复杂轴承流体动力学特性的边界元分析

用边界元方法对复杂轴承中四叶轴承的流体动力学特性进行了分析，得到了轴承润滑区的流场分布、轴颈表面和轴承内表面上的压力分布。结果表明：在四叶轴承的每个尖角处形成了规则的环流，环流的方向与轴颈的旋转方向相反；轴颈表面的压力分布呈周期性变化，压力的最大值在轴承润滑区相对狭窄的区域，但不是最狭窄的区域；轴承四叶所受的压力具有极强的相似性和对称性；轴承所受压力的极大区和极小区恰与轴颈所受压力的极大区与极小区相对应。     

Wave Journal Bearing with Compressible Lubricant—Part II: A Comparison of the Wave Bearing with a Wave-Groove Bearing and a Lobe Bearing

To identify the potential advantages of the wave journal bearing, a three-wave journal bearing was compared to both a three-wave-groove bearing (a wave bearing with axial grooves that isolate each wave) and a three-lobe bearing. The lobe bearing's profile was selected to approximate the wave journal bearing's profile. The lubricant was assumed to be compressible (gas). The bearing number, A, was parameterized from 0.01 to 100, and the eccentricity ratio, ε, was varied from 0 to 0.4. Data at bearing numbers 0.1, 1, and 50, and eccentricity ratios of 0.1 and 0.4, were selected as representative of the bearing performance. The calculated load capacity and the critical mass are presented for the three bearings. The wave bearing shows a better load capacity than the other bearings at any applied load and running regime. However, at high bearing numbers the lubricant compressibility effect is predominant and all three analyzed bearings show similar load capacity. The critical masses of the wave-groove and lobe bearing are greater than the critical mass of the wave bearing if the applied load is small. For low and intermediate bearing numbers the wave-groove bearing is more stable than the other bearings especially at low wave's amplitude ratio. The lobe bearing is more stable than the other analyzed bearings at high bearing numbers or at large preload ratios. If the applied load increases, the wave bearing dynamic performance is competitive with both wave-groove and lobe bearings. In addition, at high bearing numbers, the wave bearing could run stably for any allocated rotor mass over a wide range of wave position angle. Three wave bearings are more sensitive to the direction of the applied load than the other bearings especially at low and intermediate bearing numbers. Therefore, a careful selection of the waves position angle has to be done to maximize the wave bearing performance.     

Stability analysis of an inverted three-lobe pressure dam bearing

The stability of an ordinary journal bearing is found to increase by the use of multi-lobes. The performance can be further improved by the incorporation of pressure dam into these bearing. This paper analyzes the dynamic behavior of a new type of bearing, namely, an inverted three-lobe pressure dam bearing. An inverted three-lobe pressure dam bearing is produced by incorporating a pressure dam in the upper lobe and two relief tracks in the lower two lobes of an ordinary inverted three-lobe bearing. The characteristic curves of this bearing show that it is much more stable as compared to an ordinary inverted three-lobe bearing.     

基于牛顿迭代法的波箔型止推轴承不对中特性分析

为研究波箔型气体轴承运行过程中偏角不对中对轴承性能的影响,选择波箔气体止推轴承作为研究对象,从Reynolds控制方程出发,研究偏角不对中情况下,轴承各个部分的气膜厚度分布情况;结合边界条件,运用牛顿迭代算法计算得到气膜压力分布,进一步分析不对中对波箔止推轴承的承载能力和摩擦力矩的影响。研究结果表明:偏角不对中对于波箔止推轴承的性能有较大影响;随着偏角的增大,最大气膜压力增加,轴承的压力分布越来越不均匀,轴承摩擦力矩增大,系统稳定性大幅降低,但承载能力有一定增强;当偏角过大时,不能得到收敛的结果,轴承几乎失效,对比正常运行的波箔型止推轴承,性能大幅下降;扇形箔数量的增加会导致轴承的承载能力与稳定性均减小。     

陀螺转子轴承精度寿命试验

采用专门研制的试验机对某型号陀螺转子轴承进行了精度寿命模拟试验,观察了失效轴承零件外观,确定了轴承精度寿命的分布类型,并进行了可靠性分析。最后进行了陀螺电动机通电寿命试验,结果表明,该型轴承具有很大的使用潜力,而且由极大似然法对精度寿命模拟试验数据估计得到的可靠性寿命,较为符合陀螺转子轴承的真实寿命。     

基于倒谱预白化和随机共振的轴承故障增强检测

轴承损伤引起的冲击受到离散频率分量和噪声干扰,使轴承故障检测面临困难。结合基于倒谱编辑(Cepstrum editing procedure, CEP)的信号预白化和随机共振(Stochastic resonance, SR)微弱信号检测技术,提出一种轴承故障增强检测的新方法。信号预白化能够提升轴承振动信号的冲击特性,产生包含白噪声和轴承局部故障信号的白化信号。在未知最优共振频带的情况下,对白化后的轴承振动信号进行包络分析,增强故障特征分量的同时引入了较多噪声。通过随机共振的归一化尺度变换,将轴承包络信号作为检测模型的输入,增强轴承故障特征频率分量。提出将轴承故障特征频率处的局部谱峭度和局部信噪比作为对照指标。实测正常和外环植入故障轴承的诊断结果表明,提出的方法优于基于谱峭度优化的包络分析和单纯的信号预白化方法。     

弹性流体静压轴承

The elasto-hydraustatic bearing is a new type of hydraustatic bearing. In action, it is similar to some conventional type of hydraustatic bearing The difference lies in the fact that in a Conventional hydraustatic bearing, the inside surface of the bearing shell must bs made to a certain configuration to prodvce the by dravstatic action. In this new type of bearing, the bearing shell is made to the form of a plain cylindrical bushing with a circumferential groove in the middle. (Fig 3-1) when the oil pressure is low, it will function as a plain sliding bearing. But when the pressure of oil is high, the bearing Shell, mostly made of some elastomer, will deform and the diameter of the bearing at the middle will be larger than the diameter at both ends. As is well known, this taper shaped bearing shell will have hydracstatic action, (Fig 3-2) Experiments show that the load carrying capacity of this kind of hrdravstatic bearing can be computed by the following empirical formula;W=0.12xDxL when the bearing bushing is made of metal, the outside of the bushing must be hollowed out(Fig3-3) to make it easier to deform.There are many advantage of this type of hydraustatic bearing. It is simple in form and very easy to make. When the pressure of the oil drops, it will foction as a plain bearing and hence is very safe and reliable. As there is no groove at the inside of the bearing shell, it will function as a squeeze film bearing under shock or vibrating load and has a high capacity.     

车用汽油机轴承润滑可靠性研究

为实现车用发动机轴承工作可靠、耐久目的,应用摩擦学理论及发动机CAE技术对现有机型曲柄连杆机构工作过程进行分析,研究轴承间隙极限状态下轴承比压、轴心轨迹、最小油膜厚度随发动机转速的变化关系,从中对轴承润滑可靠性进行评价。研究结果表明,在发动机本体及边界条件未变下,曲轴主轴承最小油膜厚度随转速增大而减小,连杆大头轴承则随转速增大先增大后减小,最大轴承间隙下的最小油膜厚度比最小间隙下大40%,轴承均未出现干摩擦现象,波纹状轴瓦润滑性能优于平状轴瓦。     

X095J径向游隙动态测量仪

径向游隙是轴承安装时径向定位需要考虑的重要指标之一,对轴承的振动、寿命和主机精度等都有一定的影响。介绍了针对内径100 mm以上轴承(包括航空航天轴承)径向游隙测量的X095 J径向游隙动态测量仪,详细分析其测量原理和结构设计,该测量仪实现了包括四点接触球轴承在内的轴承径向游隙的测量要求。     

新型感应推进电机轴承磨损分析及监测

针对某大型船用新型感应推进电机复合材料轴承在运行过程中容易磨损且不易监测的问题,根据该电机轴承结构及运行特点,建立电机轴承三维有限元模型,对电机轴承的摩擦应力进行理论仿真分析,并分析电机轴承磨损状况。结果显示,电机轴承摩擦应力分布是两侧大、中间小,轴承磨损严重部位集中在两侧。结合电机可靠性实验,利用原子发射光谱仪和libs光谱仪对电机轴承润滑油油样和轴瓦材料进行检测。检测结果显示,该型电机轴承润滑油中Ca和Na两种元素含量的变化能反映轴承磨损情况。     

基于Fluent的轴承腔温度场仿真分析

油气润滑中,轴承转速和空气流量对轴承的工作温度有着重要影响。根据基本润滑原理,推导并计算了深沟球轴承在不同转速和空气流量下的发热量,运用Fluent软件对深沟球轴承的温度场和流场进行仿真计算。根据仿真结果分析,得到了不同转速情况下轴承腔的最高工作温度,并分析了轴承腔空气入口速度和润滑油粘度对轴承内部对流换热系数的影响。     

不同雷诺数下螺旋槽径向气体轴承承载特性分析

为研究螺旋槽径向气体轴承在不同雷诺数下承载力的变化规律,建立基于Ng-Pan理论修正的气体轴承润滑模型,利用有限差分法求解该模型,得到不同雷诺数下轴承的承载特性,分析轴承几何参数和槽型参数的变化对承载力的影响。结果表明：螺旋槽径向气体轴承在非层流润滑状态下承载力大于层流润滑状态下的承载力;轴承几何参数对承载特性影响显著,其中随偏心率增大承载力呈发散式增大,且非层流状态下承载力与层流状态下承载力差距加大,随长径比增大承载力呈收敛式增加;轴承槽型参数中槽宽比、槽深比对承载特性有明显影响,随槽宽比、槽深比增加轴承承载力增加,而槽数对轴承承载力的影响并不显著,螺旋角对非层流状态下轴承承载力影响较大;轴承进口压力对承载性能有明显影响,随进口压力增大,承载力在层流状态下增加,在非层流状态下波动较大。     

双半外圈调心球轴承预紧力和预紧量的分析计算

预紧是保证轴承刚度和旋转精度的重要途径。为了保证双半外圈双列调心球轴承的预紧效果,对其预紧力的确定和预紧量的大小进行了分析计算。目前这种双半外圈双列调心球轴承在轴承分类中还没有,它结合了成对双联向心推力球轴承和双列向心调心球轴承的优点。既能实现大角度调心,调心角度达3°,又能进行轴向预紧。通过对这类轴承的力学分析,推导了轴向预紧力与轴承支撑负载的关系公式。预紧量是通过控制两个半外圈之间的隔圈厚度进行调节的,基于弹性接触理论,推导了轴承定位隔圈磨削量大小的公式。这种轴承在国家重大科技项目LAMOST天文望远镜像场旋转轴中得到应用,内径1100mm的轴承现场安装预紧调整后实测,在任意50°范围内（旋转轴工作范围）,轴系径向跳动小于0.02mm,端面跳动小于0.03mm。满足了LAMOST对像场旋转轴系刚度和旋转精度的要求。跟星实测像场旋转精度RMS值优于0.3″。     

Squeeze films in full porous metal bearings

The behaviour of squeeze films in porous journal bearings under a steady load is analysed. A full journal bearing with a non-rotating journal is considered. The Reynolds equation governing the pressure in the film region is modified to take account of the mass exchange of the lubricant between the film and the bearing matrix. In the case of thin-walled bearing (H?R), the modified Reynolds equation takes a simpler form. However, since this equation cannot be solved directly as applied to a finite bearing, solutions in a closed form are found both for the long bearing and narrow bearing approximations. It is found that the permeability of the bearing matrix and the wall thickness of the bearing adversely affect the load capacity and greatly reduce the time needed for the journal to attain a given eccentricity. With a permeable bearing, there is the possibility of the journal coming into contact with the bearing (ε=l) in a finite time. Generally the performance of a long bearing is better than that of a narrow bearing.     

考虑温度影响的角接触球轴承疲劳寿命仿真研究

针对承受热应力和结构应力共同作用下的角接触球轴承,利用ANSYS Workbench软件对其进行疲劳寿命分析。在三维软件Pro/E中建立轴承模型,导入有限元软件ANSYS Workbench中得到轴承的有限元模型,进行热-应力耦合分析,得到轴承温度分布和应力分布;根据零件的材料属性,利用ANSYS Workbench的Fatigue模块分析了轴承的疲劳寿命。根据软件模拟计算得到轴承寿命情况,为机床主轴轴承寿命的预测奠定基础。     

基于正交试验的静压径向气体轴承数值分析*

以气动涡轮支承结构静压径向气体轴承为研究对象,建立静压径向气体轴承的微分模型,利用工程数值方法计算轴承承载力、刚度和气体质量流量,运用正交试验法研究节流器参数对轴承性能的影响,以及不同优化方向下轴承的综合性能。结果表明：不同的优化方向节流器参数的敏感性不同,以气体质量流量为优化方向明显不符合设计需要,以承载力为优化方向得到的轴承综合性能最好;平均气膜厚度、节流孔直径和数量是影响轴承承载特性的主要因素,节流孔直径越小承载性能越好。     

基于时频图像融合的轴承性能退化特征提取

基于数据驱动的轴承寿命预测方法主要采用轴承信号的滤波系数、时域和频域的统计量等作为反映轴承性能退化的特征量。进一步研究发现,这些指标要么对轴承早期缺陷敏感度不够,要么缺乏寿命预测所需要的上升或下降的性能退化特征。由于轴承在制造和工作过程中存在较多随机因素,即使同一种轴承在同一种工况下的工作寿命也会存在差异。因此,寻找一种稳定有效的特征值来刻画轴承的退化状态是十分重要的。提出基于时频图像融合的轴承性能退化特征提取方法。采用平滑伪威格纳-维尔分布(Smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution,SPWVD)表征轴承振动信号的时频能量分布特征,并利用灰度共生矩阵的统计特征作为轴承的性能退化特征;同时利用图像融合方法将同一轴不同方向的振动信号加以综合利用,消除一些随机因素对性能退化特征的影响。采用2012 PHM Competition的轴承数据集,验证了该方法在轴承的性能退化特征提取中的有效性。     

Hydro-Roll: A Novel Bearing Design with Superior Thermal Characteristics

A novel journal bearing design, called hydro-roll, which combines a hydrodynamic journal bearing with a rolling-element bearing in series, is presented. The hydro-roll principally operates as a rolling-element bearing at low speeds and as a hydrodynamic bearing at high speed. When properly designed, the hydro-roll can offer superior performance over the conventional hydrodynamic bearing in terms of both wear and thermal characteristics. The hydro-roll prevents the severe wear which occurs during the start-up of hydrodynamic journal bearings since it operates as a rolling-element bearing whenever the sliding friction is too high. This characteristic has the important advantage of reducing the risk of catastrophic failure by bearing seizure.

At a steady high speed, the hydro-roll operates as a hydrodynamic journal bearing while the sleeve together with the inner race of the rolling-element bearing turn at a low speed. This study focuses on the thermal analysis of a journal bearing with a rotating sleeve in comparison to an identical stationary sleeve. The results indicate that the sleeve rotation reduces the risk of bearing failure due to local overheating of the sleeve. The minimum sleeve speed required for this effect is evaluated.     

Wave Journal Bearing with Compressible Lubricant—Part I: The Wave Bearing Concept and a Comparison to the Plain Circular Bearing

To improve hydrodynamic journal bearing steady-stale and dynamic performance, a new bearing concept, the wave journal bearing, was developed at the author's lab. This concept features a waved inner bearing diameter. Compared to other alternative bearing geometries used to improve bearing performance such as spiral or herringbone grooves, steps, etc., the wave bearing's design is relatively simple and allows the shaft to rotate in either direction. A three-wave bearing operating with a compressible lubricant; i.e., gas, is analyzed using a numerical code. Its performance is compared to a plain (truly) circular bearing over a broad range of bearing working parameters, e.g., bearing numbers from 0.01 to 100. The geometry of the wave bearing gives the bearing its high load; i.e., stiffness, and stability characteristics. The wave bearing's performance is dependent upon the amplitude of the wave and the position of the waves relative to the applied load. To maximize wave bearing performance, the waves' position relative to the applied load should be carefully selected. The wave journal bearing offers better stability than the plain circular bearing' under all operating conditions and all wave-load orientations. Specifically, an unloaded journal bearing can be made to run stably in any operating regime by incorporating the wave geometry.     

Influences of eccentric unbalances on loads and life of auto water pump bearing

The life of auto water-pump bearing is closely related to its loads which are affected by the eccentric unbalances of rotational components in the structure system of the bearing. However, since the bearing structure in auto water-pump is complicated, the exact load calculations and the life prediction for this kind of bearing are difficult. In this paper, the WR3258152 auto water-pump bearing is investigated. The load and life calculation models for the bearing are developed with considering the eccentric unbalances of the cooling fan and the driving wheel. The influences of the fan and the wheel unbalances on the loads and life of the bearing are studied. The calculation and analysis results show that the radial loads on rolling element rows of the auto water-pump bearing fluctuate significantly under the actions of the fan and the wheel unbalances and the bearing life reduces regularly with the eccentric unbalances changing.