Simulation and wake analysis of a single vertical axis wind turbine

Because of several design advantages and operational characteristics, particularly in offshore farms, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are being reconsidered as a complementary technology to horizontal axial turbines. However, considerable gaps remain in our understanding of VAWT performance since cross‐flow rotor configurations have been significantly less studied than axial turbines. This study examines the wakes of VAWTs and how their evolution is influenced by turbine design parameters. An actuator line model is implemented in an atmospheric boundary layer large eddy simulation code, with offline coupling to a high‐resolution blade‐scale unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes model. The large eddy simulation captures the turbine‐to‐farm scale dynamics, while the unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes captures the blade‐to‐turbine scale flow. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with three existing experimental datasets. Subsequently, a parametric study of the flow over an isolated VAWT, carried out by varying solidities, height‐to‐diameter aspect ratios and tip speed ratios, is conducted. The analyses of the wake area and velocity and power deficits yield an improved understanding of the downstream evolution of VAWT wakes, which in turn enables a more informed selection of turbine designs for wind farms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

格尼襟翼垂直轴风力机风场研究

为研究垂直轴风力机风场中机组气动性能受格尼襟翼的影响,采用TSST湍流模型对直线翼垂直轴风力机进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:风场上游风力机组尖速比越大,机组间流体加速效果越显著,使风力机组气动性能高于单风力机;在中低尖速比时,格尼襟翼可有效提升单个风力机气动效率,在尖速比较高时,提升效果并不明显;在风力机组中安装格尼襟翼...     

Performance evaluation of a downwind diffuser on vertical axis wind turbine

Research has proven that the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWTs) can be increased significantly by the application of a diffuser. It serves as a power augmented feature to draw higher wind flow toward the HAWT. However, research on integrating a diffuser onto vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is scant, where most of the available power augmentation devices used for VAWTs are the convergent duct, deflector plate, shroud, and guide vanes which are placed in a proper configuration at the upwind. In this paper, laboratory tests and computational simulations have been carried out to study the impacts of a downwind diffuser on the performance of a VAWT. The diffuser is designed with the absence of a concentrator or flange and is placed downwind of the VAWT. Parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were carried out for the downwind diffuser length and semi-opening angle. A five-bladed H-rotor was selected as the testing wind turbine, whereas the diffuser used was made up of flat plates. Both simulations and experiment results are consistent. From the experiments, it was found that a downwind diffuser increases the VAWT performance remarkably. The diffuser-augmented VAWT produced an increment in the maximum coefficient of power of 31.42% at the TSR 0.65 to 0.75. Moreover, the diffuser induced a better self-start ability on the VAWT. The simulation showed that the flow field at the diffuser promotes a flow expansion which created a lower-pressure region at downstream that accelerates the wind toward the VAWT, hence increasing the turbine performance significantly.     

Intracycle RPM control for vertical axis wind turbines

The wind energy market is currently dominated by horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs); however, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are emerging as a design alternative, especially for deep-water offshore siting due to their low center of gravity, ease of access to drivetrain components, and overall simplicity. Due to the absence of a pitch mechanism in large-scale Darrieus VAWTs, stall control has often been used to manage power and loads. Introducing a pitching mechanism in H-type VAWTs has been studied, but this diminishes the mechanical simplicity advantage, and the use of a pitching mechanism in a large-scale Darrieus-type VAWT is not practical. This work examines an innovative, alternative method to control the rotor dynamics of a large-scale 5 MW VAWT to maximize power while constraining loads without introducing any new or complex mechanical elements. This control strategy is termed intracycle revolution per minute (RPM) control, where the rotational speed of the turbine is allowed to vary in an optimal fashion with the azimuthal location of blades as opposed to typical constant RPM operation. An optimization framework is formulated for an open-loop optimal control problem and solved to maximize power subject to constraints on aerodynamic design loads. Results are presented to demonstrate the benefits and the performance limits of intracycle RPM control for large-scale 5 MW Darrieus VAWTs, namely, (1) power production (quantified in terms of AEP) that can be increased subject to baseline load limits and (2) opportunities to significantly increase AEP or decrease loads via intracycle RPM control that are examined for both two-bladed and three-bladed VAWTs.     

可变叶片安装角立轴风力机的转动力矩计算

为提高市轴风力机的效率,对可变叶片安装角的立轴风力机进行了分析,根据机翼升力与阻力的理论,在固定来流风速和旋转速度下计算了叶片在每个方位角上产生力矩最大的最佳安装角的变化规律,为了更好的运行,对最佳安装角的变化规律进行了一定修改.计算比较了固定安装角度的叶片与可变安装角度的叶片旋转一周产生的力矩,结果表明叶片在最佳安装角下运行时,每一转的正力矩都有明显增大,平均力矩町提高14倍.多个叶片在最佳安装角下运行时的力矩变化较平稳.可变叶片安装角立轴风力机是一种有发展前途的动力设备.     

Experimental study of the wake interaction between two vertical axis wind turbines

Wakes and wake interactions in wind turbine arrays diminish energy output and raise the risk of structural fatigue; hence, comprehending the features of rotor–wake interactions is of practical relevance. Previous studies suggest that vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) can facilitate a quicker wake recovery. This study experimentally investigates the rotor–wake and wake–wake interaction of VAWTs; different pitch angles of the blades of the upwind VAWT are considered to assess the interactions for different wake deflections. With stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, the wake interactions of two VAWTs are analysed in nine distinct wake deflection and rotor location configurations. The time-average velocity fields at several planes upwind and downwind from the rotors are measured. Additionally, time-average loads on the VAWTs are measured via force balances. The results validate the rapid wake recovery and the efficacy of wake deflection, which increases the available power in the second rotor.     

内含实体对H型垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

以H型垂直轴风力机及其内含圆柱形实体为研究对象,对NACA0018翼型的五叶片H型垂直轴风力机的气动性能进行数值模拟和实验验证.分析8种不同直径的内含圆柱体,在内含实体截面积占风轮迎风面积之比分别为21.2％、50.0％和76.9％时,风力机风能利用率的峰值分别下降8.04％、20.7％及74.3％.结果表明:随着内含...     

Energy and exergy efficiency comparison of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

In this paper, an energy and exergy analysis is performed on four different wind power systems, including both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. Significant variability in turbine designs and operating parameters are encompassed through the selection of systems. In particular, two airfoils (NACA 63(2)-215 and FX 63-137) commonly used in horizontal axis wind turbines are compared with two vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). A Savonius design and Zephyr VAWT benefit from operational attributes in wind conditions that are unsuitable for airfoil type designs. This paper analyzes each system with respect to both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The aerodynamic performance of each system is numerically analyzed by computational fluid dynamics software, FLUENT. A difference in first and second law efficiencies of between 50 and 53% is predicted for the airfoil systems, whereas 44–55% differences are predicted for the VAWT systems. Key design variables are analyzed and the predicted results are discussed. The exergetic efficiency of each wind turbine is studied for different geometries, design parameters and operating conditions. It is shown that the second law provides unique insight beyond a first law analysis, thereby providing a useful design tool for wind power development.     

Fluidic flow control applied for improved performance of Darrieus wind turbines

The focus of the present research is performance enhancement of a vertical axis Darrieus‐type wind turbine using flow control techniques. The academic and industrial interest in vertical‐axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is increasing because of its suitability to urban areas, characterized by high turbulence and low wind speeds. The paper describes experimental work performed on a GOE222 asymmetrical airfoil intended to be used in a straight‐bladed Darrieus VAWT. Airfoil characteristics were measured in a wide range of incidence angles and Reynolds numbers, relevant for the operation of a small to medium size wind turbine. A variety of passive flow control (passive porosity and surface roughness) and active flow control techniques (boundary layer suction, pulsed suction) were tested in order to evaluate their effects on the airfoil performance. The measured effects of flow control on the 2D airfoil are integrated into a modified version of a double‐multiple streamtube model in order to predict the effects on the performance and efficiency of the turbine. It was found that the improvement of 2D airfoil characteristics can be translated into improvement of total turbine performance. By the use of active flow control, it was possible to increase the VAWT maximum mechanical output. When active flow control is properly activated taking into account the azimuth and Reynolds number conditioning, the effects could be greatly increased while consuming less energy, increasing the net efficiency of the entire system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

摇摆式垂直轴风力机气动特性数值模拟

针对垂直轴风力机无需对风,湍流风风向不断变化的情况,提出转轮轴向力随风向摇摆的垂直轴风力机,利用摇摆产生的切向风和来流风共同作用下的风能,提高气动性能.采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对三叶片摇摆式风力机进行模拟,研究风向变化的周期、幅角以及摇摆迟滞时间对固定式和摇摆式垂直轴风力机力矩系数的影响规律.结果表明:与固定式垂直轴...     

Assessment of optimum tip speed ratio in wind turbines using artificial neural networks

Wind turbine blade design depends on several factors, such as turbine profile used, blade number, power factor, and tip speed ratio. The key to designing a wind turbine is to assess the optimal tip speed ratio (TSR). This will directly affect the power generated and, in turn, the effectiveness of the investment made. TSR is suggested to be taken between 7 and 8 and in practice generally taken as 7 for a 3-blade network-connected wind turbine. However, the optimal TSR is dependent upon the profile type used and the blade number and could fall out of the boundaries suggested. Therefore, it has to be assessed accordingly. In this study, the optimal TSR and the power factor of a wind turbine are predicted using artificial neural networks (ANN) based on the parameters involved for NACA 4415 and LS-1 profile types with 3 and 4 blades. The ANN structure built is found to be more successful than the conventional approach in estimating the TSR and power factor.     

Performance and wake comparison of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines under varying surface roughness conditions

A numerical study of both a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with similar size and power rating is presented. These large scale turbines have been tested when operating stand‐alone at their optimal tip speed ratio (TSR) within a neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The impact of three different surface roughness lengths on the turbine performance is studied for the both turbines. The turbines performance, the response to the variation in the surface roughness of terrain, and the most relevant phenomena involved on the resulting wake were investigated. The main goal was to evaluate the differences and similarities of these two different types of turbine when they operate under the same atmospheric flow conditions. An actuator line model (ALM) was used together with the large eddy simulation (LES) approach for predicting wake effects, and it was implemented using the open‐source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) library OpenFOAM to solve the governing equations and to compute the resulting flow fields. This model was first validated using wind tunnel measurements of power coefficients and wake of interacting HAWTs, and then employed to study the wake structure of both full scale turbines. A preliminary study test comparing the forces on a VAWT blades against measurements was also investigated. These obtained results showed a better performance and shorter wake (faster recovery) for an HAWT compared with a VAWT for the same atmospheric conditions.     

Bezier函数型弯叶片及其在带遮风罩垂直轴风力机中的应用

引入X弯度与Y弯度2个参数,提出了一种基于Bezier函数思想的叶型几何参数设计方法,通过分析传统垂直轴风力机效率低的原因,在此基础上提出了一种带有遮风罩的垂直轴风力机,并将基于Bezier函数生成的弯叶片应用于该风力机中.通过CFD数值模拟方法,研究了该风力机的气动特性,以及各种叶片的弯曲形式对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:遮风罩可以有效降低因来流对动叶轮吸力面的直接冲击而造成的阻力扭矩,风力机平均扭矩可提高107%;叶片的弯曲程度是由X弯度和Y弯度共同作用的结果,当X弯度与Y弯度在一定范围内具有局部最优值时,所形成叶片的垂直轴风力机的气动性能最佳,与普通半圆形叶片相比,风力机总扭转矩提高了33.8%.     

新型双风轮风力机气动特性的三维流场数值模拟

基于Simplic算法,采用SST κ-ω湍流模型,利用Fluent6．3数值模拟软件对新型的小型双风轮风力机的气动特性进行了三维流场研究,并与同规格单风轮风力机的三维流场进行了比较．结果表明：与单风轮风力机相比,随着后风轮叶片数目的增加,新型双风轮风力机的湍流强度变大,风力机运行的稳定性在一定程度上有所降低;当后风轮的叶片数目合理时,后风轮对前风轮的影响较小,且可以有效地捕捉到前风轮的漏风,使得新型双风轮风力机的风轮在获得较大迎风面积的同时可以保持较高的转速,进而能够高效地实现风能的两级利用,明显提高发电功率和增大风能利用系数．     

叶片转角对小型Savonius风机气动性能的影响

Savonius风机是一种典型的垂直轴风力发电机,通过对其进行流固耦合分析,研究叶片转角对风机气动性能的影响。利用ANSYS的CFX流体模块,流体湍流模型选择基于RANS的标准k-ε湍流模型,对风轮进行流固耦合分析,从而获得叶片产生的力矩情况,并计算了风机的功率特性。利用求解结果,得到了力矩系数与叶片转角之间的关系。分析了风机叶片在旋转一周中所产生的最大扭矩以及负扭矩所处的位置和范围。通过分析转角对风机性能的影响,可为今后的Savonius风机叶片形状优化和效率提升提供参考。     

Analysis of aerodynamic load on straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine

This paper presents a wind tunnel experiment for the evaluation of energy performance and aerodynamic forces acting on a small straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) depending on several values of tip speed ratio. In the present study, the wind turbine is a four-bladed VAWT. The test airfoil of blade is symmetry airfoil (NACA0021) with 32 pressure ports used for the pressure measurements on blade surface. Based on the pressure distributions which are acted on the surface of rotor blade measured during rotation by multiport pressure-scanner mounted on a hub, the power, tangential force, lift and drag coefficients which are obtained by pressure distribution are discussed as a function of azimuthally position. And then, the loads which are applied to the entire wind turbine are compared with the experiment data of pressure distribution. As a result, it is clarified that aerodynamic forces take maximum value when the blade is moving to upstream side, and become small and smooth at downstream side. The power and torque coefficients which are based on the pressure distribution are larger than that by torque meter.     

基于CFD的二维垂直轴风力机性能计算

采用计算流体力学方法(CFD)针对垂直轴风力发电机,开展简化的二维绕流特性研究。首先,基于开放型转子和增强型转子,研究网格节点数和壁面y+、计算时间步长和湍流模型等的变化对计算结果的影响,对计算模型和方法进行确认。随后,计算分析增强型垂直轴风力机与开放型垂直轴风力机的特性。结果表明,与开放性垂直轴风力发电机相比,增强型垂直轴风力发电机的功率系数和转矩系数有明显增加,且达到最大值的位置向叶尖速比增大的方向移动。然后对增强型垂直轴风力机发电机在不同来流风速下进行计算,发现增强型垂直轴风力发电机的转子转矩随来流风速增加,而转矩系数和功率系数与来流风速无关。最后,针对定子叶片在不同的方向开展计算研究。结果表明,定子叶片在不同方向时,增强型垂直轴风力机的转子转矩不同,且转矩到达峰值的位置也不同;在当前3个方向角中,叶片处于0°方向角时风力机具有最高的转矩系数,即具有最佳的功率系数。     

A new approach to optimise placement of wind turbines using particle swarm optimisation

In the present study, particle swarm optimisation has been used to resolve the placement of wind turbines in a wind park giving maximum power and efficiency with minimum number of turbines. Unlike past approaches where each plot was subdivided into smaller square grids at the centre of which a turbine can be placed, the present study does not require division of the plot. Thus, a turbine now has more flexibility to be placed anywhere outside a radius of 200 m of each other yielding better results. The case of unidirectional uniform wind is considered in this study. Along with the optimal layout, fitness value, total power output, efficiency and number of turbines have also been reported. Comparison with results of earlier study and possible explanation is also provided.     

Starting torque improvement using J-shaped straight-bladed Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine by means of numerical simulation

In this study a 3 kW straight–bladed Darrieus type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is investigated numerically using OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamic package. The newly proposed J-Shaped profile is used as the blade airfoil in the simulation. The J-Shaped profile is designed by means of eliminating a fraction of pressure side of Du 06-W-200 airfoil. The main purpose of this investigation is the improvement of the VAWT starting torque using J-shaped profile. The power curves for both conventional and J-shaped profiles are calculated and the torque variation is obtained at different azimuth angles. In addition, the vorticity and pressure field surrounding the wind turbine is presented. The results indicate that the performance of turbine is optimized for J-shaped profile which eliminates the pressure side of airfoil from the maximum thickness toward the trailing edge. Moreover, by employing this J-Shaped profile, the wind turbine performance is intensified TSRs and self-starting of turbine is improved.     

实度对低风速风电机组风轮气动性能影响研究

为提高低风速地区的风能利用率,研究风轮实度对低风速风电机组气动性能的影响。考虑影响风轮实度因素（叶片数量、弦长及安装角）,设计2组不同弦长叶片与可调安装角轮毂。安装角改变时不仅会引起实度变化,还会使叶尖速比发生改变。通过车载试验验证安装角不同时对风轮气动性能的影响主要与叶尖速比相关。根据不同风轮表面压力分布数值模拟结果得出：相同风速下,弦长由叶根到叶尖逐渐增大的叶片更易启动。相同条件下,试验机组输出功率与数值模拟机组输出功率最大相差5.37%,说明数值模拟结果可信。随着风轮实度的增加,风速5 m/s时,其风能利用系数呈增大趋势,风速8 m/s时,其风能利用系数呈减小趋势,两趋势相交时实度为25.38%,得出该实度下风轮气动性能较优,即可得到适合低风速地区的风轮实度。