齿轮坯闭式模锻模具参数化设计系统的研制

针对齿轮坯闭式模锻模具设计，详细研究了其参数化设计过程及其二次开发的方法和技术，成功开发了齿轮坯闭式模锻模具参数化设计系统，实现了齿轮坯闭式模锻模具参数化绘图。     

Finite element method approach to forging process design

Forging processes in the past have primarily been developed based on empirical relationships or trial and error. The finite element approach to forging process development and design has been found to be practically feasible and economical. The rigid-viscoplastic finite element method (FEM) code “ALPID” developed by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, has been successfully utilized to simulate metal forming processes. In the following paper, the application of finite element simulation to study deformation mechanics in the forging of gear blanks and axle shafts is discussed. An underfill problem on the gear blank was overcome and tool life was improved on the axle shaft hot heading process.     

基于Aut0CAD2002及VBA的齿轮坯闭式模锻工CAD系统的研制

利用AutoCAD2002二次开发工具VBA，开发出了齿轮坯闭式模锻工艺CAD系统，并对其二次开发的方法和技术进行了研究。实践表明，该系统使用简单、可靠性高，能够极大提高齿轮坯闭式模锻工艺设计的效率和质量。     

Shrink fit design for precision gear forging dies

The usual way to shrink fit design for precision forging of gear dies is to use thick wall cylinder theory (analytical approach) assuming that bore diameter is equal to pitch diameter by neglecting actual gear tooth shape. For more accurate determination, finite element method (FEM) can be used. The actual stresses predicted by FEM are much higher than the analytical approach, so that the design of the gear shaped die is beyond the capability of the analytical approach. In this paper, analytical approach for dies with gear teeth is modified using FEM solution sets. FEM analyses results are verified by experiments. During experiments cylinder approach is observed to be inadequate for forging loads. An easy to use set of formula and nomograms for determination of sizes of die and ring, and radial interference are presented. The solution set is verified with experiments. Proposed equations can safely be used for shrink fit design of precision forging gear dies.     

滑动叉无飞边锻造工艺研究

滑动叉传统上采用开式模锻工艺生产,飞边大,材料浪费严重而且尺寸精度差。为了降低锻件成本,针对滑动叉的形状特征,提出一种无飞边模锻的新工艺,使预制毛坯在封闭的模腔内成形,实现净成形或近净成形。应用Deform 3D模拟研究了滑动叉无飞边锻造工艺过程,模拟验证结果表明,新工艺显著地提高了材料利用率和成形质量,降低了锻造载荷。     

叶片精锻三维有限元反向模拟脱模准则的确定

叶片精锻过程的预成形设计是提高叶片锻件质量和降低产品成本的一个极其重要的方面,基于有限元法的反向模拟技术能够从叶片终锻件形状反演出预成形毛坯形状。为此,本文介绍了有限元反向模拟的基本步骤,综述了确定反向模拟中边界节点脱模准则的方法。针对叶片精锻三维有限元反向模拟过程,提出用跟踪拟合修正的方法来确定边界节点脱模的时间序列,确定了反向模拟的脱模准则。将所确定的脱模准则应用到叶片精锻三维有限元反向模拟程序中,可得到合理的叶片预成形毛坯形状。     

Sensitivity analysis based preform die shape design for net-shape forging

A sensitivity analysis method for preform die shape design in net-shape forging processes is developed in this paper using the rigid viscoplastic finite element method. The preform die shapes are represented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points or coefficients of B-spline are used as the design variables. The optimization problem is to minimize the zone where the realized and desired final forging shapes do not coincide. The sensitivities of the objective function, nodal coordinates and nodal velocities with respect to the design variables are developed in detail. A procedure for computing the sensitivities of history-dependent functions is presented. The remeshing procedure and the interpolation/transfer of the history-dependent parameters, such as effective strain, are stated. The procedures of sensitivity analysis based preform die design are also described. In addition, a method for the adjustment of the volume loss resulting from the finite element analysis is given in order to make the workpiece volume consistent in each optimization iteration. The method developed in this paper is used to design the preform die shape of H-shaped forging processes, including plane strain and axisymmetric deformations. The results show that a flashless forging with a complete die fill is realized using the optimized preform die shape.     

从动螺伞齿轮精锻工艺与试验

精锻方法成形螺伞齿轮与机加工齿轮相比具有力学性能好、寿命长、材料利用率高等优点.本文开发了一种采用“镦粗—预锻—冲孔—终锻”流程成形从动螺伞齿轮的热精锻工艺方案,针对该工艺方案设计了中心分流的闭式精锻模具,利用有限元分析软件Deform-3D进行工艺流程数值模拟,得出填充情况、成形载荷、齿廓纤维流向等重要信息.在1000 t离合器式螺旋压力机上试制出直径为165mm的螺伞齿轮锻件,验证了工艺方案的可行性及有限元模拟的正确性,为螺伞齿轮精锻成形批量生产提供了借鉴.     

Controlling Flow Instability in Straight Spur Gear Forging Using Numerical Simulation and Response Surface Method

Workability domain without the onset of flow instability was developed by numerical simulation and response surface method(RSM) for complex-shaped straight spur gear forging. The processing map of AZ31 B alloys was calculated from flow stress curves and then integrated with the finite element model to simulate the distribution of flow instability in the straight spur gear undergoing isothermal forging process. Occurrence of flow instability depends on forging temperature, punch velocity and billet reduction. Taking forging temperature and punch velocity as design variables, while billet reduction as response variable, RSM of workability domain was established. Analysis of variance indicates that forging temperature is the most significant factor determining the appearance of flow instability in the forged gear. Flow instability is easier to take place at lower temperatures of 250 and 300 °C in the early stage of forging but at higher temperatures of 350 and 400 °C in the later stage of forging, which is attributed to different deformation mechanisms and dynamic recrystallization behaviors at different temperatures or deformation levels. Meanwhile, increasing punch velocity further reduces the workability of the forged gear.Four different processing paths were chosen to carry out the gear forging trials. Visual observations and metallographic examinations demonstrate that the developed workability domain contributes to optimization of forging parameters.     

齿轮锻坯的质量控制

齿轮锻坯的质量不良会使随后的机加工困难,恶化齿轮的热处理质量,降低齿轮精度和使用性能。影响齿轮锻坯质量的因素是多方面的,如原材料质量、预备热处理和锻造工艺。采用排列图可以找出导致齿轮锻坯不合格的主要原因,从而采取相应的预防措施。     

A design approach for intermediate die shapes in plane strain forgings

A new technique has been developed for the design of die shapes in the plane strain forging process. The objective of this research work is to develop a design procedure to obtain the number of stages and the shape of each die for manufacturing a desired product. Metal flow during the forging is considered in the design of the intermediate die shapes in multistage forgings. The two approaches developed for the preform shapes design are conformal mapping techniques and ideal material flow simulations. The forging process is simulated using a nonlinear rigid visco plastic finite element program ALPID (analysis of large plastic incremental deformation). Staging criteria is developed from the results of the forging simulation and the number of stages are based on the stress ratio parameterg (mean stress/effective stress) and strain rate gradient information. This paper presents two examples of forgings to demonstrate an optimal die shape design methodology.     

TC6钛合金卡环锻造模具优化的数值模拟分析

采用有限元法模拟了TC6钛合金卡环的锻造过程,给出了锻造过程金属的流动情况、锻造载荷以及模具的应力分布。在此基础上对模具型腔进行了优化设计,给出了一种优化的设计方案。优化后的模具在锻造过程中承受较小的应力分布,从而可以确保模具的使用寿命以及锻件的质量不受影响。     

螺旋伞齿轮复动闭式模锻模具

通过对小锥角螺旋伞齿轮塑性成形金属流动的分析，设计了螺旋伞齿轮预制坯形状和在通用压力机上使用的复动闭式模锻模具，成形出小锥角螺旋伞齿轮锻件。揭示了使用复动闭式模锻模具成形小锥角螺旋伞齿轮的可行性。     

用Superform指导DJ4机车齿轮芯毛坯锻造工艺设计

对710齿轮芯锻造生产过程的难点进行了分析,并用MSC.Superfom软件对成形过程进行模拟,找出特殊锻造模式下的金属流动规律.模拟结果表明,最初的变形工艺存在问题,轮毂部位充不满.因此,根据模拟结果对工艺设计方案进行了改进,以限制金属沿径向向外流动,流向轮毂,并按照改进后的模拟结果指导工艺和锻造模具设计.在实际生产中得以验证,并取得了良好的效果.     

Computer-aided preform design in forging of an airfoil section blade

This study attempts to establish systematic procedures for the preform design in forging of an airfoil section blade as a two-dimensional plane-strain problem. Forward loading and backward tracing simulations by the finite element method are used. A circular shape is selected as an original stock, and a side-pressed preform of the circular shape is adopted in view of preliminary simulations using rectangular preforms. The optimal slope angle of the die parting line and the position of the preform within the die, which satisfy the final design condition of flashless forging, are determined from the results of the simulations.     

羊角锤闭式精密模锻工艺及模具设计

叙述了羊角锤新旧模锻工艺过程,介绍了活动模具的动作原理及模具结构,阐述了用闭式精密模锻工艺代替普通模锻的优点,提出了模具设计的基本要求,指出了目前使用活动模具闭式精密模锻中所存在的问题     

新型圆柱齿轮精锻模

提出了圆柱齿轮新型精锻模和挤压模结构 ,论述了齿轮精锻模齿形设计和加工方法。用新型精锻模在摩擦压力机上一次锻击 ,使圆柱齿轮完全成型 ,锻件无飞边。齿轮锻件经过退火和表面清理 ,用新型挤压模在液压机上挤压精整 ,显著提高了精锻齿轮精度和精锻模寿命     

螺旋伞齿轮摆动辗压成形三维有限元模拟

螺旋伞齿轮高径比小,适合摆动辗压工艺成形。采用刚粘塑性有限元对螺旋伞齿轮摆动辗压工艺进行了模拟,获得了螺旋伞齿轮的摆动辗压变形规律、金属流动规律和载荷曲线。就螺旋伞齿轮锻件脱模问题,设计出轴承式凹模,当锻件被顶出时,凹模沿齿轮轴线做同步旋转,锻件被旋出凹模。     

铁路货车锻造钩舌成形工艺及数值模拟优化

锻造钩舌是一种常用的铁路车辆车钩牵引部件,该产品截面变化大、形状复杂、成形困难,存在不容易锻造的薄筋。根据产品的尺寸和形状特点制定了自由锻制坯、两次模锻和两次切边的锻造工艺。以刚塑性有限元法为基础,利用Deform-3D软件对锻造钩舌制坯和模锻过程进行三维有限元模拟,揭示了锻造钩舌在模锻变形过程中金属的流动规律,分析了在两次模锻成形过程中产品的变形受力情况和变形过程中产生的缺陷情况。为优化锻造工艺提供了有力的依据,并通过改进锻造工艺极大的提高了产品的合格率。     

Numerical simulation of thixoforming

Processing of alloys and composites in the solid plus liquid range has advantages over casting, forging, and powder metallurgy techniques. The sensitivity of semisolid slurries to temperature variations and their history and rate dependent behavior, however, make process design and control difficult. Precise selection of die velocity, process temperature, and die design is necessary to produce satisfactory products. Therefore, a computational capability for the prediction of the rheological behavior of semisolid materials would be an invaluable tool in process design. This work presents preliminary results on numerical simulations of thixoforming operations. Constitutive models that are able to describe qualitatively the transient flow behavior of semisolid materials are implemented in a finite element program. Simple but realistic thixoforming operations are simulated. Weaknesses of currently available constitutive models and numerical techniques are identified and discussed. This paper was originally presented at the Symposium “Paniculate Materials in Rheological Applications,” TMS 1993 Fall Meeting, Materials Week Program.