肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶特性研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白质是肌肉中一类重要的结构蛋白质群,它对于肉食制品的品质和特性具有非常重要的影响.肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性是形成肉制品独特的质构、保水性、乳化性以及感官特性的决定性因素.本文介绍了肌原纤维蛋白凝胶机制、功能特性及其影响因素,为进一步了解肉制品加工特性提供一定理论指导.     

肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶特性及化学作用力研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白是肉类食品中的主要蛋白质。在肉制品加工过程中,由于加热而形成的肌原纤维蛋白凝胶结构,决定着糜类肉制品的感官性质(如弹性、多汁性、黏性等)。蛋白质凝胶的形成是蛋白分子之间二硫键、氢键、疏水相互作用和静电相互作用的结果,而蛋白质的凝胶特性正是由这些作用力决定的。该文从肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶形成机制、凝胶特性和凝胶化学作用力三方面总结了国内外肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性(质构、保水、流变)和凝胶化学作用力研究现状,进而探讨了肌原纤维蛋白凝胶形成的深层次原因(作用力),为肉类凝胶制品的应用提供了理论依据。     

蛋白添加剂增强肉制品凝胶性研究进展

凝胶性作为肉类食品的重要特性之一,是影响肉制品外观、风味、质构的重要因素,增强肉制品的凝胶性对于改善肉制品的工艺和品质具有重要意义。肉制品加工中蛋白质形成聚集体的含量、结构、聚集速率等都会影响肉制品的凝胶性,而蛋白质添加剂可在一定程度上替代肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶和乳化作用,优化产品的感官和营养特性,并降低成本,成为肉制品研发和工艺优化的研究热点。本文对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶形成机理的研究进行汇总,并综述目前主要蛋白添加剂的性质和应用,以及蛋白添加剂与多糖胶体、酶制剂、磷酸盐进行复配增强肉制品凝胶性的研究进展,为凝胶肉制品的提质增效提供参考。     

植物多酚改善肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白是肌肉中最主要的蛋白质,其凝胶特性决定了肉制品的感官品质。植物多酚因独特的结构,可在热诱导过程中与肌原纤维蛋白相互作用,改变蛋白的结构并促进蛋白的交联聚集,故影响蛋白的成胶过程与凝胶特性。本文综述植物多酚在正常离子强度下、低离子强度以及氧化体系下促进肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶形成过程及其机理,旨在为以绿色方法改善凝胶肉制品品质提供新思路。     

小麦麸膳食纤维对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶功能特性的影响

为开发低脂肪多纤维的健康肉制品,明确膳食纤维添加对肉制品品质的影响,以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,利用单因素分析法研究肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶性质及小麦麸膳食纤维对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：肌原纤维蛋白变性聚集的温度范围是40～70 ℃;肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度和保水性随肌原纤维蛋白质量浓度增加而增大,当质量浓度到达70 mg/mL时,凝胶硬度和保水性趋于稳定;pH值为5.5时肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度达到最大,凝胶保水性在pH 7.0时趋于稳定;离子强度为0.6 mol/L时凝胶的硬度和保水性趋于稳定。随着小麦麸膳食纤维添加量的增加,肌原纤维蛋白乳化性有所升高但是不明显,当添加量为5%时,乳化性增加7.4%,肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性降低;蛋白的弹性模量增大;凝胶硬度和保水性提高,添加量为4%时变化趋于平缓。随着膳食纤维粒径的减小,肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度和保水性逐渐提高;微观结构更加致密;蛋白弹性模量降低。由此可见,膳食纤维能够明显改变肌原纤维蛋白功能特性,通过在肉制品中添加适量的膳食纤维可以明显改良肉制品的风味,并替代脂肪,减少人体热量的摄入。     

亲水胶体对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白在动物肌肉中含量丰富,是日常饮食中获得氨基酸的重要来源。肉制品的加工通常依赖肌原纤维蛋白优异的功能特性,因此肌原纤维蛋白是一类重要的蛋白质。亲水胶体是长链聚合物(多糖和蛋白质)的异质组,广泛用于许多食品配方中以改善质量属性和保质期。亲水胶体用途广泛,主要作为增稠剂和胶凝剂。肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶强度受到亲水胶体的种类和作用方式的影响。该综述阐明了肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的形成机理,亲水胶体对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的作用机理以及亲水胶体在肌原纤维蛋白中的应用,为改善肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性提供参考,并提出未来的研究方向。     

超高压对肌原纤维蛋白结构及其凝胶特性影响的研究进展

应用超高压技术不仅可以减少肉制品中的微生物数量,保持良好的风味和质量,而且可以通过影响胶原纤维蛋白中二硫键、氢键、疏水作用等化学作用力,引起蛋白质构象发生改变,导致蛋白质变性、凝胶化和解聚,从而改善肉制品的凝胶性能。文章综述了超高压处理对肌原纤维蛋白生化特性、化学作用力的影响,讨论了超高压对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响机制,为超高压技术在凝胶类肉制品中的应用提供理论参考。     

复合肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性

温度是影响蛋白质凝胶特性的主要因素。实验通过研究复合肌原纤维蛋白凝胶(猪肉肌原纤维蛋白、鲢鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白质量比分别为2∶0、1∶1、0∶2)在70、80、90、100℃加热时色泽、凝胶强度、质构特性、水分分布的变化,对复合肌原纤维蛋白凝胶和单一肌原纤维蛋白凝胶之间凝胶特性的差异和相关性进行研究,优化蛋白凝胶加热温度。结果表明:1∶1复合的肌原纤维蛋白凝胶能结合单一蛋白凝胶的特点,改善肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性;低场核磁共振表明,温度可通过影响水分分布来影响蛋白质的凝胶特性;蛋白凝胶特性随温度升高而增强,但温度过高会出现劣化,90℃是较为理想的加热温度。     

非肉蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白及肉品品质影响的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白的乳化特性和凝胶特性对食品的质地、风味及感官特性都极为重要。非肉蛋白由于具有较高营养价值及价格低廉的优势,逐渐成为肉制品中外源添加物的更好选择。本文主要综述非肉蛋白的添加对肌原纤维蛋白乳化和凝胶体系稳定性的影响,进一步分析非肉蛋白对肉制品品质的影响,旨在为非肉蛋白改善肉制品品质提供理论指导,进而为非肉蛋白在食品中的应用提供理论参考。     

KCl和MgCl2部分替代NaCl对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化凝胶特性的影响

研究KCl和MgCl2部分替代NaCl对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化凝胶特性的影响,以期找到在保证乳化型肉制品产品良好品质条件下降低食盐含量的方法。结果表明,对比低钠组,KCl部分替代NaCl后显著增加肌原纤维蛋白溶解度、黏度、乳化稳定性和乳化能力,改善乳化凝胶的黏弹性,降低乳化凝胶汁液流失,提高产品出品率。而MgCl2部分替代NaCl对肌原纤维蛋白在降低食盐含量后产生的乳化特性劣变没有明显改善,但能提高肌原纤维蛋白乳化凝胶的黏弹性并降低汁液流失。     

Influence of pH on rheological properties of porcine myofibrillar protein during heat induced gelation

Texture of meat products is dependent on the gelation characteristics of myofibrillar protein. Gaining an understanding of the gelation mechanism of meat gel systems is beneficial for the development of processed meat products as well as maintaining quality in meat products. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pH (5.6, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0) on heat-induced gelation properties of myofibrillar proteins from porcine semimembranosus muscle. Dynamic rheological measurements were taken as the temperature increased by 1°C/min from 20 to 85°C, followed by a holding phase at 85°C for 3min to ensure complete gelation and during a subsequent cooling where the temperature dropped from 85 to 5°C at a rate of 5°C/min. Storage modulus (G') increased as gel formation occurred, but decreased after reaching the temperature of myosin denaturation (52°C) until approximately 60°C when the gel strength increased again. This resulted in a peak and subsequent depression in the data. This depression in the curve was more pronounced with increasing pH. Results indicate protein denaturation and gel formation are pH dependent. Furthermore, rate of gelation appears to influence water-holding capacity.     

基于多糖调节肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）作为肌肉中具有重要生物学功能的结构蛋白,能单独形成凝胶或作为凝胶的主要部分。MP的凝胶作用机理及凝胶特性已成为肉类科学研究的热点。明确各种添加剂对肉制品品质的影响,为开发健康的低脂肉制品提供依据。多糖具有良好的生物相容性且来源广泛、价格低廉,被广泛用于改善肉制品的品质。然而,目前多糖调节MP凝胶特性的研究并没有得到较为全面的归纳与总结。故本文概括了多糖的定义、分类以及功能特性,总结了多糖对MP凝胶特性的影响以及多糖在肉制品中的应用,以期为低脂肉制品的生产提供理论依据,并提出未来的研究方向。     

肉品中的蛋白质氧化机制及其影响因素

随着肉品加工技术的进步和人们生活方式的改变,丰富多样的加工肉制品越来越受到广大消费者青睐。但 加工肉制品的理化性质、营养成分和食用安全性易受各种加工及贮藏环境因素的作用而产生变化,如蛋白质氧化与 冷冻变性、脂质氧化、生物自身代谢、病原菌的滋生及致癌物产生等。其中蛋白质氧化对肉制品品质影响极大,它 被定义为一种共价键修饰作用,该作用对蛋白质分子结构造成破坏,引起蛋白质氨基酸侧链被修饰、蛋白质多肽 链的断裂、蛋白质分子间的交联聚合等,从而改变了蛋白质的凝胶、持水、消化、营养等特性,最终影响肉品的品 质。本文从蛋白质氧化机理、评估指标、影响因素等3 个方面出发,综述有关肉品蛋白质氧化的国内外最新研究进 展,归纳总结肉品中蛋白质氧化规律及其实际生产中的影响因素。     

Gel properties of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and chicken mixture gels as affected by setting temperatures

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of setting temperatures (30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C) on gel properties and protein profiles of paste gels derived from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and chicken meat. The mixture composed of 50% (w/w) chicken meat and 50% (w/w) silver carp meat, and the three paste gels, were assessed based on color, gel strength, TPA, water distribution, chemical interactions, and SDS-PAGE. Chicken gels had better gel properties and a higher content of immobilized water than the mixture or fish gels, regardless of setting conditions. On the other hand, an appropriate setting temperature for the three paste gels promoted aggregation of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) and the formation of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, which resulted in superior gel properties. Pre-incubation at 40°C enhanced gel properties of fish meat, but pre-incubation at 45°C and 50°C were appropriate for achieving better gels for the mixture and chicken, respectively. These results indicated that there is the potential to obtain mixed products and new meat products by utilizing chicken and fish meat that have improved gel properties.     

The determination of isolated soybean protein in raw and pasteurized meat products

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine the isolated soy protein content in raw and pasteurized meat products. This method determined soy protein (±0.5%) by using an internal standard protein (haemocyanin) to compensate for variations in the meat. The detection limit for meat products was 0.5%. Several possible meat and non-meat interferences were examined and none were found to interfere. The assay cannot be used on retorted products.     

Effects of Agaricus bisporus on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein

The gel-forming ability of myofibrillar protein (MP) is highly correlated with the characteristics of emulsified meat products. Incorporation of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) powder into MP gels may enhance its gel properties to facilitate the development of a novel and safe meat product. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ab powder on gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, rheological behaviour, LF-NMR spin–spin relaxation (T₂), microstructure and protein secondary structure of the MP gel system. The results indicated that the gel strength, WHC, G' value and G" value were significantly improved when the addition of Ab powder increased from 0% to 6% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T₂ relaxation time was shortened, and free water was transformed into immobilised water. The texture of the gel was improved when 1%–4% Ab powder was added compared to the control. Furthermore, Ab filled in the gel network and promoted the unfolding of MP α-helix and the formation of MP β-sheet during the thermal denaturation of MP, leading to a dense aggregated network structure. The study suggested that Ab could be a promising ingredient in improving chicken MP's gel properties and developing fat-reduced meat products.     

Restructured beef with different proportions of walnut as affected by meat particle size

Microstructure, texture, colour and sensory properties of precooked restructured beef made with different proportions of walnut (0, 5, 10, 15%) were studied in relation to meat particle size (grinder plate hole: 0.6 and 1.4 cm). In general, increasing amounts of walnut were matched by decreasing Kramer shear force (KSF), bind strength and elongation values. When walnut (5 and 15%) was added, products made with coarsely ground meat presented higher KSF values than those made with finely ground meat. Walnut decreased lightness and increased redness and yellowness. Morphology characteristics suggest that walnut interferes with the formation of a gel protein network. Sensory properties were judged acceptable with 5 and 10% of walnut; however, the products scored highest with 10% walnut in finely ground products and 5% walnut in coarsely ground products.     

淡水鱼肉蛋白质组成及其在鱼糜制品加工中的变化

本文通过鱼肉蛋白质组成、鱼糜凝胶特性的测定及SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,研究了鲢、鳙、草、鲫四种淡水鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其凝胶形成过程中蛋白质组成的变化。四种淡水鱼肉粗蛋白质含量基本相同,但凝胶特性存在明显差异,其原因是四种淡水鱼肉的盐溶性蛋白含量不同。在鱼糜制品加工过程中,盐溶性蛋白质、水溶性蛋白的比例逐渐下降,而不溶性蛋白比例逐渐上升。弹性凝胶体的形成始于盐擂阶段,主要形成于低温凝胶化阶段。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳图谱显示,肌球蛋白重链的量在鱼糜凝胶形成过程中明显减少,而肌球蛋白轻链和肌动蛋白的量几乎未发生变化。肌球蛋白重链在内源转谷氨酰胺酶作用下,发生分子间或分子内的ε-(γ-Glu)-Lys共价交联,形成了网络状的不溶性蛋白。     

亚麻籽胶与盐溶肉蛋白的作用机理的研究

通过盐溶肉蛋白-亚麻籽胶(SSMP-FG)混合凝胶动态流变性质、凝胶强度、析水率的测定和超微结构的观察,证实亚麻籽胶与盐溶肉蛋白之间发生相互作用。并探讨了亚麻籽胶在肉制品中的作用机理,结果发现亚麻籽胶和肉蛋白的相互作用力主要是静电作用力,二硫键和氢键是次要作用力。     

Effect of Chemically Modified Soy Proteins and Ficin-tenderized Meat on the Quality Attributes of Sausage

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this investigation was to use ficin‐tenderized meat and cysteine‐modified soy proteins in the production of bologna and to evaluate the effect of these modifications on water‐holding capacity (WHC), emulsion stability (ES), texture, and protein solubility. The effect of ficin on meat protein was also evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Results indicated that both ficin‐tenderized meat and modified soy proteins substantially improved WHC, ES, and other quality factors. SDS‐PAGE results showed the disappearance of several protein bands in ficin‐treated meat. Solubility of meat proteins increased when ficin was used for meat tenderization. The results of this study indicated that some quality attributes of meat products can be improved by enzymatic and chemical modification of protein sources in the manufacture of meat products.