延展型表面活性剂中PEO与PPO的协同效应

以月桂醇为原料，经丙氧基化、乙氧基化、硫酸酯化和中和等系列反应合成了月桂基聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（SLP3E3S）。采用FTIR、ESI-MS和1HNMR表征了其结构。测定了SLP3E3S的界面化学性质和应用性能，并与十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、月桂基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（SLE3S）和月桂基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸钠（SLP3S）对比，考察引入聚氧乙烯链（PEO）与延展型表面活性剂中聚氧丙烯链（PPO）的协同效应。结果表明，PEO链与PPO链的协同效应使SLP3E3S在低泡性（49 mL）、对极性油的乳化力（19.4 min）和钙皂分散力（55.8 mol/mol）等方面显著优于另3种表面活性剂；而其电解质抗性（尤其是钙离子抗性）远超SDS和SLP3S，并达到与SLE3S同等水准。     

聚氧丙烯链对延展型表面活性剂的双亲性贡献

以天然月桂醇为原料,采用丙氧基化反应、硫酸酯化反应和中和反应合成了系列月桂基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸钠(SLP_pS,依据月桂醇与环氧丙烷物质的量比计算得到p=3、6、9),采用红外和核磁氢谱对其进行了结构表征。考察了SLP_pS的表面张力、泡沫、乳化、润湿、去污、临界胶束温度和钙离子抗性等界面和胶束溶液性质,并与两种传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和月桂基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(SLE_3S)对比,突显聚氧丙烯(PPO)链对延展型表面活性剂性质的影响。结果表明,PPO链不仅为SLP_pS分子提供疏水贡献,使SLP_pS的表面张力降低至32.1 mN/m以下,并使其临界胶束浓度低至1.0×10~(-4) mol/L数量级,同时产生了优于SDS和SLE_3S的乳化、润湿和去污能力,而且提供弱的极性贡献,产生低于0℃的临界胶束温度和高于SDS约30倍的钙离子抗性。SLP_pS的优异性质使其适用于个人护理及家用清洁产品中。     

异辛醇聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚表面活性研究

本文以异辛醇烷基链为疏水烷基,以不同链长聚氧乙烯(EO)为亲水头基,插入不同链长的聚氧丙烯(PO)作为连接基团,制备了异辛醇聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚(i-C8POmEOn),并研究了该系列表面活性剂的表面活性.结果表明:i-C8POmEOn系列表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和表面张力均低于常规SDS,其中cmc 要低1 ...     

磷酸酯型extended表面活性剂的性能研究

本研究配制了不同比例单十二烷基聚氧丙烯醚磷酸钠(MC₁₂P₃P)与双十二烷基聚氧丙烯醚磷酸钠(DC₁₂P₃P)的系列C12P3P样品,考察磷酸酯型extended表面活性剂中单/双酯比例对产品性能的影响,并与市售单十二烷基磷酸钾(MAPK)、月桂基聚氧乙烯醚-3硫酸钠(SLE3S)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)比较。实验结果表明,系列单/双酯比例C₁₂P₃P的硬水泡沫力远低于SDS和SLE₃S,但较MAPK有较大改善,乳化力优于MAPK、SLE3S和SDS,润湿性远优于MAPK和SLE3S;虽然DC₁₂P₃P含量增加不利于发泡、乳化和润湿,但只要控制在20wt%范围内不会造成明显不良影响。配方M80对碳黑、皮脂和蛋白三种标准污布的去污力均远优于M100,也优于MAPK和SLE₃S,表明DC₁₂P₃P可以大大改善MC_12<...     

十二烷基聚氧丙烯醚-9硫酸钠@Al_2O_3新型吸附剂对阿伏苯宗的吸附增溶

延展型表面活性剂的吸附增溶特性在日用化学品及药物传送体系中具有应用潜能。研究合成了一种e-表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧丙烯醚-9硫酸钠(C_(12)P_9S)并用FTIR和1H NMR表征其结构。测得其表面张力为32 m N·m~(-1),CMC为0.18 mmol·L~(-1),饱和吸附量为0.95μmol·m~(-2)以及表面最小分子吸附面积为174?~2,因此比十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)具有更高的表面活性,且因其PPO链而在各种界面上占据更大的分子吸附面积。以微米级Al_2O_3为吸附剂,通过吸附法分别制备了C_(12)P_9S@Al_2O_3和SDS@Al_2O_3两种改性吸附剂,测得C_(12)P_9S和SDS在Al_2O_3上的吸附量分别为0.168 mmol·g~(-1)和0.218 mmol·g~(-1);对化妆品中常用防晒剂阿伏苯宗(Ab)进行吸附增溶对比,结果表明C_(12)P_9S@Al_2O_3上Ab的吸附增溶量达到1223 g·mol~(-1),显著高于SDS@Al_2O_3的874 g·mol~(-1),表明C_(12)P_9S分子中PPO链有独特的吸附增溶贡献,因此e-表面活性剂具有在防晒产品中应用的潜能。     

烷基糖苷与阴离子表面活性剂 复配体系的泡沫和润湿性能

将发泡力及泡沫稳定性较好的2种烷基糖苷表面活性剂月桂基糖苷(APG1214)和椰油基糖苷(APG0814B64)分别与4种阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)、十二烷基硫酸铵(K12A)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵(AESA)复配,考察复配体系的发泡性能和润湿性能。结果表明,APG1214与K12、AES在泡沫性能和润湿性能上都表现出显著的协同增效作用,而与K12A、AESA的协同增效作用主要体现在润湿性能上。APG0814B64与K12、AES在发泡性能方面表现出协同增效作用。     

烷氧基化表面活性剂/凹凸棒土体系在福·克悬浮种衣剂中的应用

研究了烷氧基化表面活性剂/凹凸棒土体系用于20%福·克(福美双 克百威)玉米种衣剂中的悬浮性能。实验条件下,烷氧基化表面活性剂/凹凸棒土复合体系悬浮效果良好,凹凸棒土/壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚/烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚甲醛缩合物硫酸钠(质量比为3∶3∶2)与凹凸棒土/烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚甲醛缩合物硫酸钠(质量比为3∶1)悬浮率达到90%和73%,黏度变化率小于6%和9%,凹凸棒土/烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚甲醛缩合物硫酸钠(质量比为3∶1)在7、14d的析水体积只有0.25%、0.50%。结果表明,烷氧基化表面活性剂与凹凸棒土存在较强的相互作用,在膨胀性、悬浮性及黏度变化上优于对比的高分子、阴离子表面活性剂体系,且三元复合体系性能较二元体系更优。结合凹凸棒土资源优势,利用烷氧基化表面活性剂与之复合开发悬浮体系,有利于提高其综合利用率。     

含水乙醇汽油体系相稳定剂的研究

通过向乙醇汽油中加入相稳定剂的方法,获得稳定的含水乙醇汽油体系,从而降低其成本,促进乙醇汽油在我国的推广应用。对4种非离子表面活性剂:月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-3)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-4,OP-6)的相稳定效果进行研究。结果表明:对E15,E20和E25乙醇汽油,相稳定剂用量(体积分数)大于3%时,AEO-3的相稳定效果最优;对E5,E10乙醇汽油,随各表面活性剂的HLB值逐渐增大,相稳定效果依次增强。温度一定,体系的最大增溶水量与表面活性剂用量、乙醇配比均成正比。     

Extended表面活性剂2-丙基庚醇聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠在纺织前处理剂中的应用

以2-丙基庚醇聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚为原料,经SO₃硫酸化、中和制备了Extended硫酸盐表面活性剂2-丙基庚醇聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(C₁₀P_mE₂S,m=3、8、12)。测定了C₁₀P_mE₂S的耐碱性、润湿性、泡沫、处理后的织物白度和毛效。结果表明：随着C₁₀P_mE₂S分子中PO基团数目的增加,耐碱性降低,润湿时间增长,初始泡沫体积下降,白度无显著差异,毛效增加。     

表面活性剂在家用洗涤剂中的应用进展

论述了表面活性剂在家用洗涤剂中的应用现状和发展趋势,分析了直链烷基苯磺酸钠、α-烯基磺酸钠、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物、烷基糖苷等几种重要的表面活性剂的应用和市场情况,阐明了脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠有望成为新一代有影响力的阴离子表面活性剂。指出家用洗涤剂的发展趋势将是功能化、浓缩化和液体化,表面活性剂将向油脂基和特种表面活性剂发展,其安全性也将倍受关注。建议加强油脂化学工业建设,为油脂基表面活性剂的发展打下坚实基础。     

Monazite-containing oxide/oxide composites

An extremely simple processing route has been used to produce LaPO₄ (La-monazite)/alumina continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. In this paper, the processing, microstructure and tensile properties are reviewed. In particular, the damage tolerance and notch insensitivity of this system, which contains monazite-coated fibers, will be compared to the properties reported for other oxide composites.     

Conductivity of zirconium oxide alloyed with lithium oxide

The solid-phase method is used to synthesize polycrystalline samples of zirconium dioxide stabilized with 10% Y₂O₃ (or content) and up to 3% Li₂O. It is found that the conductivity of the samples increases substantially when Li₂O is added and reaches its maximum value at 1.7% Li₂O. The conduction activation energy decreases from 0.85 eV in samples with no Li₂O added to 0.56 eV in samples containing 1.7% Li₂O. It is suggested that lithium ions in the ZrO₂ cubic lattice form two types of defects: substitution effects — Li _Zr ^3? and interstitial defects — Li _i ⁺ . The latter greatly increase the electrical conductivity of the samples.     

Flame-photometric determination of lithium oxide in yttrium oxide

Conclusions It was established that the intensity of lithium radiation diminishes in the presence of high yttrium concentrations and in the presence of more than 0.2 g-eq/liter HCl. A method is proposed for determining Li₂O in yttrium oxide by flame-photometry. The precision of the determination equals 0.05% Li₂O. The coefficient of variation in measurements of less than 0.1% Li₂O is 17.7% but with 0.2–2% Li₂O it does not exceed 3.5%. The determination requires a maximum of 3.5 h.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 53–55, April, 1975.     

Stereoregular polymerization of propylene oxide by bis-dimethylaluminium oxide

Stereoregular polymerization of propylene oxide (PO) by bis-dimethylaluminum oxide (BMAO) was studied. It is found that at 80°C a relatively high initial rate of the process rapidly dies away. By measuring and identifying the evolved by-product gases of the polymerization it was concluded that the decay of the rate is due to the transfer of a proton from the methyl (Me) group of PO, to the Me-Al groups of BMAO, by forming an aluminium allylalkoxide bond and a methane molecule. However, this transformation (and also the alcoholysis of Me groups of BMAO with several alcohols) apparently increases the stereoregular yield of the process. The polymerization process as well as the ionization of BMAO and the transport properties of ions were studied in the presence and absence of solvents, additives and monomer. Although BMAO extensively ionizes in the polymerization solution, the stereoregular yield of process increases as the dielectric constant of the media decreases. On the basis of present data the mechanism of polymerization was discussed.     

Nitroxide-functionalized graphene oxide from graphite oxide

A facile method for preparing functionalized graphene oxide single layers with nitroxide groups is reported herein. Highly oxidized graphite oxide (GO = 83.1%) was obtained, slightly modifying an improved Hummer’s method. Oxoammonium salts (OS) were investigated to introduce nitroxide groups to GO, resulting in a one-step functionalization and exfoliation. The mechanisms of functionalization/exfoliation are proposed, where the oxidation of aromatic alcohols to ketone groups, and the formation of alkoxyamine species are suggested. Two kinds of functionalized graphene oxide layers (GOFT1 and GOFT2) were obtained by controlling the amount of OS added. GOFT1 and GOFT2 exhibited a high interlayer spacing (d₀₀₀₁ = 1.12 nm), which was determined by X-ray diffraction. The presence of new chemical bonds C–N (∼9.5%) and O–O (∼4.3%) from nitroxide attached onto graphene layers were observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Single-layers of GOFT1 were observed by HRTEM, exhibiting amorphous and crystalline zones at a 50:50 ratio; in contrast, layers of GOFT2 exhibited a fully amorphous surface. Fingerprint of GOFT1 single layers was obtained by electron diffraction at several tilts. Finally, the potential use of these materials within Nylon 6 matrices was investigated, where an unusual simultaneous increase in tensile stress, tensile strain and Young’s modulus was observed.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of silicon oxide clad uranium oxide nanowires

A facile method to synthesize silicon oxide clad uranium oxide nanowires is presented. U₃Si₂, used as a precursor, was oxidized to produce uranium oxide nanocrystallites and amorphous silicon oxide under hydrothermal conditions at 300°C and a pressure of 7.8 × 10⁶ Pa. The growth of uranium oxide nanowires was assisted by silicon oxide via assembling the uranium oxide nanocrystallites in an amorphous silicon oxide matrix. The microstructure and composition of silicon oxide clad uranium oxide nanowires were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDS. The uranium oxide in the nanowires was determined as UO_2.34 with a fluoride cubic structure.     

A study of nitrous oxide decomposition over calcium oxide

A study of N₂O decomposition reaction in a fixed bed a reactor over bed of CaO particles has been conducted. Effects of parameters such as concentration of inlet N₂O gas, reacting temperature and content of CO₂/ CO gas present in the reacting materials on the decomposition reaction have been investigated. The results showed that the conversion of N₂O decomposition was accelerated by the increase of reaction temperature, and the existence of CO, while the rate was hindered by the existence of CO₂. Heterogeneous gas solid reaction kinetics was proposed for N₂O decomposition and compared with homogeneous reaction kinetics. Presented at the Int’l Symp. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8–10, 2001), dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Reactions of adenine with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide

Reactions leading to thermostable polyetherols containing purine rings were studied. Products of reaction of adenine and an excess of the oxiranes were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies. The physical properties of some of the products were determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 489–497, 2002     

Al_2O_3基催化剂中TiO_2的分析

介绍了一种分析Al_2O_3基催化剂中Ti含量的方法。采用浓硫酸并加热溶解催化剂试样,控制待测溶液中硫酸浓度为2mol/L,加入5mL质量分数3%的过氧化氢作为显色剂,在分光光度计上进行比色,可快速测定Al_2O_3基催化剂中Ti的含量。试样测定的相对标准偏差小于或等于1.13%。