电磁搅拌法制备铝合金半固态坯料的研究

分别研究了搅拌电流及搅拌频率对2A50铝合金半固态坯料中心及边缘位置微观组织的影响规律。结果表明：无搅拌电流及搅拌频率时,坯料的微观组织主要由粗大的树枝晶组成,部分枝晶臂长度甚至超过200 μm,不能用于半固态成形。随着搅拌电流或搅拌频率的增加,中心与边缘位置的平均晶粒尺寸均不断减小并在搅拌电流超过30A或搅拌频率超过30Hz时略有增加;中心与边缘位置的形状因子都不断增加并逐渐趋于平缓,但当搅拌电流为40A或搅拌频率为40Hz时略有下降;同时,中心与边缘位置微观组织的均匀性越来越好。在搅拌电流30A、搅拌频率30Hz条件下,能够制备出平均晶粒尺寸和形状因子分别为75.6 μm及0.73的具有理想微观组织的半固态坯料。     

重熔保温时间对ZCuSn10铜合金半固态组织的影响

采用冷轧与重熔的应变诱导熔化激活法制备了ZCuSn10铜合金半固态坯料,分析了重熔过程中保温时间对ZCuSn10铜合金半固态坯料微观组织的影响。结果表明,通过二道次轧制得到变形量为17%的试样,截取试样进行910℃保温重熔处理。随着保温时间延长,合金的平均晶粒直径增大,保温时间从10min延长至25min时,平均晶粒直径由70.6μm增大至88.0μm,晶粒形状因子则随保温时间的延长先增加再减小,保温25 min时达到最低值为2.18,液相率为27.80%,此时获得的半固态组织球化效果好,晶粒圆整度较好,晶粒尺寸和液相比较均匀。     

脉冲磁场下制备半固态铝铜合金坯料的研究

采用脉冲磁场技术制备了半固态Al-4.5Cu合金坯料,考察了冷却速度和脉冲频率对半固态坯料初生α-Al相形貌和尺寸的影响.结果表明,利用脉冲磁场处理可以制备出初生α-A1相为细小的近球状颗粒的半固态Al-4.5Cu合金坯料.初生α -Al相平均晶粒尺寸和平均形状系数分别随着冷却速度的减小和脉冲频率的增加而相应的减小和增加.但当冷却速度减小到20℃/min,脉冲频率增大到10 Hz时,半固态组织有所粗化.当冷却速度为40℃/min,脉冲频率为6 Hz时,半固态Al-4.5Cu合金坯料初生α-Al相平均晶粒尺寸最小,形貌最为圆整,适合于半固态成形.     

A356.2合金半固态坯料的复合制备工艺

通过近液相线浇注、等径角挤压和半固态保温处理复合工艺制备了A356.2合金半固态坯料。利用金相显微镜和金相分析系统测量各工艺参数下制得半固态坯料的等积圆直径和形状系数,并对测量结果进行分析。结果表明,该复合工艺可以制备性能优良的A356.2合金半固态坯料,平均晶粒尺寸在57.4～87.2μm之间,形状系数在0.74～0.91之间;近液相线浇注可以获得呈蔷薇状和团状的晶粒细小坯料,等径角挤压使晶粒发生了明显的变形和破碎,累积了大的变形能,保温处理过程中晶粒逐步向近球状和球状转变,同时晶粒尺寸增大。     

SCR工艺参数对A2017半固态合金组织的影响

采用自行设计的SCR实验机制备A2017半固态合金，研究了SCR工艺参数对A2017半固态合金组织的影响。实验结果表明，合金液浇注温度和轧辊冷却水流量共同影响辊靴间隙中半固态合金的固相率，降低浇注温度或者增大冷却水流量，辊靴间隙高固相率合金区间增长，晶粒尺寸变小；减小辊靴间隙或者提高轧辊转速提高合金层流剪切强度，利于枝晶破碎；增大出口半固态浆料冷却速率能有效抑制晶粒继续生长，保留其完整的非枝晶半固态组织。合金液浇注温度为760～780℃，辊靴间隙为4～6mm，轧辊冷却水流量200～300ml／s条件下，SCR技术可获得浆料状A2017半固态合金，凝固后坯料为均匀、细小的非枝晶等轴晶组织，晶粒大小在40～50μm之间，SCR技术是一种制备半固态加工坯料的理想方法。     

二次重熔工艺对ZA92镁合金半固态浆料固相颗粒的影响

采用自孕育法制备ZA92镁合金半固态坯料,研究了二次重熔温度和时间对ZA92镁合金半固态固相颗粒的影响。结果表明:二次重熔温度升高和重熔时间的延长,合金的固相率减小,平均晶粒尺寸和平均圆整度呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势。当在570~580℃保温30 min或在590℃保温20 min时,可获得理想的半固态浆料固相颗粒,其平均晶粒尺寸、圆整度和固相率分别在83~86μm、1.37~1.59和62.3%~67.8%。晶粒前期以根部熔断和亚晶界分离机制进行分离,后期晶粒的球化、粗化满足LSW理论。     

原始组织对Mg-10Zn-5Al合金半固态球晶组织的影响

采用圆锥铜模冷却法制备了不同原始组织的Mg-10Zn-5Al合金,研究不同冷却速率下合金的铸态组织以及不同原始铸态组织对二次重熔球晶组织的影响。结果表明,随着冷却速率的减慢,试样的组织从枝晶状向颗粒状晶转变,而且晶粒变得越来越粗大。Mg-10Zn-5Al合金坯料原始组织从树枝晶向等轴晶转变的过程中,重熔后的平均晶粒尺寸、平均圆整度和固相率呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。当重熔温度为430℃,重熔时间为30 min,原始组织为等轴晶时,其二次重熔后的平均晶粒尺寸在49μm左右,其平均圆整度在1.8左右,其固相率为52.5%。     

轧制-重熔SIMA法制备ZCuSn10合金半固态坯料

采用轧制-重熔的SIMA法制备了ZCuSn10合金半固态坯料,先将铸态ZCuSn10合金加热到450℃保温15 min,分别进行2~4道次轧制,然后截取试样进行重熔处理后水淬.比较了SIMA法和铸态-直接重熔工艺制备的ZCuSn10合金半固态组织,并利用SEM的EDS测定了组织中Sn的分布情况,用OM和TEM观察了SIMA法制备过程中试样组织变化,综合分析了SIMA法制备ZCuSn10合金半固态坯料过程中的组织演变机理.结果表明:采用轧制-重熔的SIMA法制备的ZCuSn10合金半固态组织固相晶粒均匀细小,圆整度高,19.7%预变形量875℃保温15 min半固态组织最优,其平均晶粒直径75.8μm,形状因子1.62,液相率17.28%;用SIMA法制备ZCuSn10合金半固态坯料,预变形过程对晶粒细化及球化起到了关键作用,随着预变形量和重熔保温温度的提高,半固态组织晶粒尺寸减小,圆整度提高,液相率增加;采用轧制-重熔的SIMA法制备ZCuSn10合金半固态组织球化的主要机理是预变形过程破碎了枝晶,储备了变形能,在重熔过程中促进了枝晶熔断,同时,由于Sn元素从液相中向a固相中扩散迁移,液相逐渐吞噬固相的尖角突出部分,最终生成细小、圆整的a相晶粒.     

电磁搅拌参数对半固态AZ91D镁合金组织的影响

利用自制的电磁搅拌装置和淬火技术,主要研究了电磁搅拌频率为50Hz下的搅拌参数对连续冷却条件下AZ91D镁合金组织的影响规律.在本试验条件下,当电磁搅拌频率小于50 Hz时,随着电磁搅拌频率的升高,半固态AZ91D镁合金浆料或坯料组织中的球状初生α-Mg越来越多,其形态更加圆整、分布更趋均匀;当电磁搅拌频率达到或高于50 Hz时,半固态AZ91D镁合金浆料或坯料的组织比较理想.当电磁搅拌功率增大时,半固态AZ91D镁合金熔体中的蔷薇状初生α-Mg会受到更加强烈的附加温度起伏,促使蔷薇状初生α-Mg枝晶臂根部的熔断,形成越来越多的球状初生α-Mg,而且初生α-Mg越来越圆整.在电磁搅拌制备半固态AZ91D镁合金浆料或坯料时,较低的冷却速率有利获得较理想的半固态组织.     

重熔工艺对应变诱导熔化激活法制备ZCuSn10铜合金半固态组织的影响

采用包括锻造与重熔的应变诱导熔化激活(SIMA)法制备ZCuSn10铜合金半固态坯料,分析重熔过程中重熔温度和保温时间对ZCuSn10半固态坯料微观组织的影响。结果表明:在900℃保温时,随着保温时间的延长,合金的平均晶粒直径增大,保温时间由5 min延长至50 min时,平均晶粒直径由45.9μm增大至74.7μm;晶粒形状因子随保温时间的延长先减小后增大。保温30 min时,随着保温温度的升高,平均晶粒直径减小,当保温温度由850℃升高至925℃时,平均晶粒直径由72.6μm减小至64.1μm;晶粒形状因子随保温温度的升高而增大。900℃保温30 min获得的半固态组织均匀、球化效果好,平均晶粒尺寸为64.7μm,形状因子为1.65。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.