多缸汽油HCCI发动机燃烧循环变动的研究

在均质混合气压燃(HCCI)发动机研发中多缸不均匀性是一个重要的问题.通过在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上采用两次燃油喷射和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了SI/HCCI复合燃烧方式,研究了汽油HCCI发动机在不同燃烧模式下的多缸燃烧循环波动特性.研究结果表明:在汽油机中低负荷典型工况下,HCCI燃烧pi的缸内循环波动率小于2%,缸间循环波动率小于3%;HCCI发动机缸间循环波动主要受进气量的影响,与SI燃烧模式相比,采用稀燃模式的汽油HCCI燃烧缸间循环波动较小,HCCI燃烧的压力升高率和最高燃烧压力的循环波动率较小.     

多缸汽油机倒拖示功图分析

简要介绍了作者开发的可对多缸汽油机各缸压力进行同时检测的测量系统;报导了利用该系统对４９２ Ｑ Ｃ汽油机各缸倒拖压力进行测量及比较分析的结果。在转速分别为ｎ＝ ９９９ ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ、１ ３９３ ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ、２ ３１８ ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ、３ ８０４ ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ 的条件下,测量了节气门开度变化时的各缸倒拖压力,比较分析了可近似反映各缸进气量大小的各缸倒拖压力最大值。结果表明,采用作者开发的多缸发动机各缸压力同时测量系统可有效地对多缸发动机倒拖时的缸间充气量差异进行评价。试验用发动机的第１ 缸倒拖最大压力的变动大于第２ 缸,第３ 缸的倒拖最大压力的变化大于第４ 缸;第４ 缸的进气量最大,第２ 缸的进气量最小;各缸的倒拖最大压力偏差率在－ ９％ ～６％ 的范围内变化     

瞬变工况下多缸汽油机各缸进气均匀性

采用动态压力实测与数值计算相耦合的方法,在路试工况下对一台搭载在乘用车上的多缸汽油机各缸进排气参数进行连续检测,得到随循环数变化的各缸气体状态变化历程.通过对比分析各缸进、排气参数(如缸内新鲜充量、残余废气量等)差异性的变化范围及影响因素,揭示了各缸残余废气系数不均匀性的变化规律和诱因,以及对进气性能的影响.结果表明,在中低转速和负荷区域,各缸残余废气系数相对偏差在±10%,以内,此时主要受进气平均压力的影响;在高速高负荷区域,各缸残余废气系数相对偏差在±20%,以内,此时主要受排气压力波的影响.优化发动机排气系统结构和布置方式,是改变各缸进气均匀性的重要途径.     

读者问答

<正> 1 多缸柴油机大修后各缸压缩比为何不同? 答,不少拖拉机和汽车修理厂常出现多缸发动机大修后车速不稳、机身振动和敲缸等现象。经检查,曲柄连杆机构、配气机构、燃油系统、缸体和缸盖等运动件和密封件原都符合说明书上的技术要求。照理不该出现的故障却时有发生,这些大修发动机经气缸压力表测试后发现各缸压力不一致,若     

电控汽油机起动及暖机工况燃烧状况的分析统计

根据在电控汽油机上实测的气缸压力、瞬时转速等参数 ,对汽油机起动及怠速暖机过程中正常燃烧、不完全燃烧及失火时相应的示功图及瞬时转速波形的特点进行了分析。结果表明 :汽油机冷起动后 ,缸内处于不稳定的燃烧状态 ,出现不完全燃烧或失火 ,并且各缸间的燃烧稳定性相差很大。     

小缸径多缸柴油机行业现状研讨

1前言通常小缸径多缸柴油机(以下简称多缸小柴)系指气缸直径75～98、气缸数≥2缸的系列机型。多缸小柴在全国内燃机系列型谱中分属高速柴油机第3系列(D=75～82)、第4系列(D=85～90)和第5系列(D=93～98)。至今,机电部先后公布两批高速柴油机列入国家内燃机系列产品。多缸小柴已被确认为国家内燃机系列产品见表。     

船用微引燃双燃料发动机多缸平衡控制的试验

针对船用微引燃双燃料发动机多缸不平衡问题,开展了多缸平衡控制的仿真与试验,建立发动机仿真模型,用试验测量的进气歧管压力验证了模型精度,基于仿真模型定量分析了发动机各缸燃气量和过量空气系数的差异.采用燃气喷射量补偿的方法对各缸进行缸平衡控制的研究,分别以各缸爆发压力、平均指示有效压力(IMEP)和排气温度为控制变量修正各...     

根据飞轮瞬时转速诊断发动机各缸燃烧差异的探讨

对于在用的汽车、拖拉机与工程机械用发动机来说，是无法采用示功器同时测录各缸示功图并据以评判各缸的燃烧过程的。本文介绍了一种根据飞轮瞬时转速诊断发动机各缸燃烧差异的方法，并以Ｒ４１０２及Ｒ６１０２工程机械用柴油机为例，研究探讨了根据多缸机飞轮瞬时转速推求各缸间燃烧压力差异的原理。文中对推求偏差进行了分析讨论，得出在压缩上止点后１０℃Ａ～８０℃Ａ期间，各缸间燃烧压力差值的推求偏差在±０．１ＭＰａ。     

内燃机名词、术语(五)

36.气缸直径(cylinder bore) 气缸的内径,简称缸径。用D表示,单位为mm(见图1中D)。内燃机的缸径应符合系列型谱的规定,特殊情况如果不符合系列型谱的规定,缸径的个位数出是0或5,最好不要小数。汽油机,由于燃烧过程的特点,气缸直径一般不大于120mm;柴油机,也由于燃烧     

发火顺序对增压柴油机进气不均匀性影响的研究

在某V型多缸柴油机性能试验和多个气缸压力测量的基础上,对该柴油机的一维性能仿真计算模型进行了标定和校核,并应用验证后的模型计算和分析了该柴油机不同曲轴结构对应的发火顺序时各缸进气流量的不均匀性.计算结果表明:不同发火顺序造成各缸进气门前压力波动的规律差异很大,造成各缸进气不均匀度的差异也很大,相比之下,平面曲轴对应的发火顺序造成的进气不均匀度较小,而十字曲轴、成对曲轴和混合曲轴对应的发火顺序造成的进气不均匀度较大.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.