具齿数、每齿进给量和刀具半径有关;然后以残留面积高度公式为基础,利用Visual C++(MFC)为平台开发出计算和辅助分析残留面积高度的系统;最后采用Matlab仿真软件验证非简化模型的合理性和在多齿圆周铣削中存在残留面积.     

Modeling of residual stresses in milling

A model to predict residual stresses produced from milling is presented. It uses process conditions as inputs and predicts surface and subsurface residual stress profiles due to milling. The model formulation incorporates cutting force and cutting temperature predictions and utilizes those parameters to define the thermomechanical loading experienced by the workpiece. Model predictions are compared with published experimental data for both cutting forces and residual stress profiles. The results show that the model performs well in predicting residual stress trends for various milling conditions. Residual stress magnitudes as well as profiles are well predicted with the modeling approach.     

Comprehensive residual stress distributions in a range of plate and pipe components

A comprehensive review of through thickness transverse residual stress distributions in a range of as-welded and mechanically bent components made up of a range of steels has been carried out, and simplified generic transverse residual stress profiles for a plate and pipe components have been proposed. The geometries consisted of welded pipe butt joints, T-plate joints, tubular T-joints, tubular Y-joints and a pipe on plate joints as well as cold bent tubes and pipes. The collected data covered a range of engineering steels including ferritic, austenitic, C-Mn and Cr-Mo steels. Measured residual stress data, normalised with respect to the parent material yield stress, has shown a good linear correlation versus the normalised depth of the region containing the residual stress resulting from the welding or cold-bending process. The proposed simplified generic residual stress profiles based on the mean statistical linear fit of all the data provides a reasonably conservative prediction of the stress intensity factors. Whereas the profiles for the assessment procedures are fixed and case specific, the simple bilinear profiles for the residual stresses obtained by shifting the mean and bending stress from the mean regression line have been proposed and validated.     

高速铣削过程中表面粗糙度变化规律的试验研究

在高速铣削试验的基础上,研究切削速度与进给量对加工表面粗糙度的影响。     

Measurement of equivalent residual stresses generated by milling and corresponding deformation prediction

We introduce a method to measure the equivalent residual stresses and depths of the affected layers, which are generated in the workpiece during the milling process. These layers lie immediately under the milled surface. After machining, two material layers on the opposite side from the machined surface were chemically removed, and strain changes on the machined surface were measured after each layer removal. Based on the strain changes and the thickness of each removed layer, the equivalent residual stresses and depths of the affected layers in different directions were obtained. Based on the measured results, the corresponding deformations caused by the milling induced residual stresses can be predicted in workpieces with different rigidities. The predicted deformations were validated by the experimental results. We found that our measuring method can be successfully used in practice to evaluate the machined surface properties and predict the deformations caused by milling induced surface residual stresses accurately.     

一种用于消减残余应力的单片机控制系统的研究

介绍基于单片机控制系统,并对其总体构架以及硬件和软件系统进行了介绍.通过对逆变电路的控制来改变振动频率,并实现实时检测、跟踪和显示残余应力功能,可用于生产和试验.