硒化皂荚仁多糖胶的制备及抗氧化性研究

以水提醇沉法从皂荚仁中提取多糖胶,利用亚硒酸钠对皂荚仁多糖胶改性得到水溶性硒化皂荚仁多糖胶。UV、IR结果表明硒多糖与普通多糖结构相似为以糖苷键连接的吡喃多糖,且硒以Se=O形式存在。ICP测得硒含量为38.4mg/g。DSC结果表明,硒化皂荚仁多糖胶有良好的热稳定性。抗氧化性测定结果表明,硒化皂荚仁多糖胶对羟自由基及DPPH有一定的清除作用,清除率随浓度的增大而增大,抗氧化性与浓度之间有一定的构效关系。浓度为3.02mg.mL-1时对DPPH清除率达46.4%,浓度为2.02mg.mL-1时对羟自由基的清除率达到77.7%。     

皂荚胶及其与黄原胶复配胶的耐盐稳定性

对皂荚胶及皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶的耐盐稳定性进行了研究。研究结果表明，皂荚胶的耐盐稳定性较好，可单独应用于高盐食品中，而皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶的耐盐稳定性较差，不能用于高盐食品中。     

黄原胶寡糖对野油菜黄单胞菌的抑菌性能研究

碱性条件下对黄原胶进行氧化降解,透析得到三种黄原胶寡糖(XGO-A,XGO-B和XGO-C),对产物进行FT-IR表征,GPC法测定其分子量分别为3600、7500和10100。三种黄原胶寡糖的丙酮酸含量分别为5.7%、5.3%和4.8%;还原糖含量分别为23.7%、22.5%和21.1%。采用琼脂平板打孔法、最低抑菌浓度以及生长曲线方法,考察了三种黄原胶寡糖对野油菜黄单胞菌的抑菌能力;同时检测了三种寡糖对野油菜黄单胞菌细胞膜通透性的影响。结果表明,分子量为7500的XGO-B具有更好的抑菌性能。而当丙酮酸和还原糖含量相近时,对野油菜黄单胞菌的抑菌性能可能与黄原胶寡糖的分子量有关;随着分子量的上升,寡糖对野油菜黄单胞菌细胞膜破坏增强,这表明破坏细胞膜通透性是抑菌机理之一。     

阳离子皂荚多糖胶的合成及其助留助滤研究

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHPTMA)作阳离子醚化剂,采用乙醇溶剂法,在碱性条件下制备了高粘度阳离子皂荚多糖胶,并进行了造纸助留助滤的性能研究.通过正交试验获得了阳离子皂荚多糖胶合成的优化工艺:皂荚多糖胶20g、CHPTMA醚化剂12g、氢氧化钾5.6g、反应时间2h、反应温度75℃,阳离子皂荚多糖胶的取代度大于0.1.阳离子皂荚多糖胶用作助留助滤剂,适宜取代度0.06左右,且与阳离子淀粉以1:1混合,共混物用量以相对绝干浆1.0%时使用效果较佳.     

皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变性研究

对皂荚胶与黄原胶的最佳配比及其复配胶流变性进行了研究。研究结果表明，皂荚胶与黄原胶在配比为4：6时复配胶的协效性最好，皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶为“非牛顿流体”，60～100℃下加热，复配胶的粘度有较大幅度的升高，60-90min是皂荚胶和黄原胶复配胶的最佳加热时间，复配胶溶液在碱性条件下稳定，但酸性条件对复配胶溶液的粘度有较大影响，冻融变化可使皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶溶液的粘度有所增加。     

皂荚豆胶冷水溶部分和热水溶部分的流变性研究

本研究对皂荚豆胶冷水溶和热水溶部分的流变性进行了研究。研究结果表明:浓度、温度、剪切力、pH值、冻融等变化对皂荚豆胶的粘度有较大影响;皂荚豆胶与黄原胶、卡拉胶具有明显的协效性;皂荚豆胶在冷水和热水中溶解,其流变性有所不同。     

微波光波组合辐射去除花生表面黄曲霉毒素B_1的研究

针对花生表面存在的黄曲霉毒素污染问题,考察了微波光波组合辐射处理对花生表面黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)的降解效果。将花生在一定微波光波辐射频率下进行试验,研究结果表明:微波光波联合辐射法可有效降解花生表面的AFB_1,并随着时间增加,毒素减少量也增加,8min时降解率达到74.06%;AFB_1降解速率与样品最初被污染的水平有关;经该法处理后的花生,其基本成分变化不大.营养成分损失较少。由于微波光波组合辐射法降解条件温和、操作简单、降解效率高,可应用于受黄曲霉毒素污染的粮食物料中。     

两种皂荚多糖胶流变性质的表征

采用Brookfield 流变仪研究在不同加热时间、温度、pH 值以及盐和糖质量浓度等条件下两种不同形状皂荚豆中多糖胶的流变性质。结果表明：皂荚豆胶是一种假塑性流体,测得的剪切速率和相应的剪切应力的关系符合Power-law 模型,圆皂荚豆胶具有较高的黏度,且假塑性明显高于扁皂荚豆胶。在80℃条件下加热1h 可使皂荚豆胶完全水合,胶液黏度随温度的上升而下降。在pH2～11 范围内,皂荚豆胶比较稳定,但过酸或过碱会导致黏度的下降。皂荚豆胶的黏度随NaCl 质量浓度的上升而下降,随白砂糖质量浓度的上升而略微升高。与扁皂荚豆胶相比,NaCl 对圆皂荚豆胶的降黏作用较为明显。     

皂荚豆胶的性能及其应用前景探讨

本对皂荚豆胶的化学结构及物理化学特性进行了论述，简单叙述了从皂荚种子中提取皂荚豆胶的工艺流程，对其在食品工业中的应用前景进行了展望。     

皂荚多糖胶酶解制备低聚糖

利用β-甘露聚糖酶对皂荚多糖胶进行解聚改性。采用L9(34)正交设计法对底物质量浓度、加酶量、反应温度和反应时间4个因素进行考察。正交试验结果表明：皂荚多糖胶酶解的最佳工艺条件为底物质量浓度50g/L、加酶量1300U/g、反应温度65℃、反应时间11h。在此最佳工艺条件下,还原性末端糖基得率为49.92%,酶解产物的平均聚合度为2.00。此外,通过初期补料方式提高底物浓度,在反应24h后100g/L和150g/L的反应液中还原性末端糖基得率分别为50.89%和46.97%。表面活性剂对酶解反应有促进效果,皂荚皂素和吐温80可将还原性末端糖基得率分别相对提高5.25%和9.40%。高效液相色谱分析表明,皂荚多糖胶的酶解产物主要为甘露四糖(17.25%)、甘露三糖(28.68%)、甘露二糖(4.55%),水解产生的单糖仅为1.81%。     

新型β-甘露聚糖酶制备葡甘寡糖工艺优化

为探索能应用于葡甘寡糖制备的新型β-甘露聚糖酶,利用半纤维素降解高效菌株Bacillus subtilis BE-91高产的β-甘露聚糖酶水解魔芋胶(纯度95%)。在单因素试验的基础上,采用四因素三水平的正交试验优化魔芋胶酶解工艺条件,薄层层析法定性分析酶解产物。结果表明:正交试验的最佳酶解工艺组合为魔芋胶质量浓度0.33 g/100 m L、加酶量6 U/g、酶解时间1 h、酶解温度60℃,在该条件下魔芋胶水解率为35.96%;β-甘露聚糖酶水解魔芋胶产物为二糖以上的寡糖,且主要介于二糖与六糖之间。该新型β-甘露聚糖酶用于葡甘寡糖制备,其工艺具有加酶量少、酶解时间短、产品纯度高等优势,在功能性食品制备方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

酶法制备魔芋甘露寡糖和产物分析

利用β-甘露聚糖酶水解20％魔芋粗粉制备魔芋甘露寡糖并对其产物进行成分分析.在工艺研究中对反应的pH值、温度、酶添加量、时间等进行单因素试验,确定最佳工艺条件为酶添加量为250IU/g,pH值6.5,45℃条件下,酶解50min,寡糖得率为35％.魔芋甘露寡糖的粗产物经硅胶薄层层析(TLC)分离表明,三糖、四糖含量较大.     

宇佐美曲霉酸性β-甘露聚糖酶的纯化及性质研究

采用硫酸铵分部盐析、Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B疏水层析、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析、DEAE Sepharosefast flow阴离子交换层析等分离技术,从宇佐美曲霉(Aspergillus usamii)YL-01-78菌株固态曲浸出液中分离出1种SDS-PAGE电泳纯和HPLC色谱纯的酸性β-甘露聚糖酶组分,其最终回收率为12.6%,纯化倍数为32.3。经SDS-PAGE和凝胶过滤层析测得该纯化酶的分子质量分别为42 ku和40 ku,表明该酶以单体形式存在;其等电点pI为4.2;含糖量为23.2%。以角豆胶半乳甘露聚糖为底物,测得该酶的Km值和Vmax值分别为6.3 mg/mL和1 667μmol/(min.mg)。     

β-甘露聚糖酶制备魔芋葡甘露低聚糖的研究

利用黑曲霉菌株(Aspergillus niger)LW-1所产酸性β-甘露聚糖酶,对魔芋胶进行水解制备(魔芋)葡甘露低聚糖。酶解的工艺条件为:魔芋胶浓度150g/L,加酶量50IU/g(魔芋胶),酶解温度50℃,酶解时间6h。所获酶解产物经薄板层析和HPLC检测,主要为低聚糖以及少量单糖。再利用酵母发酵法去除其中的可发酵性单糖,最终产物为100%的(魔芋)葡甘露低聚糖。     

酶法制备甘露低聚糖

利用枯草芽孢杆菌产生的碱性甘露聚糖酶,以魔芋、槐豆胶、瓜尔胶与田菁胶为原料,制备甘露低聚糖。比较了酶对底物水解反应动力学,对低聚糖制备过程中的水解液进行了还原糖测定,并通过质谱对最终酶解液组分进行分析。结果表明:魔芋与槐豆胶为甘露聚糖酶的最适水解底物,水解8h后,还原糖得率稳定,可作为甘露低聚糖生产的指导依据。酶解24h后,魔芋、槐豆胶、瓜尔豆胶及田菁胶的主要产物分别为二糖至九糖、五糖至十糖、二糖至十糖和二糖至十糖。利用酶法生产甘露低聚糖的方法具有水解过程简单、产物聚合度低、纯度高的优点。     

喷雾干燥法制备银杏油微胶囊的研究

以银杏中主要活性物质类黄酮的微胶囊化效率为考察指标,对银杏油进行微胶囊化处理,探讨喷雾干燥法制备银杏油微胶囊的工艺。结果表明,最佳微胶囊原料配方为：阿拉伯胶与β- 环糊精的比例为1:1(m/m),芯材与壁材的比例为1:3(m/m),料液浓度为25%(m/V),单甘脂为0.1%;最佳喷雾干燥工艺条件为：进料流量30ml/min,进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃。在此工艺条件下微胶囊化银杏油的效率可达到90.66%;制备的银杏油微胶囊为黄色或淡黄色细小颗粒,水分含量2.28%,密度0.82g/cm3,溶解度98.10%,黄酮含量5.73%,包埋效果良好。     

亚麻籽胶微波辅助提取与热水浸提方法比较研究

本研究通过单因素和正交优化试验分别确定了热水浸提与微波辅助提取两种方法提取亚麻籽胶的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,热水浸提法提取亚麻籽胶的最佳工艺为:温度80℃、时间6 h、料液比1:10、提取次数1次;该条件下亚麻籽胶得率为7.28%,所得的亚麻籽胶中,多糖质量分数为68.13%,蛋白质质量分数为10.21%。微波辅助提取的最佳工艺为:温度80℃、时间1 h、料液比1:10、输出功率600 W、搅拌速度900r/min、提取次数1次;该条件下亚麻籽胶得率为6.46%,其中多糖质量分数为63.13%,蛋白质质量分数为13.75%。通过扫描电镜对提胶前后亚麻籽表面微观形态分析表明,胶液的溶出会破坏亚麻籽表面,微波处理对亚麻籽表层结构破坏大于热水浸提。红外吸收光谱分析表明,所得提取物在1 410 cm~(-1)的C-H变角振动和2 930 cm~(-1)的C-H伸缩振动以及1 039 cm~(-1)的O-H变角振动,构成了糖环的特征吸收峰,证明获得的亚麻籽提取物为亚麻籽胶。     

Effects of carob bean gum on performance,nutrient digestibility and Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis colonisation in chickens

Salmonella is presently one of the microorganisms of higher concern for food safety in poultry products. The present study examined the effect of feeding galactomannans from carob bean gum on nutrient digestibility and performance in chickens, and on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis in challenged animals. Four experiments were performed with either broiler or leghorn chickens, challenged with 10⁶ CFU (colony-forming units) of S. Enteritidis at 1 day of life, and feeding carob bean gum at different concentrations (25, 50 or 100 g/kg, depending on the experiment), alone or in combination with β-mannanase, cellulase or α-galactosidase at 8.3 U/g; or feeding D-mannose at 25 g/kg, or depolymerized carob bean gum or guar gum at 100 mg/kg. Trials lasted 3 or 4 weeks. Body weight and feed intake were determined and feed conversion ratio calculated (feed:gain). Faeces were collected during the last week on trial for evaluation of nutrient balance (energy, lipids and protein), using chromium oxide as inert marker. Viscosity of the ileal content was also determined at the end of the second experiment. Salmonella presence in caeca was determined two and 3 weeks after challenge. Performance and nutritive value of diets were impaired in birds fed carob bean gum, with higher effect at higher inclusion rates. D-mannose impaired performance variables only whereas depolymerized gums did not affect bird performance or nutritive value of the diets. Of the enzymes tested, only β-mannanase significantly decreased the viscosity of the intestinal contents of birds fed carob bean gum and partly counteracted the impairment in bird performance and the reduction in the nutritive value of the diets. The number of Salmonella-positive birds varied among experiments and was lower in the third week post-challenge compared to the second week post-challenge. However, the reduction in the number of Salmonella-positive birds was more constant and marked when carob bean gum was present in the diet. The inclusion of carob bean gum in the diet of chickens at the high concentrations used in the present experiment reduced the presence of Salmonella in challenged birds, but it also impaired performance and nutrient digestibility. These impairments were partially counteracted by the addition of β-mannanase to the diet. Carob bean gum might be used to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in chickens, while its negative effects on performance and nutrient digestibility could be counteracted by β-mannanase.     

鼠曲草黄酮类物质微胶囊化研究

目的：探讨冷冻干燥法制备鼠曲草黄酮微胶囊的最佳工艺条件。方法：以黄原胶和β- 环状糊精作为鼠曲草黄酮微胶囊壁材,通过冷冻干燥进行微胶囊化。结果：选用黄原胶和β- 环状糊精(1:15,m/m) 作为鼠曲草黄酮的微胶囊壁材,芯材与壁材的配比为1:10(m/m)时,能达到较好的微胶囊化效果;最佳冷冻干燥工艺条件为：冷凝器温度－ 40℃,物料厚度8mm,搁板温度40℃。结论：得到的产品微胶囊化效率达90% 以上,包埋效果好。     

Effects of different emulsifier types,fat contents,and gum types on retardation of staling of microwave‐baked cakes

The effects of different types of emulsifiers, gums, and fat contents on the retardation of staling of microwave‐baked cakes were investigated. First, different types of emulsifiers (DATEM, Lecigran, and Purawave) at three different fat contents (50%, 25%, and 0%) were added to cake formulations to retard staling of microwave‐baked cakes. Then, three types of gums (guar gum, xanthan gum, and methylcellulose) were added to the optimum formulations chosen. As a control, cakes formulated without any emulsifier or gum addition and baked in an conventional oven at 175°C for 25 min was used. Weight loss, firmness, soluble starch and amylose content of the cakes were used as the indicators of staling criteria. Cakes were baked in a microwave oven for 1.5 min at 100% power. Variation of staling parameters during storage of cakes followed zero‐order kinetics. Use of emulsifiers and gums helped to retard staling of microwave‐baked cakes. Fat content was found to be a significant factor in affecting variation of firmness and weight loss of the cakes during storage. DATEM and Purawave were the most effective emulsifier types. Using gums in combination with emulsifiers gave better moisture retention and softer cakes than using gums alone.