锅炉制粉系统损耗分析及处理方法

制粉系统是火力发电厂锅炉的重要组成部分,其运行情况的好坏直接影响机组的安全稳定;岱海发电公司制粉系统中磨煤机耗电量占厂用电的8%～10%,一次风机耗电量占厂用电的9%～10%,正压直吹式制粉系统直接影响锅炉燃烧效率,影响锅炉的经济性能。本文通过长期跟踪岱海发电公司磨煤机机械磨损对正压直吹式制粉系统性能（煤粉细度、磨煤机出力特性、电耗变化、磨煤单耗等）的影响,以及运行状况自身（分离器挡板特性、磨辊加载压力、出口风温、通风量、负荷）对制粉系统单耗的影响,通过检修经济性对比,确定最佳的制粉系统定检、大修时期,目的是保证锅炉燃烧效率、保证制粉系统出力的前提下,整体考虑制粉系统经济性,降低制粉系统单耗。     

风扇磨煤机直吹式制粉系统风粉分配特性

为解决内蒙古某发电厂风扇磨煤机直吹式制粉系统第4层煤粉管道堵塞的问题,对该制粉系统的分配状况进行试验研究。通过试验测量发现造成第4层煤粉管道堵塞的根本原因是分配器入口风粉分配不均匀,且分配器对此不均匀问题的调节改善作用较小。试验台模型研究发现,采用旋流式分配器或格栅型分配器均可有效地解决第4层煤粉管道堵塞的问题,且均比封堵第4层煤粉管道的当前运行方式阻力要小。实施任一方案都不会使系统通风量低于当前运行风量,均能够保证制粉系统出力要求。若采用旋流式分配器,则第1层煤粉管粉量偏少约40%,且比一级格栅分配器阻力偏大约250 Pa。因此建议优先考虑改造格栅分配器以解决该制粉系统第4层煤粉管道堵塞的问题。     

锅炉制粉系统故障原因分析及处理

安徽晋煤中能化工股份有限公司二期热电工程2×350 MW循环流化床锅炉采用中速磨煤机(一次风机正压)直吹式制粉系统,每台锅炉配3台ZGM113K-II型磨煤机(两开一备)。热电机组自投运以来,锅炉制粉系统运行故障时有发生,严重影响锅炉制粉系统及热电机组的安全、稳定运行。为此,中能化工对锅炉制粉系统故障问题进行详细梳理,并对可能造成磨煤机故障的原因逐一进行分析与排查,最终找到了问题的症结所在。采取在磨辊上部加装挡板和更换高强度锥形护板等技改措施后,磨煤机本体故障率及锅炉制粉系统故障率大大降低,保障了锅炉制粉系统的高效、稳定运行。     

微油点火技术在燃煤锅炉中的应用

本文介绍了某超临界350MW锅炉微油点火技术的工作原理、系统构成。针对该技术在直吹式制粉系统中的应用情况,阐述了在锅炉启动初期微油点火应注意的安全措施。实践表明,微油点火技术在锅炉启、停过程中应用效果较好,节约大量燃油,经济效益显著。     

基于动态RBF网络的预测控制在中速磨煤机优化控制的应用

针对大型火电厂直吹式制粉系统的时滞和非线性特点,将基于动态RBF网络模型的预测控制应用于MPS中速磨煤机的优化控制中。通过对M-RAN算法的改进,加快了对非线性系统的辨识速度。建模仿真证明了改进M-RAN算法的有效性和实时性,并结合预测控制解决了系统的时滞问题;应用结果也表明该方法具有良好的动态响应和较强的鲁棒性。     

智能算法与自寻优在中储式制粉系统中的应用

球磨机是中储式制粉系统的重要设备,它具有运行可靠、维护简单、对煤种适应性广等诸多优点。但由于中储式球磨机制粉系统是一个典型的多变量、强耦合、非线性、大时滞系统,常规的PID控制很难取得满意的效果。本文介绍基于智能算法与自寻优算法相结合的控制策略在动力厂制粉系统中的应用情况。     

直吹式制粉系统风粉偏差对机组灵活性的影响

近年来,风能发电和太阳能发电装机容量迅速增长,为提高新能源的消纳能力,燃煤机组灵活性运行是大势所趋。目前,大容量电站锅炉普遍配置直吹式制粉系统,磨煤机出口一次风管风粉分配偏差大的问题普遍存在,风粉分配偏差大直接限制机组灵活性运行。从制粉系统设备角度分析了磨煤机出口并联一次风管风粉分配偏差大的原因。对由于风粉分配偏差大导致锅炉运行过程中产生的各种问题如火焰偏斜、结焦、高温腐蚀、NO_x排放量高、飞灰可燃物高、锅炉效率低等进行阐述。该问题在机组灵活性改造过程中表现尤为突出,锅炉低负荷运行时,一次风管风粉分配偏差大会造成锅炉着火距离增大,燃烧不稳定甚至灭火的可能。炉内热负荷不均会导致锅炉汽水侧偏差加剧,恶化传热,受热面超温,直接影响机组运行安全。为改善一次风管风粉分配偏差,对比分析各种煤粉分配器的性能和优缺点,并阐述煤粉分配器在电站锅炉的应用情况和效果。随着灵活性运行工作的深入,需要对灵活性运行机组制粉系统进行改造,加装相匹配的煤粉分配器,改善风粉分配特性,提高机组运行稳定性和安全性。     

新型旋流式氧煤喷枪的喷煤特性

对比研究了一种新型旋流式氧煤喷枪与普通单管喷枪的喷煤特性,主要考察了直吹管内流场、浓度场及煤粉的燃烧情况. 结果表明,采用该氧煤枪喷吹时,在直吹管内形成的低速区面积更大,在距喷枪口30 mm范围内形成了明显的回流区,在距喷枪口200 mm范围内形成了富氧、富煤的强湍流区域;与普通单管喷枪相比,旋流式氧煤喷枪使煤粉温度提高近100 K,有助于挥发分挥发,燃尽率由4.96%提高到15.53%.     

中储式制粉系统锅炉煤种适应性研究与应用

针对目前国内烟煤稀缺、市场供应不稳定、许多电厂转用褐煤时导致原烟煤锅炉制粉系统干燥出力不足以及炉膛结焦等一系列问题,提出对拟燃用褐煤的原烟煤中储式制粉系统进行适应性改造,以达到NOx减排和锅炉安全稳定燃烧的目的。     

合成煤焦油在煤粉锅炉点火中的应用试验研究

为了降低发电成本,解决石油深加工后造成的火力发电厂燃煤锅炉点火用渣油不存在的问题,经过试验研究,成功地实现了风扇磨煤机直吹式制粉系统锅炉启动点火用合成煤焦油代替渣油,并且达到了锅炉小油点火启动,每台锅炉一次冷态启动减少耗油量20 t;并对原来的油系统和油喷嘴进行了改造,实现了无蒸汽加热、小油枪雾化的点火方式,总结出相应的启动运行方案.通过热态试验测得,锅炉启动时参数变化平稳,锅炉升温、升压速度及壁温控制正常.     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

聚酰亚胺的合成法

本文评述了缩聚型聚酰亚胺的主要合成方法和近年来国际上在合成中所做的探索。