纯铜滚动载流摩擦副在不同载荷和电压作用下的失效研究

采用FTM-CF100载流摩擦试验机,以纯铜对滚配副为例研究了滚动载流摩擦副的失效行为和失效机制。随着测试时间的增加,摩擦因数首先保持平稳然后逐步上升,传导的电流在初期较快增加后保持稳定,在此过程中摩擦因数和电流的波动性增加。经过至少180 min运行后,保持电压不变时最终得到的摩擦因数和电流随载荷的增加而增加,且高载荷有利于获取较低的载流/摩擦波动性;保持载荷不变时高电压下摩擦因数更高而且波动性更大,均高于无电流情形。滚动载流摩擦副性能失效表现为摩擦因数的大幅上升以及电流波动性恶化,增加载荷和电压均加速失效过程。结合微观表征,推测在高压力和电阻热的作用下表面微凸峰易发生形变,造成载流摩擦表面粗糙度下降,因而真实接触面积增加从而电流上升;但此时铜材料易产生黏着,引起摩擦因数的升高;载流摩擦表面的局部氧化和氧化磨粒导致了载流/摩擦的波动性加剧。     

不同转速下弹性环滚动载流摩擦性能和损伤分析

采用内滚道、外滚道和弹性环组成滚动载流摩擦副,通过载流摩擦试验研究了其在不同转速下的载流摩擦学性能和材料损伤。结果表明：随着转速从240 r/min增加到600 r/min,摩擦副稳态运行期间的摩擦力升高,接触电阻下降;摩擦前期材料损伤形式主要以接触表面金属塑性变形为主,摩擦平稳期以材料剥落为主;在相同的初始接触条件下,高转速促进表面疲劳和材料磨损,试验后弹性环磨痕宽度明显变宽,磨损量逐渐增大,表面氧化程度下降,O和Cu原子个数比降低;磨痕宽度增幅相近的条件下,同等转速下的摩擦力增幅小于变速条件下的摩擦力增幅;转速增加引起的摩擦力增大与高转速下弹性环滑滚增加也有关系。     

电流对载流摩擦副材料损伤行为的影响

载流摩擦过程中材料的损伤行为是影响载流摩擦副寿命的关键。采用纯铜与QCr05配副,研究纯铜材料的载流磨损行为。结果表明,载流条件下磨损行为仍然包括无电条件下的主要磨损行为;电流的介入导致磨损行为发生变化,在载荷50 N、滑动速度10 m/s条件下,电流从0增加到50 A时表面温度增加5.6~7.2倍;且摩擦表面严重粗糙化,发生剧烈不均匀塑性变形,在载荷70 N、滑动速度20 m/s、电流60 A条件下,其变形层厚度约180 μm;电流还直接导致材料的损伤,主要包括熔融和喷溅。     

载流条件下铬青铜/纯铜摩擦副摩擦磨损性能研究

在自制的销盘摩擦磨损试验机上,对铬青铜/纯铜摩擦副进行载流条件下的干滑动模拟试验,研究了电流、速度、载荷对铬青铜/纯铜摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。试验结果表明:电流是影响摩擦副摩擦磨损性能最显著的因素,摩擦因数和磨损率都随着电流的增大而增大;速度和载荷对摩擦因数和磨损率也有显著影响;电流的存在,摩擦副间产生了比无电流时更严重的粘着磨损和塑性变形,同时增加了电化学腐蚀,使磨损更加严重。     

载流摩擦磨损中电弧侵蚀的研究现状及趋势

综述载流摩擦磨损中电弧侵蚀的研究现状,分析电弧的产生及电弧侵蚀的表面特征和形成依据,并提出今后研究的方向。目前关于电弧侵蚀的定量研究不多,没有一个完善的电弧侵蚀物理模型用于计算材料的被侵蚀程度,有必要先对电弧的起弧速度、电流、载荷及燃弧时间进行定量研究,结合表面磨损机制,分析材料的摩擦磨损性能。     

电弧能量对C/C复合材料的载流摩擦磨损行为的影响

在自制的销盘载流摩擦磨损试验机上,研究电弧能量对C/C复合材料/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损行为的影响,并利用扫描电镜和能谱仪等对磨损表面进行了表征.结果显示,随着电弧能量的增加,C/C复合材料的磨损也随之增加;在较低的电弧能量下,电弧对材料的侵蚀不严重,材料的磨损也不严重,其磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损和少量的电气磨损,随着电弧能量的增加,磨损率急剧增加,此时磨损机制主要表现为电气磨损; 在电弧作用下,C/C复合材料的电弧侵蚀机制为蒸发侵蚀和材料转移.     

铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损的电弧侵蚀特性研究

在销/盘式载流摩擦磨损试验机上,对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损的电弧侵蚀特性进行了研究,探讨了电弧对铜基粉末冶金材料的载流摩擦学特性的影响.利用方差分析表,采用F检验法对电流、载荷、速度3种因素进行了显著性检验.结果显示电流对电弧能量的大小有影响,载荷、速度对电弧能量有显著影响;随着速度的增加,电弧的强度和发生频率均增大;低速下,主要是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,高速下,主要是电弧侵蚀和粘着磨损.     

载流摩擦磨损研究进展

载流摩擦磨损是摩擦副在有电流通过时的接触行为。载流摩擦副在工作过程中受力、电、热等多种因素耦合作用,损伤机制复杂多变。综述载流摩擦中的摩擦磨损机制,重点分析服役工况对载流摩擦磨损性能和导电性能的影响,阐述电弧产生的原因及影响因素,并对载流摩擦中的温度场及其仿真模拟研究成果进行归纳,总结载流摩擦材料的应用现状。概括载流摩擦的研究现状及其存在的问题,并指出未来应加强接触副材料在多环境下、多因素耦合作用下的摩擦磨损行为和失效机制研究,并有针对性地研发新型复合材料,以满足具体的工作条件和特殊的性能要求。     

电弧能量对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流效率及载流稳定性的影响

以铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜为摩擦副,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行载流摩擦学特性研究,探讨电弧能量对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流效率、载流稳定性的影响。结果表明:载流效率、载流稳定性与电弧能量的大小是密切相关的,电弧能量越大,载流效率、载流稳定性越差;频率相对均匀和瞬间电弧能量密度小的电弧可以维持电流的连续性,有较好的载流稳定性及较高的载流效率,而瞬间较高的电弧能量使载流效率急剧降低,载流稳定性变差;电弧发生及能量大小的随机性与不确定性及电弧对试样表面的侵蚀都导致了销试样间电压与电阻的波动,是载流效率和载流稳定性变差的主要原因。     

弹性接触摩擦副的载流摩擦行为*

为了获得弹性接触摩擦副的载流摩擦行为规律,在自制试验机上以丝板副为对象,进行不同丝径下的往复滑动载流摩擦实验,用三维形貌仪和SEM对磨痕形貌进行分析。结果表明:随着丝径的增加,载荷保持率与接触电阻呈现下降趋势,磨损体积呈现上升趋势,磨损高度呈增加趋势,磨损形式为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和电弧烧蚀;弹性接触载流摩擦副早期失效的主要形式是瞬断,其原因是运行中非均匀磨损、磨屑堆积、弹性器件变形等因素导致弹性器件弹跳和扭转,进而使摩擦副短暂分离;为提高摩擦副寿命,保证合理的实际接触载荷,应减小试样高度方向磨损量,控制载荷保持率,同时提高摩擦副运行的平顺性,减少弹性器件弹跳。     

低温下高速车轮材料滚动磨损与疲劳损伤行为

利用低温环境轮轨磨损模拟试验装置,研究了高速铁路车轮材料在室温及低温环境下的滚动接触疲劳损伤行为。结果表明：低湿度的低温环境导致车轮材料磨损率、塑性变形及疲劳损伤较室温下明显加重。随试验温度的降低,轮轨摩擦因数、磨损率及表面硬度均呈现先急剧上升后轻微下降趋势。室温工况下磨痕表面有严重的犁沟现象,而低温工况下车轮试样表面以疲劳裂纹及剥落损伤为主。随着温度的降低,磨损形式由氧化磨损、磨粒磨损逐渐向疲劳及粘着磨损转变。车轮材料裂纹主要沿较软的铁素体线扩展,室温下剖面损伤较轻微。低温工况下由于车轮材料发生脆化,珠光体呈现不同于室温下的形貌及分布特性。在低温下,表层裂纹扩展角度及次表层裂纹长度增加,同时表层裂纹易于汇合并产生分支。     

不同转速下齿轮动力学与油膜润滑耦合研究

为探究齿轮振动时油膜的动态特性,考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度的激励作用,基于动力学理论,建立齿轮系统动力学模型,分析齿轮系统的弹流润滑特性;同时,基于弹流润滑数值解,建立油膜的刚度模型,进行不同转速下齿轮动力学与油膜润滑的耦合研究。研究表明:基于动力学模型进行弹流润滑的求解时,油膜厚度表现出一定的动态特性,且不同齿轮转速下的振幅和振动频率不同;随着齿轮转速的增大,油膜的刚度减小,对于高速重载的齿轮系统,油膜润滑对其振动特性有较大的影响,应当将齿轮振动与油膜润滑视为整体进行研究。     

Wear Behavior of Aluminum Alloys at Slow Sliding Speeds

The investigated slow sliding speeds presented in this work enable the understanding of the wear behavior on aluminum alloys and could possibly facilitate the completion of the previously proposed wear mechanism map for aluminum at this slow sliding speed range. Dry sliding block-on-ring wear tests were carried out on aluminum alloys, AA5754 (Al-Mg), AA6082 (Al-Mg-Si), and AA7075 (Al-Zn-Cu), at a very slow sliding speed range (<0.01 m/s). A bearing steel ring of AISI 52100 was used as the counterbody. Tests were performed at varying contact pressures, 20, 100, and 140 MPa, and sliding speeds ranging from 0.001 to 1.5 m/s. The wear tracks and debris collected were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with the aim of analyzing their morphology and composition. At relatively slow sliding speeds (>0.01 m/s), the specimens exhibited a wear process placed at the mild wear regime, characterized by oxidation and delamination mechanisms of both the aluminum specimen and the steel ring. However, at very slow speed range (<0.01 m/s), an increase in the wear rate and the friction coefficient is observed for all of the aluminum alloys, thus suggesting that an alternative wear mechanism could be taking place.     

Tribological Behavior of Ceramics at High Sliding Speeds in Steam

Three sets of tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer to determine the tribological behavior of ceramics at high sliding speeds in steam. In the first set, the speed was increased from 4000rpm to 10,000rpm in 1000 rpm increments. Constant rotational speeds of 4000rpm, 6000rpm, 8000 rpm and 10,000 rpm were used in the second test series. In the third series of tests, the rotational speed was slowly increased to 10,000rpm and allowed to coast down to zero. While the coefficient of friction for silicon nitride/YTZP pair varied between 0.2 and 0.4 without a clear pattern as the speed was increased in the first two test series, it decreased from about 0.6 to 0.2 when the speed was raised to 10,000 rpm in the third test series. This behavior is attributed to the general phenomena of powder lubrication as the wear debris provides an interfacial layer leading to reduced friction at high speeds. The coefficient of friction for silicon nitride/silicon carbide pair was substantially reduced to about 0.02 as the speed was raised. The low coefficient of friction, however, increased to a high level as the speed was further increased. The drop in friction is explained based on analysis of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication assuming that a water film containing solid particles exists at the interface. Several possible mechanisms are suggested for the transition to a higher friction as the speed is raised: thermal effects at high flash temperatures, low residence times (for water adsorption on surface), collapse of the lubricant film and starvation effects.     

聚甲醛复合材料在不同载荷和转速下的摩擦学特性

为了考察外界条件对聚甲醛复合材料摩擦学特性的影响,用摩擦磨损实验对模压法制备的Ekonol/POM和Ekonol/G/MoS2/POM复合材料在不同载荷和转速下的摩擦学性能进行了研究,并用扫描电镜(SEM)对磨损表面进行了观察和分析,在此基础上探讨了复合材料在不同条件下的磨损机制。结果表明:随着载荷或转速的增加,聚甲醛(POM)及其复合材料的摩擦因数呈先增大后减小的趋势,而材料的磨损量则随着载荷或转速的增加而增大;随着载荷或转速的提高,ZOGM20的磨损机制发生了由粘着磨损到疲劳磨损再向塑性流动的转变。     

不同滑动速度下干接触体瞬态温度场计算

工程实际中,由于摩擦力的存在,接触副的运动将导致接触区内产生大量的摩擦热,使接触副温度升高;由此产生的瞬时高温会使接触副更易发生弹塑性变形、引起表层下裂纹的萌生及扩展,甚至使接触副表面发生化学变化。建立了不同滑动速度下干接触体的滑动接触模型,利用快速傅立叶变换,通过求解拉普拉斯热传导方程,获得光滑及粗糙表面接触副的瞬时温升以及接触体内部各离散点的温度分布,即半无限体干接触的温度场。结果表明,相同载荷及摩擦因数条件下,相对滑动速度对接触体的温升及其温度分布有重要影响;粗糙峰表面接触处的瞬时温升远高于光滑表面接触处的瞬时温升。     

Experimental Investigation of Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) Film Thickness Behavior at High Speeds

At very high speeds, elastohydrodynamic (EHD) films may be considerably thinner than is predicted by classical isothermal regression equations such as that due to Dowson and Hamrock. This may arise because of viscous dissipation, shear thinning, frictional heating or starvation.

In this article, the contact between a steel ball and a glass disc over an entrainment speed ranging from 0.05 m s^?1 to 20 m s^?1 was studied. Two sets of tests were performed. In the preliminary testing, the disc was driven at speeds of up to 20 m s^?1 and the ball was driven by tractive rolling against the disc, its speed being determined using a magnetic method. After all possible explanations for the reduction in film thickness at high speeds were considered, it was shown that the results, which fall well below classical predictions, are consistent with inlet shear heating at the observed sliding speeds.

Another set of tests was then performed, with both disc and ball driven separately, so that the accuracy of the shear heating theory for different types of oils and at different sliding conditions could be assessed. It was found that the thermal correction factor predicts the trend of film thickness behavior well for the oils tested and is particularly accurate at certain slide–roll ratios (depending on the type of oil). Experimental data were also used to obtain improved coefficients for the correction factor for different types of oil to achieve better prediction of film thickness at high speed throughout the whole range of slide–roll ratios.     

一种新型滚动丝杆螺母副的研究与应用

高精度传动的滚动丝杆螺母采用了一种全新的滚动结构,不仅具有普通滚珠丝杆的特点,而且丝杆螺母副采用了普通T型丝杆和一种变形滚珠轴承相配合并进行了优化设计,滚动精密螺母螺杆副的啮合间隙趋近于零,在往复直线运动换向时消除了空行程,全部为滚动接触使摩擦阻力更小,有效消除了往复间隙,提高了运动定位精度和效率。与现有技术相比,该螺母加工简便,具有易于调整和维护特点,降低了能耗、成本,便于推广和应用,具有很好的应用前景。