基于二进制搜索算法的RFID系统防碰撞算法

针对RFID系统中最常见的防碰撞问题,提出了一种基于二进制搜索的防碰撞算法.算法能动态调整指令发送长度和发送值,并在发生碰撞时,首先通过碰撞位中"1"的个数来识别标签.该算法能有效解决RFID系统中多目标识别的防碰撞问题.     

基于多处碰撞位探测的标签防碰撞算法研究

在无线射频识别系统（RFID）中,当阅读器向范围内的标签发送命令以后,标签向阅读器发送反馈信号,当有两个或者两个以上的标签做出了相同的反馈信息,就会产生标签碰撞。解决碰撞问题提高标签识别效率对RFID的应用具有重要意义。针对目前一些已有算法存在查询次数过多且吞吐率不高的问题,该文提出一种基于多处碰撞位探测的标签防碰撞算法(Multiple Collision Bits Detection, MCBD)。该算法通过阅读器发送的探测命令,获取标签发生碰撞位的比特值,再结合查询命令直接识别出标签。仿真实验结果显示MCBD算法降低了识别标签所需的查询次数,提高了吞吐率。该文算法的创新在于可以对单独或者连续的碰撞位都一并处理,充分利用标签的ID信息,对RFID标签识别的研究具有一定意义。     

基于搜索树的增强型RFID防碰撞算法

针对RFID系统中采用多叉树搜索时存在空闲时隙、对碰撞节点处理缓慢等不足,提出一种基于搜索树的增强型RFID防碰撞算法。新算法利用读写器检测相邻碰撞位的个数,在搜索过程中不断自适应调整子二叉树的分配个数,综合选择无空时隙八叉树或四叉树或二叉树搜索方式。为消除多叉树搜索中产生的空闲时隙,阅读器先发送一个获取前缀命令确定标签前缀。理论分析和仿真结果表明,新算法的性能优于其他常用的标签防碰撞算法,大幅度减少了搜索总时隙数,降低了标签功耗,提高了系统搜索效率。     

自适应树形分组的盲分离射频识别系统防碰撞算法

针对单天线射频识别(RFID)系统中阅读器不能同时识别多个标签造成标签识别率较低的问题,结合多天线技术及基于标签ID号序列的二叉树时隙分组提出了一种自适应树形分组的盲分离RFID系统防碰撞算法.首先根据RFID系统中天线的个数调整阅读器查询码码长并发送查询信号,将符合条件的响应标签分配到相应的时隙中,使每一个时隙中的标签数小于或者等于阅读器的天线数,满足盲源分离(BSS)的多天线系统识别标签的条件,从而达到同时且快速识别多个标签的目的.仿真结果表明,与同样采用多天线技术的基于位隙动态分组的盲分离(BSDBG)算法相比,当天线个数为4~32时,所提算法的标签识别速度提高了20%~69%,标签识别率提高了60%~88%,同时该算法复杂度低,硬件开销小,实现相对简单,有利于推广和使用.     

锁位式RFID自调整多叉树防碰撞算法*

针对射频识别(Radio frequency identification,RFID)系统中出现的标签碰撞问题,提出了一种锁位式自调整多叉树防碰撞算法。新算法采用自调整防碰撞算法的基本原理,利用曼彻斯特编码特点,发送锁位指令确定碰撞位信息并提取碰撞位,在随后的标签识别中不再传输非碰撞位信息,结合自动识别思想,在减少碰撞时隙的同时,减少了传输数据量。新算法充分考虑了总时隙数、吞吐率、通信复杂度这三个重要的性能参数。理论和仿真分析表明,新算法具有更高的吞吐率和搜索效率,能够进一步改善RFID系统的性能。     

一种改进的自适应多叉树防碰撞算法

针对传统自适应多叉树防碰撞算法在标签识别过程中存在的空闲时隙过多、阅读器与电子标签间的通信负载量过大等不足,提出了一种改进的自适应多叉树防碰撞算法( Improved Adaptive division Collision Tree algorithm,IACT)。该算法通过计算碰撞因子决定采用二叉树或四叉树。当采用二叉树时,若阅读器检测到碰撞位只有一位,则无需再次发送命令即可以直接识别出标签;采用四叉树时,阅读器首先发送一命令,要求标签返回最高两个碰撞位对应的编码,然后根据编码得到碰撞信息。在标签中加入计数器,使用最高两个碰撞位和计数器值作为查询命令,响应的电子标签将序列号的后缀信息发送给阅读器处理。算法性能分析和实验仿真表明,IACT算法能有效减少系统总时隙,降低了通信负载开销,提高了标签识别效率。     

基于冲突分段的动态树型RFID防碰撞算法

针对射频识别系统中,基于树的防碰撞算法因存在较多空闲时隙和碰撞时隙导致系统效率低的问题,提出了基于冲突分段的动态树型防碰撞算法（DTCS）。新算法充分考虑随着搜索层数增加,碰撞节点内标签数量减少,标签未识别序列碰撞概率降低这一特点,有效利用冲突位分布信息,按规则提取每一碰撞节点标签查询段[N],结合编码机制,确定查询前缀,优化查询命令。理论分析和仿真结果表明,新算法避免了空闲时隙,快速缩短了搜索深度,从而降低标签识别时延,系统吞吐率提高达0.649。     

一种改进的二进制查询树RFID标签防碰撞算法

在射频识别（RFID）系统中,存在阅读器与多个标签同时通信的碰撞问题,标签防碰撞技术是解决标签碰撞问题、提高标签识别效率的关键技术。在阐述传统二进制查询树算法（QT）的基础上提出了一种改进的查询树标签防碰撞算法-动态二进制查询树算法（DQT）。该算法通过曼彻斯特编码,识别出碰撞位,从而动态改变查询前缀,使阅读器的查询次数与标签的通信量大大减少,提高了标签的识别效率。仿真实验表明,DQT算法在大量标签识别场合下比QT算法更具有效性和稳定性。     

基于计数机制的多状态二进制搜索防碰撞算法

针对目前二进制搜索防碰撞算法存在查询搜索次数多、数据传输量大、识别时间长等问题,提出一种基于计数机制的多状态二进制搜索防碰撞算法.经过预处理得到标签的冲突信息,在多状态二进制搜索中引入最高冲突位计数机制.仿真结果表明,与传统的二进制搜索防碰撞算法相比,该算法减少了读写器的查询搜索次数、读写器发送命令和标签每次响应命令的数据长度,以及识别读写器读写范围内标签的时间.     

改进的RFID混合查询树防碰撞算法

为了改善射频识别(radio frequency identification,RFID)系统中大量无源标签识别时,普通算法识别速度慢、性能不稳定等的问题,在混合查询树算法的基础上提出了一种改进型的混合查询树防碰撞算法.在原有查询队列的基础上,由每个符合前缀标签的除去前缀后高三位比特中“1”的个数来决定其延时多少个时隙再进行对阅读器的应答;应答过程中,采用曼彻斯特编码进行数据的发送,有效地识别了碰撞位.仿真结果表明,改进算法在大量标签识别的场合比混合查询树算法更具有效性和稳定性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。