微径球头铣刀铣削力建模与仿真

以微径球头铣刀铣削力为研究对象,分析了刀具刃线模型.将刀具沿刀轴方向离散为若干切削单元,分别依照单齿切削及两齿切削求得各切削单元的实际瞬时切削厚度.基于实体造型的方法提取了参与切削的切削刃段,并通过实验识别了瞬时切削力系数及主轴径向跳动参数,建立了综合考虑主轴径向跳动、微细铣削所特有的尺度效应的影响及可能出现的单齿切削现象的微径球头铣刀铣削力模型.实验结果验证了所提模型的有效性和可行性.     

Study on Surface Roughness of Part in the Micro-end-milling Process

实验研究了用小型数控铣床进行微槽形工件微细端铣削过程中,不同切削条件对工件表面粗糙度的影响。通过对每齿进给量、切削速度、切削深度及刀具直径取不同的值,设计并实施了一系列微槽形工件微细端铣削实验,确定每一因素对表面粗糙度定性、定量的影响特性,分析各因素间交互作用对表面粗糙度值的影响,并确定主要影响因素。根据工件表面粗糙度轨迹特征获悉,刀具跳动不仅影响微细端铣削零件的尺寸精度,同时对零件的表面粗糙度也会造成显著影响,减小刀具跳动对改善零件表面质量意义重大。     

微铣削中考虑刀具跳动的瞬时切厚解析计算方法

通过研究刀具实际切削过程中的余摆线轨迹及其影响,提出一种新的瞬时切厚解析计算方法,并针对两齿、四齿的情况给出瞬时切厚的具体计算公式。在两齿和四齿铣槽工况下,分析刀具跳动量和跳动角度对各齿切削过程的影响。该方法考虑刀具的综合径向跳动(包括主轴跳动,刀具制造安装误差等综合形成的径向跳动值),适用于微铣削中任意齿数刀具瞬时切厚的计算。通过与宏观铣削中的传统切厚计算公式、BAO模型和Newton-Raphson等数值法对比,量化指出了微细铣削加工与传统宏观铣削加工的一些不同,同时验证了提出的方法具有计算简洁、精度高和通用性强的优势。基于该模型进行了微铣削铣槽试验中切削力的预测,预测结果和试验结果相符良好,验证了模型的正确性和实用意义。     

高速面铣加工的动态铣削力和刀具振动研究

基于力学式切削力预测方法建立了面铣刀动态铣削模型,该模型充分考虑切削厚度、刀具前角和刀具后刀面磨损对铣削力的影响.在Matlab/Simulink环境下,进行了动态铣削力和刀具振动仿真及其频谱分析,并根据仿真结果对转速、齿数、刀具磨损量等影响因素进行了分析验证,该模型有利于揭示各切削参数对动态铣削力和刀具振动的影响规律,从而为实现切削加工参数优化提供理论支持.     

微细铣削氧化锆陶瓷铣削力特征分析

针对硬态氧化锆陶瓷的微细精密加工问题,采用金刚石涂层微铣刀进行了微细铣削试验。介绍了微细铣削陶瓷材料时加工区的几何特征,分析了可能产生单齿铣削的原因。通过测力仪记录了铣削力信号,对特征力信号进行了描述和分析,研究了铣削参数以及刀具磨损对铣削力大小的影响。结果表明,微细铣削陶瓷材料时,由于每齿进给量非常小,故铣削过程易产生单齿铣削现象;铣削力轴向分量Fz的值最大,随着每齿进给量的增大,Fz呈明显上升趋势;随铣削路程的增加,刀具磨损加剧,铣削力也随之增大,受刀具磨损影响产生一定波动,特别是Fz,其增加幅度明显大于Fx和Fy的增加幅度。     

周铣变曲率曲面铣削力与弯曲误差建模与分析

小直径周铣曲率变化的曲面时,影响铣削力的几何参数都会随着刀具路径而变化,同时小直径刀具加工过程中若f/R(每齿进给量与刀具半径比)不是极小值时其刀齿路径不再近似于圆,传统切削厚度和切削力计算不适用于此类加工时切削厚度和切削力的计算。本文提出了对于f/R不是极小值的小直径刀具圆周铣削曲率变化的曲面时其铣削力的计算模型,对于刀具弯曲模型根据实际情况考虑其受到均布载荷,运用悬臂梁结构对刀具弯曲的误差模型进行建立。     

基于刀具跳动的环形铣刀切削厚度模型的切削力计算

数控铣削过程中,切削变形引起的瞬时切削厚度是影响铣削加工切削力建模的重要参数之一,针对环形铣刀的切削特点,在考虑刀具跳动的情况下,对真实刀刃轨迹运动进行分析。将微细铣削的加工过程用宏观铣削来表示,从而建立了基于宏观铣削过程中刀具跳动下精密加工的瞬时切削厚度。通过仿真模拟和切削力试验来预测切削力,预测结果和试验结果具有一致性,表明该模型可以更好的预测加工过程中的切削力。     

铣削玻璃纤维/碳纤维芳纶纸蜂窝板实验研究

以玻璃纤维/碳纤维芳纶纸蜂窝板铣削试验为基础,研究了3种不同刀具和不同铣削宽度对刀具磨损和工件加工质量的影响。结果表明:随着铣削宽度的增加,刀具磨损都随之增加。其中,硬质合金铣刀磨损最严重,磨损量远大于金刚石涂层刀具。在切削参数相同的条件下,硬质合金铣刀的切削效果最差,而人字形和菱齿CVD金刚石薄膜涂层铣刀的切削效果明显改善,前者玻璃纤维的切削效果最好,后者碳纤维的切削效果最佳。     

异形螺杆铣削过程刀具磨损建模研究

介绍了一种螺杆铣削过程刀具磨损建模的方法。该方法针对螺杆加工中变切削参数的工况，提取了振动信号和功率信号的刀具磨损特征值，并建立了信号特征值与刀具磨损量之间的映射关系，从而得到刀具磨损模型。实验证明，由此建立的刀具磨损模型。能够排除切削参数变化的干扰，可以较好地反映加工中刀具磨损状态。同时也为具有时变切削参数特性的加工过程刀具磨损状态监控提供了新的研究方法。     

TC4钛合金微细铣削仿真与试验研究

钛合金由于其高的强度和耐热性、低的导热系数,在微细加工时若切削参数选择不合理容易导致切削力大、加工质量不稳定。在微细铣削加工中,由于刃口半径和尺寸效应的存在,选择合适的切削参数对于切削状态的改善有重要意义。通过仿真和试验对比分析,研究TC4钛合金在微细铣削过程中每齿进给量对切屑变形、铣削力和加工表面粗糙度的影响,以期为改善微细切削状态、提高加工表面质量提供合适的切削参数选择指导。结果表明,在使用刃口半径为2.05μm、刀具直径为1 mm的硬质合金铣刀对TC4钛合金进行微细铣削加工时,微细铣削TC4钛合金切削状态发生转变时所对应的临界每齿进给量为0.8μm/z;微细铣削时每齿进给量应大于此临界值。     

Surface generation modeling of micro milling process with stochastic tool wear

Micro milling is widely used to manufacture miniature parts and features at high quality with low set-up cost. To achieve a higher quality of existing micro products and improve the milling performance, a reliable analytical model of surface generation is the prerequisite as it offers the foundation for surface topography and surface roughness optimization. In the micro milling process, the stochastic tool wear is inevitable, but the deep influence of tool wear hasn't been considered in the micro milling process operation and modeling. Therefore, an improved analytical surface generation model with stochastic tool wear is presented for the micro milling process. A probabilistic approach based on the particle filter algorithm is used to predict the stochastic tool wear progression, linking online measurement data of cutting forces and tool vibrations with the state of tool wear. Meanwhile, the influence of tool run-out is also considered since the uncut chip thickness can be comparable to feed per tooth compared with that in conventional milling. Based on the process kinematics, tool run-out and stochastic tool wear, the cutting edge trajectory for micro milling can be determined by a theoretical and empirical coupled method. At last, the analytical surface generation model is employed to predict the surface topography and surface roughness, along with the concept of the minimum chip thickness and elastic recovery. The micro milling experiment results validate the effectiveness of the presented analytical surface generation model under different machining conditions. The model can be a significant supplement for predicting machined surface prior to the costly micro milling operations, and provide a basis for machining parameters optimization.     

基于主轴电流的铣削力间接监测方法

实时准确地监测铣削状态对于提高加工质量与加工效率具有重要意义,切削力作为重要的加工状态监测对象,因其监测设备昂贵且安装不便而受到限制,为此提出一种考虑刀具磨损的基于主轴电流的铣削力监测方法.首先基于切削微元理论建立了考虑后刀面磨损的铣削力模型,并通过铣削实验进行铣削力模型系数标定;然后对主轴电流与铣削力的关系进行理论建...     

Instantaneous uncut chip thickness modeling for micro-end milling process

The prediction model of instantaneous uncut chip thickness is critical for micro-end milling process, which can directly affect the cutting forces, surface accuracy, and process stability of the micro-end milling process. This paper presents an instantaneous uncut chip thickness model systematically based on the actual trochoidal trajectory of tooth and the tool run-out in micro-end milling process. The variable entry and exit angles of tool, which are affected by the tool run-out, are concerned in the model. The related instantaneous uncut chip thickness is evaluated by considering the theoretical instantaneous uncut chip thickness and the minimum uncut chip thickness, which is formulated by two types of material removal mechanisms, in the elastic-plastic deformation region and the complete chip formation region, respectively. In comparison with the instantaneous chip thickness obtained from the conventional model, the feasibility of the proposed model can be proved by the related simulation results with variable process parameters including feed per tooth, radial depth of cut, and tool run-out. In addition, the predicted and measured cutting forces are compared with validate the accuracy of the proposed instantaneous uncut chip thickness model for the micro-end milling process.     

Chatter stability of micro end milling by considering process nonlinearities and process damping

The micro end milling uses the miniature tools to fabricate complexity microstructures at high rotational speeds. The regenerative chatter, which causes tool wear and poor machining quality, is one of the challenges needed to be solved in the micro end milling process. In order to predict the chatter stability of micro end milling, this paper proposes a cutting forces model taking into account the process nonlinearities caused by tool run-out, trajectory of tool tip and intermittency of chip formation, and the process damping effect in the ploughing-dominant and shearing-dominant regimes. Since the elasto-plastic deformation of micro end milling leads to large process damping which will affect the process stability, the process damping is also included in the cutting forces model. The micro end milling process is modeled as a two degrees of freedom system with the dynamic parameters of tool-machine system obtained by the receptance coupling method. According to the calculated cutting forces, the time-domain simulation method is extended to predict the chatter stability lobes diagrams. Finally, the micro end milling experiments of cutting forces and machined surface quality have been investigated to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.     

Effects of Cutting Parameters on Tool Insert Wear in End Milling of Titanium Alloy Ti6A14V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4 V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4 V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4 V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

Effects of cutting parameters on tool insert wear in end milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

Cutting force model considering tool edge geometry for micro end milling process

The analysis of the cutting force in micro end milling plays an important role in characterizing the cutting process, as the tool wear and surface texture depend on the cutting forces. Because the depth of cut is larger than the tool edge radius in conventional cutting, the effect of the tool edge radius can be ignored. However, in micro cutting, this radius has an influence on the cutting mechanism. In this study, an analytical cutting force model for micro end milling is proposed for predicting the cutting forces. The cutting force model, which considers the edge radius of the micro end mill, is simulated. The validity is investigated through the newly developed tool dynamometer for the micro end milling process. The predicted cutting forces were consistent with the experimental results.     

An improved cutting force model for micro milling considering machining dynamics

Micro milling, as a versatile micro machining process, is kinematically similar to conventional milling; however, it is significantly different from conventional milling with respect to chip formation mechanisms and uncut chip thickness modelling, due to the comparable size of the edge radius to the chip thickness, and the small per-tooth feeding. Considering tool runout and dynamic displacement between the tool and the workpiece, the contour of the workpiece left by previous tool paths is typically in a wavy form, and the wavy surface provides a feedback mechanism to cutting force generation because the instantaneous uncut chip thickness changes with both the vibration during the current tool path and the surface left by the previous tool paths. In this study, a more accurate uncut chip thickness model was established including the precise trochoidal trajectory of the cutting edge, tool runout and dynamic modulation caused by the machine tool system vibration. The dynamic regenerative effect is taken into account by considering the influence of all the previous cutting trajectories using numerical iteration; thus, the multiple time delays (MTD) are considered in this model. It is found that transient separation of the tool-workpiece occurring at a low feed per tooth, caused by MTD and the existing cutting force models, is no longer applicable when transient tool-workpiece separation occurs. Based on the proposed uncut chip thickness model, an improved cutting force model of micro milling is developed by full consideration of the ploughing effect and elastic recovery of the workpiece material. The proposed cutting force model is verified by micro end milling experiments, and the results show that the proposed model is capable of producing more accurate cutting force prediction than other existing models, particularly at small feed per tooth.