应用大系统递阶模型优化配置区域农业水资源

以经济效益最大为目标，建立灌溉供水量最优分配的分解协调模型。以作物子系统为第一层，建立求解单作物非充分灌溉条件下灌水量在各生育期的最优分配的动态规划模型。然后以区域大系统作为第二层，建立不同作物之间水量最优分配的模型。在此基础上，提出了协调模型求解方法步骤。根据作物布局和地下水分布给出了不同作物在各生育期地下水的最优分配量，以提高区域农业水资源承载能力。     

改进的WEAP模型在水资源管理中的应用

在水资源评价和规划模型(WEAP)的基础上耦合多边形网格地下水三维流有限差分模拟系统,建立了WEAP-Tsinghua模型。该模型既能反映各水文测站的径流情况和水资源供需关系与分配,也能反映地下水位动态变化。以石羊河流域为例,建立了该流域的水资源管理模型,并利用2000年用水结构、水文测站径流数据和地下水位观测数据进行参数率定和模型验证,模拟和实测地下水水头差值小于1.0m的观测孔达到总监测点数的50%,模拟和实测蔡旗同金川峡站流量年误差小于1％,模拟的用水结构符合实际,预测分析说明石羊河流域现状用水模式不合理。改进WEAP模型具有友好的用户界面和易于使用的功能,可用于区域水资源规划模拟分析。     

Appraisal and optimization of agricultural water use in large irrigation schemes: II. Applications

In this paper, the theoretical approach presented in Part I is demonstrated by means of case studies on the irrigation schemes of Rio Mendoza and Rio Tunuyán in the Province of Mendoza, Argentina. The object of the case studies was the determination of optimal allocation of surface water to reduce the use of groundwater. Current and optimal conjunctive allocation of ground and surface water is studied by means of the developed simulation and optimization models.The second case study was designed on the basis of the experience gathered during the first one: each step of the case studies is compared. The comparison between the two case studies illustrates how to apply the proposed approach when the amount and quality of available data are different. For the more detailed Rio Tunuyán study, we determined the following physical characteristics of all terminal nodes: on-farm rotational intervals, mean water application depth, actual soil water storage capacity, crop water requirements, depth of groundwater table, aquifer transmissivity, and efficiency of groundwater use.The performance of the entire system is sensitive to changes in the water application depth, as it was shown by a simulation study.The application of our optimization approach to the conjunctive use of ground- and surface water showed that the total water requirements over a year can be met by a reassignment of water that reduces the total costs of a great amount.     

缺水地区枯水期城市水资源预分配管理模型

本文针对缺水地区水资源时空分布不均及丰枯交替频繁，尤其是连枯年份高频率出现的特点，采用优化和模拟技术，建立了适用于多水源、多工程、多用户等复杂条件下具有可操作性的水资源预分配管理模型，以实现水资源在各地区、各部门、各行业层次上的分配。在此基础上，还研制出按节水水平高低和企业用水重要性大小进行配水的管理模型，从而达到了在实际水资源管理的直接对象——企业间的优化配置。此外，文中还提出了应付特枯水年和连续枯水年的对策。本模型经山东省高密、龙口等市应用，效果较好。     

微咸水淡化技术研究进展

微咸水淡化是解决水资源短缺、提高水资源供给保障能力的可行途径。我国微咸水资源蕴藏丰富且主要集中在淡水资源短缺的西北和华北地区,总量约200亿m3,具有重要淡化利用价值。在综述国内微咸水脱盐及淡化利用领域的技术优缺点、应用范围及相关经验的基础上,从脱盐技术特征、能源供给、数值模拟辅助工艺优化、数字管理等方面进行总结国外先进微咸水淡化处理工艺,并提出我国微咸水资源化利用技术对策及发展方向。     

考虑水质与水价影响的城市再生水需求研究

再生水是城市的“第二水源”,加强再生水配置利用对优化供水结构、增加水资源供给、缓解水量供需矛盾以及保障水生态安全具有重要意义。科学预测城市再生水需求是提高污水资源化利用水平的重要基础。在区域水资源需求分析基础上,充分考虑工业生产、城市杂用、河道补水、农林灌溉等4大领域的水量和水质需求特点,提出考虑水质与水价的分领域再生水需求预测技术框架。首先考虑水质影响,引入再生水可替代率指标,分析水资源需求总量中可由再生水供给的水量;其次,考虑自主定价模式下再生水价格对用户需求的影响,建立“补贴-价格-需求”模型,计算不同补贴情景下区域再生水的需求量;最后,应用于宿迁市中心城市。结果表明：在规划年2025和2030年的再生水利用率目标要求下,采用中等补贴情景能在有效推广再生水利用的同时兼顾政府财政压力,再生水需求量分别可达10 095×10⁴和13 387×10⁴ m³。本研究进一步拓展了城市再生水需求量预测的理论方法,也为宿迁市再生水利用配置提供了科学依据。     

群岛供水多座高位水池自动配水控制工艺优化探讨

针对长海县各岛需水量不均衡、各岛高位水池高程各异、各高位水池进口液位控制阀机械制动事故率高以及水位不能自动调节等缺陷,采用增加电磁阀及远程控制系统的工艺优化方案,有效解决了不同需水量、不同蓄水量、不同池底高程情况下的多座高位水池液位控制问题。最终实现了水量的合理分配,降低了供水事故发生率,保证了全县供水及水质安全和群岛供水设施安全。     

行为经济与自然过程耦合视角下的水资源复杂系统建模研究

在水资源供需矛盾日益严峻的形势下,如何动态刻画变化环境下个体与群体的用水行为响应与系统演化路径,建立有效的适应性管理策略已成为水资源管理者和研究者普遍关注的问题。在梳理了国内外水资源适应性管理模型的研究进展的基础上,以密云水库流域上、下游用水主体的竞争与优化配置建模为例,解析了不同气候条件下农业水资源利用主体的响应行为模式,设计了从微观个体用水行为适应自然变化过程模拟宏观流域系统演化的建模技术路线。提出耦合农村与城市的水资源配置模型框架,系统评估了多智能体建模仿真工具现状,遵循多智能体的ODD协议与粒子群优化算法,构建了气候变化情景下农户自适应用水行为模型,为多智能体模型在人水耦合系统建模、流域尺度的水资源优化配置、适应性管理决策分析提供了借鉴依据。     

Flavia Rocha Loures and Alistair Rieu-Clarke (eds), The UN Watercourses Convention in force: strengthening international law for transboundary water management

Abstract

The MODSIM 8.0 decision support system (DSS) for integrated river basin management (IRBM) has been adapted from a prior appropriation rights-based system to one found in Korea and in much of Asia where water deficits are shared among water use sectors, taking into account priorities established by water policy and institutional frameworks. The Korean version called KModSim is applied to the Geum River basin for evaluation of long-term sustainability of existing and new water infrastructure and facilities under integrated, basin-wide water resources management. KModSim is calibrated to the physical and hydrologic characteristics of the basin, as well as to operational and administrative water allocation policies for municipal and industrial water supply, irrigation, hydropower, transbasin diversions, and low-flow augmentation for environmental purposes. Conditional reservoir operational rules that adapt to changing river basin hydrologic conditions are developed from an implicit stochastic optimization algorithm and incorporated using the extensive user-customization capabilities of KModSim. Results demonstrate that decision guidance under KModSim enhances beneficial water uses in the Geum River system through fully integrated, basin-wide management.     

Multi-Objective Optimal Model for Conjunctive Use Management Using SGAs and NSGA-II Models

The widespread investigations on water resources management has become an essential issue because due to lack of sufficient research and inattention to planning and management of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. The conjunctive management is a suitable alternative for imbalanced water resources distribution and related constraints in using of surface water. In this paper, a multi-objective model is developed to maximize the minimum reliability of system as well as minimize the costs due to water supply, aquifer reclamation and violation of the reservoir capacity in operation and allocation priority. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to present the optimal trade-off between the objectives. The sequential genetic algorithms is also applied (SGA) in order to be compared with the NSGA-II model. The results show that the NSGA-II model can considerably reduce the computation burden of the conjunctive use models in comparison with the SGA optimization model. The obtained trade-off curve shows that a little increase in reliability leads to much more system costs. The weighted single objective SGA model results verify optimal trade-off obtained from NSGA-II model and show the optimality of allocated discharges.     

基于多层规划的武汉城市圈水量-水质耦合配置研究

以武汉城市圈水资源配置系统为研究对象,在明确水足迹、水承载力及多重水资源需求的基础上,兼顾不同决策目标之间的制衡关系,构建了多层优化模型以达到环境目标、经济目标和社会目标的集成化.上、中、下层模型分别体现了污染物排放量的最小化、系统经济效益的最大化与系统收益配置的均等化.基于一种改进的多层次交互求解算法对模型进行求解,...     

缺水型灌区水资源优化调度模型研究

长江针对缺水型灌区的供水特点,以云南曲靖灌区为例,应用大系统分解协调原理,将整个系统设计为两层递阶控制结构;以运行费用和系统缺水量最小作为目标函数,建立了灌区库群系统水资源优化调度模型;对模型权重系数进行了率定;根据系统目标重要性的优先次序,确定了灌区优化配水矩阵;并采用模拟技术与优化技术相结合的途径,进行优化模型的求解,给出了优化决策算法的程序框图,所建模型符合曲靖灌区的实际情况,研究成果可为同类灌区水资源调度运行提供依据.     

人工调控强烈地区水污染物排放总量控制与分配方法

以海河流域下游某市为例,结合排污去向和污染控制单元对水污染物排放总量控制的分配方法进行研究,提出适合于人工影响强烈地区的"行业一级优化虚拟分配,控制单元二级容量分配"的水污染物排放总量控制方案,并依据水污染源点源的排放去向特征及其管理功能,将控制范围划分为自然地表水体控制区域与非自然地表水体控制区域,对自然地表水体控制区域实施容量总量控制,而对非自然地表水体控制区域主要以目标总量控制为主,不同区域采用不同的污染物控制方法。     

流域水资源供需双侧调控模型及应用

针对水资源常规配置中供需分离、配置与调度结合不紧密,难以支撑流域水资源严格管理的问题,提出流域水资源供需双侧调控模型。在需水侧,通过建立供水量和效益函数关系,并考虑水土资源等约束条件,构建农业种植结构与灌溉制度优化模型;在供水侧,采用模拟与优化、配置与调度相结合的两阶段建模路径,构建多水源配置与水库群优化调度模型;通过来源于需水侧模型的"需水过程"与来源于供水侧模型的"可供水过程"的分解与耦合,实现供需双侧的联合调控,综合集成构建流域水资源供需双侧调控模型。将该模型应用于南四湖流域,提出了南四湖上级湖、下级湖等大型湖库工程的优化调度图与不同年型下农业种植结构和水资源配置方案,验证了模型的有效性。通过供需双侧协调优化,南四湖流域供需缺口缩小,农业种植效益增加,枯水年水分生产效益提高了0.70元/m³、平水年水分生产效益提高了0.63元/m³;生活和工业供水保证率稳定在95%,生态和农业供水保证率明显提升,分别由53%提高到71%、由67%提高到75%。     

Energy efficiency in a water supply system:Energy consumption and CO2 emission

This paper presents important fundamentals associated with water and energy efficiency and highlights the importance of using renewable energy sources.A model of multi-criteria optimization for energy efficiency based on water and environmental management policies,including the preservation of water resources and the control of water pressure and energy consumption through a hybrid energy solution,was developed and applied to a water supply system.The methodology developed includes three solutions:(1)the use of a water turbine in pipe systems where pressures are higher than necessary and pressure-reducing valves are installed,(2)the optimization of pumping operation according to the electricity tariff and water demand,and(3)the use of other renewable energy sources,including a wind turbine,to supply energy to the pumping station,with the remaining energy being sold to the national electric grid.The use of an integrated solution(water and energy)proves to be a valuable input for creating benefits from available hydro energy in the water supply system in order to produce clean power,and the use of a wind source allows for the reduction of energy consumption in pumping stations,as well as of the CO2 emission to the atmosphere.     

位山灌区水价改革实践与探索

山东省位山灌区农业供水经历了不收费、按亩收费和计量收费三个阶段。在水价改革中,采取“小步快跑”的方式,供水价格不断提高,达到了优化配置水资源和节约用水的效果。同时,水价改革为工程建设与管理提供了资金支持,增强了可持续发展能力,推动了灌区的良性运行。     

南水北调山东段水资源优化配置研究

针对南水北调沿线受水区水资源供需矛盾十分突出的问题,以东线山东段为研究对象,研究南水北调受水区水资源供需平衡问题。受水区水资源配置是一个涉及多水源,多用途,不同区域的复杂问题。本文运用大系统分解协调原理,建立水资源优化调度模型,运用优化技术对模型进行求解,给出了优化决策算法的程序框架图,合理解决了多水源、多目标、多用户、多保证率的水资源配置问题,研究结果可为同类问题提供依据。     

水网连通下山东蓝色半岛经济区水资源优化调配研究

对山东半岛蓝色经济区进行水资源优化配置,利于解决区内水资源短缺,促进经济区发展及规划实现。以山东现代水网建设为依托,针对山东蓝色地区水系连通的水资源可持续开发利用的功能需求以及河库连通的二元水网特征,构建水资源优化调配模型。模型基于最严格水资源管理制度需求,通过对现状及规划水平年水资源供需预测分析,开展山东半岛蓝色经济区水系连通下的分层水资源优化配置研究。研究结果为优化区域水资源配置方案,实现地区水资源与社会经济协调发展提供理论支撑。     

海河流域水权制度建设及其实践

海河流域目前开展的水权制度建设,是从流域内单个流域或水系考虑,分别进行各自的水资源配置。海河流域水资源匮乏,供需矛盾突出,水事纠纷频繁发生。为了缓解流域的水资源问题,修建了大量的供水工程,这些工程对水量的再分配起了重要作用,同时也将改变区域的水资源配置方案。如引滦入津工程,南水北调工程等等。随着不同供水工程的建设,区域的水量分配方案也处在一个不断调整的过程中。同时,一些规划的实施,也对水资源管理和水量配置提出了要求。     

Optimal planning of water supply system for long-term sustainability

Developing a long-term system plan for sustainable water supply is a challenging task due to system complexity and future uncertainties in water demands and source availability. Here a coupled optimization model is proposed for water supply system design and long-term operations by deciding system component sizes and water flow allocations simultaneously. The objective is to minimize overall system costs (i.e., sum of capital and operation costs) while meeting water demands and operational constraints. The economic costs include initial component construction costs and operation expenditure over pre-defined operation years. The proposed model integrates a genetic algorithm with a linear programming model to optimize water infrastructure investments and annual water transfers satisfying flow constraints. The coupled model was applied to a simplified water supply network composed of multiple water sources and users. For the application network, various qualities of water from different sources could be supplied to different users. Plausible future scenarios with time varying water demands were simulated representing potential future conditions. Application results show that the proposed coupled model is beneficial in decision making process to design structural components in near future and prepare long-term policies for water shortage and water right issues in upcoming years. The model can be tailored to a specific system and various regulations and conditions can be incorporated within the model without adding complexity to the optimization framework.