一种利用双路径组播树提高应用层组播稳定性的方案

应用层组播作为IP组播的替代方案,具有简单灵活、容易部署的优点,在分布式多媒体通信领域获得了广泛的应用.但其存在组播树稳定性的问题,发展受到了限制.该文提出一种双路径组播树方案,采用两个组播树传输和转发不同内容的数据,在节点加入或者退出组播组时,不需要重新构建组播树,其它节点仍然可以接收到可接受的多媒体数据,从而减少故障恢复的时间,提高应用层组播的稳定性,改善应用层组播的性能.最后通过计算机仿真,表明该方案在节点加入和退出时减少了故障恢复时间,维护了组播树的稳定性,具有良好的性能改善和显著的优点,适合多媒体业务传输.     

一种改进的组播树主动重建方案研究

应用层组播树的主动恢复方案具有比被动恢复方案更小的恢复时延。针对proactive方案只能满足节点连接度限制的不足提出了一种QOS有保证的主动树恢复方案—DDCP。在满足节点连接度限制的同时,保证了端用户的时延性能。与之对应提出了一种预留节点度的初始组播树构建方案。DDCP方案不论是从组播树的恢复时延、重构树的质量还是用于树重建的控制负荷方面考虑,都比其它方案有一定程度的改进,模拟实验证明了这一点。     

数据中心网络可靠组播的研究

通过分析数据中心网络特征和云计算应用需求,提出一种适合数据中心网络的可靠组播机制R2M。针对云计算应用同时强调数据完整性和传输实时性的要求,R2M充分利用数据中心网络服务器间存在多路径的特点,通过组织多棵不相交组播树并行传输数据,并在相邻节点间采用P2P技术建立跨树的恢复关系,实现恢复路径与组播传输路径完全隔离。选择最邻近节点重传数据和较小的路径差错相关性使得R2M能够快速恢复丢失的数据包。基于BCube的仿真实验结果显示R2M具有高可靠性和较小的恢复延迟。     

基于节点稳定度双路径应用层组播树构建算法

针对应用层组播树存在的稳定性的问题,在双路径组播方案的基础上,综合考虑节点度和节点在线时间对组播树构建的权重影响,定义节点稳定度,提出一种节点稳定度的双路径应用层组播树构建算法.在构建双路径组播树时,使节点稳定度高的叶子节点在第二棵组播树中距离源节点较近,并根据节点稳定度的改变动态调整双路径应用层组播树中节点的位置,使得节点退出或加入组播组时,不需要重新构建组播树也可以接收到传输的多媒体数据,从而降低组播树的中断次数,提高应用层组播稳定性,改善应用层组播的性能.通过计算机仿真,表明改进算法在组播节点动态改变时提高了组播树的稳定性,改善了性能,适合多媒体组播业务传输.     

一种高稳定性应用层组播树构建算法

提出一种基于节点在线时间期望的应用层组播树构建算法(MPOT)。根据路径的在线时间期望获得节点的插入位置,节点中断后利用组播节点在线时间的重尾现象,在恢复被迫中断节点时保留节点在线时间信息,构建高稳定性组播树。同时针对断裂恢复问题,提出带一阶预测的MPOT算法。模拟结果表明,2种算法构建的组播树均具有较高的稳定性。     

一种高可靠性的组播树恢复方法

应用层组播树中某个非叶子节点失效后,需要重新构建组播树保证失效节点的子孙节点能够正确接收数据。针对这一问题,考虑满足高可靠性环境中保证恢复完整性的情况,提出一种基于备用父节点的组播树预先式恢复方法,即为每个非根节点找到一个备用父节点,使得当某一非叶节点失效时可以迅速的恢复组播树。首先建立模型并对其求解构造恢复方法,然后论证此方法保证组播树恢复的完整性,最后通过仿真实验验证了此方法的有效性以及其在恢复延迟和管理代价上的改进。     

基于最短恢复路径的组播快速故障恢复方法*

分析了现有主动式恢复方法的实现方式,并通过连续时间马尔可夫链(CTMC)对端到端恢复和本地恢复两种方式进行了建模和分析。在理论分析的基础上提出一种基于最短恢复路径的本地恢复的故障恢复方法,在单链路和单节点故障两种情形下,均可利用无环路的最短恢复路径重新连接因故障分离的子树。仿真结果表明,方法的故障恢复时间与现有“冗余树”和“双树”方法相比,分别减少了56.3%和35.1%左右,而故障恢复后组播树的代价与现有方法相当。     

一种动态负载均衡的P2P应用层组播方案

基于结构化的P2P基础设施,给出一种动态负载均衡的应用层组播方案--DLBMS.利用Tapestry协议的路由和定位机制,设计了延迟优化的组播转发树结构,采用根节点复制的方法生成多棵不相交的组播转发树,根据负载的变化动态调节组播转发树数目以实现负载均衡和降低源到组成员节点的端到端延迟.通过模拟实验说明了此方案在平均控制负载和端到端平均延迟方面的有效性.     

基于节点异构性的应用层组播算法

为降低组播树的维护开销、改善组播树的负载平衡、提高组播树的性能,给出一种基于节点异构性的应用层组播算法。与已有的应用层组播算法相比,综合考虑了节点的异构性(动态计算节点异构性,综合考虑节点的网络转发能力和计算能力来),提出了全新的组播树构建策略并通过黄牌节点的数量来及时调整组播树。仿真结果表明,该算法大大降低了端到端的延迟和平均链路伸展长度,提高了系统的稳定性。     

一种改进LKH的组播密钥管理方案

逻辑密钥树方案有效地减轻了组播通信中组成员及组控制器的负担,但组通信过程中的开销较大。提出了一种新的组播密钥管理方案,该方案根据组成员失效概率大小,将失效概率大的组成员置于右子树中右孩子节点处,而根节点和左孩子为相同组成员,从而构建逻辑密钥二叉树,这与现存LKH方案中密钥树的创建过程不同。通过对逻辑密钥二叉树的构造以及仿真实验的分析,均说明该方案在节点失效后的密钥更新量、节点的存储量比LKH方案要小,网络的抵抗性能好。     

A stability-based distributed routing mechanism to support unicast and multicast routing in ad hoc wireless network

An ad hoc network can be envisioned as a collection of mobile routers, each equipped with a wireless transceiver, which are free to move about arbitrarily. In ad hoc wireless networks, even if two nodes are outside the wireless transmission range of each other, they may still be able to communicate in multiple hops using other intermediate nodes. However, the dynamics of these networks, as a consequence of mobility and disconnection of mobile hosts, pose a number of problems in designing routing schemes for effective communication between any pair of source and destination. In this paper, a stability-based unicast routing mechanism, that considers both link affinity and path stability in order to find out a stable route from source to destination, is proposed. It is then extended to support multicast routing as well where only local state information (at source) is utilized for constructing a multicast tree. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated on a simulated environment to show that the stability-based scheme provides a unified framework for both unicast and multicast routing and reduces the probability of route error drastically in both the cases.     

Scalable datacenter multicast using in-packet bitmaps

Scalability is a key issue in datacenter multicast as it needs to support a large number of groups in commodity switches with limited fast memory. Previous in-packet Bloom filter-based datacenter multicast schemes have been proposed to address the scalability issue. They encode a multicast tree in a Bloom filter carried in each packet. However, these schemes induce high bandwidth overhead due to the false positives inherent in Bloom filters, and cannot scale well to the increasing variety of group sizes. In this paper, we propose an in-packet bitmap-based approach towards scalable datacenter multicast, improving the bandwidth efficiency. We use a bitmap to encode switch ports of a multicast tree in the packet header, eliminating false positive forwarding. In addition, we use a clustered Golomb coding method to compress in-packet bitmaps for further reducing the bandwidth overhead. Experimental results on simulations and a Click-based switch prototype demonstrate that our scheme achieves up to several orders of magnitude reductions in bandwidth overhead compared to previous schemes.     

支持QoS的分层数据传输的动态组播路由算法

为了支持组成员的异构性和动态性,满足组成员不同的带宽和时延约束要求,提出了支持QoS的流式分层数据传输的动态组播路由算法(简称:QDMR-LD).当新的组成员加入时,使用面向接收者的启发式搜索方法找到一条位于组播树和组成员之间的可行的并具有最小代价的路径.为了提高组成员的加入成功率,采用了以前工作中提出的RBMF转发算法.当组成员离开时,位于组播树上多余的部分将被剪裁.仿真结果表明,与其他相关工作相比,QDMR-LD在提高了加入成功率的同时,降低了组播树的代价.     

基于RSA的混合组播密钥管理方案

针对大型动态群组组播通信密钥更新开销大的问题,提出一种高效的混合组播密钥管理方案.结合SKDC、LKH和Iolus的优点,构造分层分组式结构密钥树,采用RSA算法进行密钥加密传输,提高可扩展性和安全性.在多个成员变动情况下采取批量密钥更新,降低子组控制器的负担.实验结果表明,该方案在存储开销、通信开销和计算开销方面优于...     

Reconfigurable multicast routing for Networks on Chip

Several unicast and multicast routing protocols have been presented for MPSoCs. Multicast protocols in NoCs are used for cache coherency in distributed shared memory systems, replication, barrier synchronization, or clock synchronization. Unicast routing algorithms are not suitable for multicast, as they increase traffic, congestion and deadlock probability. Famous multicast schemes such as tree-based and path-based schemes have been proposed originally for multicomputers and recently adapted to NoCs. In this paper, we propose a switch tree-based multicast scheme, called STBA. This method supports tree construction with a minimum number of routers. Our evaluation results reveal that, for both synthetic and real traffic loads, the proposed scheme outperforms the baseline tree-based routing scheme in a conventional mesh by up to 41% and reduces power consumption by up to 29%.     

Design and implementation of light-weight mobile multicast for fast MIPv6

Mobile multicast is a research hotspot and can provide many applications. Some mobile multicast schemes have been proposed, but most of them introduce new entities and study construction algorithms of the dynamic multicast delivery structure which is heavyweight for wireless devices. In this paper, we propose a light-weight mobile multicast (LMM) scheme for Fast Mobile IPv6 which reduces the redundant operational overhead by simplifying multicast listener discovery (MLD) proxying. The LMM scheme implements simplified MLD proxying function on home agent to reduce the complicated multicast routing protocol and modifies MLD host part function on mobile node to reduce the multicast membership messages interaction. In order to solve the tunnel convergence problem, LMM also introduces a multicast tunnel combination and reconstruction algorithm. We set up a test-bed to evaluate the performance of LMM, and compare it with other mobile multicast schemes. The experimental results show that LMM reduces the multicast disruption time at handover. Based on the experimental results, we analyze the cost of LMM, and the results show that it has lower protocol cost than other schemes.     

一种基于成员发现协议的可扩展组播密钥管理方案

在分析现有组播密钥管理协议的基础上,提出了一种基于成员发现协议的组播密钥管理方案。针对实际的Internet拓扑结构,引入成员发现协议生成包含组成员的覆盖树,再通过组生成算法将整个参与组播的各终端用户形成的组播组划分成若干个虚拟的组播子组,组安全控制器将组密钥安全分发给各个子组安全控制器,子组内采用LKH方法实现密钥管理。该协议本质为一种二级层次结构的密钥管理协议,具有较好的可扩展性,在密钥更新代价方面取得了较好的性能,适合于大型组播群组。     

An effective algorithm for delay-constrained dynamic multicasting

With the development of multimedia group applications, the construction of multicast routing tree satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) is more important. In many multicast applications, it is required that the network supports dynamic multicast, which the membership of the multicast group changes with the time. In this paper an effective heuristic algorithm is proposed for dynamic multicast routing with delay-constrained. Aims of this proposed algorithm is to guarantee that: (1) the cost of multicast tree is as small as possible at each node addition/removal event, (2) all the maximal path delay is meet a fixed delay-constrained, (3) minimize perturbation to an existing tree. The proposed algorithm is based on ‘damage’ and ‘usefulness’ concept, and a Balancing Factor (BF) is provided to judge whether or not to arrange a region of tree. Mutation operation in Genetic Algorithm (GA) is also employed to find an attached node in tree for a dynamic adding node. Simulation shows that our algorithm performs well than those static heuristic algorithms in term of cost especially.     

基于接口格式的稀疏组播转发状态压缩方案

组播转发状态随组播组个数线性增长导致组播路由协议的扩展性较差．分析了已有的用于稀疏模式组播的转发状态组内压缩方案存在的问题,提出了一个新的压缩方案．该方案根据组播树上分支路由器的位置和个数,动态调整组播转发表项中各个接口的格式,进一步减少了转发状态占用的存储空间．     

Architectural support for efficient multicasting in irregularnetworks

Parallel computing on networks of workstations is fast becoming a cost-effective high-performance computing alternative to MPPs. Such a computing environment typically consists of processing nodes interconnected through a switch-based irregular network. Many of the problems that were solved for regular networks have to be solved anew for these systems. One such problem is that of efficient multicast communication. In this paper, we propose two broad categories of schemes for efficient multicasting in such irregular networks: network interface-based (NI-based) and switch-based. The NI-based multicasting schemes use the network interface of intermediate destinations for absorbing and retransmitting messages to other destinations in the multicast tree. In contrast, the switch-based multicasting schemes use hardware support for packet replication at the switches of the network and a concept known as multidestination routing to convey a multicast message from one source to multiple destinations. We first present alternative schemes for efficient multipacket forwarding at the NI and derive an optimal k-binomial multicast tree for multipacket NI-based multicast. We then propose two switch-based multicasting schemes that differ in the power of the encoding scheme and the complexity of the decoding logic at the switches. These multicasting schemes use path-based multidestination worms that can cover all nodes connected to switches along a valid unicast path and tree-based multidestination worms that can cover entire destination sets in a single phase using one worm, respectively. For each scheme, we describe the associated header encoding and decoding operation, the method for deriving multidestination worms that cover arbitrary multicast destination sets, and the multicasting scheme using the derived multidestination worms