世界各国加紧镁铝合金挤压铸造的技术革新

目前,世界各国进行挤压铸造生产的各种液压机大致有1000台,先进的专用挤压铸造设备主要分布在日、美等发达国家,其中日本最多。挤压铸造机大致发展成三类:垂直合模垂直挤压式;水平合模水平挤压式;水平合模垂直挤压式。挤压铸造设备的研发主要集中在以下几个方面:(1)挤压铸造方式从传统的直接挤压和间接挤压单一方式走向复合化,兼有两种方式的优点,形成适用范围更广的新型挤压铸造工艺。又如,与压铸及半固态铸造方式相融合,形成挤压压铸工艺和半固态挤压铸造。(2)浇注方式及浇注系统装置注重提高浇注的自动化水平和改善浇注条件,开发出高精度的液压控制阀和闭环控制的压射系统,建立专用高效的浇注系统。     

流变挤压铸造制备LPSO结构增强Mg-Zn-Y-Zr合金及其组织性能

采用流变挤压铸造工艺制备了含有LPSO结构的Mg99.9-3xZnxY2xZr0.1(x=0.5、1、2,摩尔分数,%)合金,研究了合金的微观组织特征及力学性能。结果表明,流变挤压铸造能有效细化合金的微观组织。合金的基体组织由尺寸较大的α1-Mg和尺寸较小的α2-Mg晶粒组成,LPSO结构呈细小的网状结构均匀地分布在晶界处,LPSO结构的含量越低,其细化效果越明显。随着挤压压力增大,合金中LPSO结构的厚度越来越小,当压力达到100MPa后,厚度变化趋缓。与常规重力铸造相比,流变挤压铸造能有效提高合金的力学性能,特别是伸长率。在400MPa下的流变挤压铸造Mg96.9Zn1Y2Zr0.1合金的抗拉强度和伸长率较重力铸造下分别提高了19%和170%。     

锌合金蜗轮的挤压铸造

利用自制装备挤压铸造了锌合金蜗轮,通过金相显微镜及万能试验机研究了其显微组织和力学性能。试验选取锌合金(ZA27)蜗轮挤压铸造工艺参数,保温温度为570～630℃,模具预热温度为150～250℃,冲头速度为5～10mm/s,比压为30～100MPa,保压时间为40～120s。结果表明,挤压铸造显著细化了锌合金的晶粒,提高了锌合金蜗轮的力学性能,很好地控制了蜗轮的品质。与金属型重力铸造相比,挤压铸造锌合金(ZA27)蜗轮的抗拉强度提高了28.6%,伸长率提高了139%。     

免热处理(TiB_(2)+ZrB_(2))/Al-Mg-Mn基复合材料的显微组织与力学性能EI北大核心CSCD

基于交通、航空航天等领域高强韧精密复杂零件免热处理的需求,采用原位生成反应法制备了(TiB_(2)+ZrB_(2))/Al-Mg-Mn基复合材料,对比研究了重力铸造和挤压铸造制备的(TiB_(2)+ZrB_(2))/Al-Mg-Mn基复合材料的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明:原位生成反应法制备的复合材料中生成了大量纳米级的TiB_(2)和ZrB_(2)颗粒。拉伸实验结果表明,挤压铸造复合材料试样的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为296 MPa、185 MPa和12.2%,这些参数比重力铸造成型的Al-Mg-Mn合金分别提高了57%、95%和40%;比重力铸造复合材料分别提高了12%、11%和36%。分析发现,复合材料相比无添加Al-Mg-Mn合金强韧性能更高的原因在于TiB_(2)和ZrB_(2)颗粒协同增强细晶强化作用;而挤压铸造成型的复合材料的力学性能优于重力铸造成型的复合材料的主要原因在于挤压力所致的晶粒细化和Orowan强化作用。     

2001年全国压铸、挤压铸造、半固态加工 学术年会通知

烟台 2 0 0 1年 8月 5日～ 9日1 会议主题 :面向 2 1世纪的压铸、挤压铸造、半固态加工技术及其产业2 .会议主办单位 :中国机械工程学会铸造分会压铸专业委员会中国兵工学会金属材料学会挤压铸造专业委员会中国机械工程学会锻压分会半固态加工学术委员会《特种铸造及有色合金》杂志社3 会议地点 :烟台4 会议时间 :2 0 0 1年 8月 5～ 9日5 收费标准 :(1)会务费 :每人 5 0 0元(2 )住宿费 :每人每天 80元6 学术会议 :(1)征文内容与会议主题相关的论文 (含压铸、挤压铸造、半固态加工、低压铸造、差压铸造等 )皆可应征。主要包括 :①合金材料 …     

铸造工艺对Mg-12Zn-1Y合金组织与力学性能的影响

特定Zn、Y含量的Mg-Zn-Y合金能原位形成二十面体准晶增强I相(I-Mg₃Zn₆Y),但常规铸造凝固条件下形成的准晶组织粗大,难以发挥其性能优势。研究了重力铸造、挤压铸造及流变挤压铸造工艺制备的Mg-12Zn-1Y合金的组织和力学性能。结果表明,在重力铸造的合金组织中,大量粗大的I相和Mg₇Zn₃相聚集在一起。挤压铸造使I相转变为细小的层片状,且Mg₇Zn₃含量降低。对于流变挤压铸造的合金,随着制浆过程中超声功率增大,α-Mg晶粒得到较大程度的细化和球化,共晶组织间距明显减小,而随着超声功率持续增加到2 400 W时,共晶组织出现一定程度富集。当超声功率为1 600 W时,合金的力学性能最优,屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别为185 MPa、276 MPa和6.8%,相较于挤压铸造分别提高了35.0%、24.9%和142.9%。     

挤压铸造Al-6.4Cu-0.4Mn合金轮毂的组织与性能

通过金相组织观察(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、室温力学性能测试等手段,研究了一种Al-6.4Cu-0.4Mn中强高韧挤压铸造铝合金,同时利用挤压铸造与常规铸造制备了负重轮轮毂,并对比研究了该合金挤压铸造与常规铸造条件下组织、性能的变化情况。结果表明,新合金挤压铸造成形过程中共形成固相区、固液区、液固区以及液体区4个凝固区域;新合金挤压铸造后的显微组织反偏析现象严重,等轴晶程度较高,由铸造组织与变形组织共同组成;新合金挤压铸造成形后经固溶时效热处理,其抗拉强度与伸长率显著优于常规铸造工艺性能,分别达到468 MPa与16.2%。     

铸造冷却方式对Mg-4.4Zn-0.3Zr-0.4Y挤压态合金组织及性能的影响

采用2种不同铸造冷却方式制备成分相同、组织特征不同的Mg-4.4Zn-0.3Zr-0.4Y镁合金,研究不同铸造组织特征对挤压变形态合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:与空冷铸造合金相比,水冷增大了熔体冷却速度,使合金铸态组织得到细化,抑制了W-相(Mg_3Y_2Zn_3相)的形核,并促进了I-相(Mg_3YZn_6相)的生成,获得了更大体积分数的准晶相(I-相)。经过挤压变形后,水冷铸造合金中的再结晶晶粒细小均匀,I-相颗粒经过挤压破碎后弥散分布在基体上,{0002}基面织构得到弱化,而■织构强度增强,从而使Mg-4.4Zn-0.3Zr-0.4Y挤压态合金的强度和塑性都得到了大幅提高。水冷铸造合金经过挤压变形后,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到297.0和327.3 MPa,与空冷铸造挤压态合金相比分别提高了46.4和21.4 MPa。水冷铸造挤压态合金的延伸率达到14.8%,与空冷铸造挤压态合金相比增大了4.7%。     

CuSn10P1合金薄壁轴套挤压铸造组织均匀性及性能研究

分别采用液态挤压铸造和半固态流变挤压铸造成形CuSn10P1合金薄壁轴套，对轴套组织均匀性和拉伸力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，半固态挤压铸造CuSn10P1合金轴套组织中物相尺寸和形态分布均匀性显著提高；半固态铸造组织显著细化和球化，基体相内部锡元素固溶度得到显著提高；δ和Cu3P脆性物相分布于高锡含量的细小α相之间；半固态挤压铸造薄壁轴套的抗拉强度和伸长率较液态挤压铸造轴套分别提高了26%和318%。     

不同铸造方法对7075铝合金热导率及力学性能的影响

采用金属型铸造、液态挤压铸造和半固态挤压铸造方法制备了7075铝合金,研究了不同铸造工艺对7075铝合金热导率与力学性能的影响。结果表明,金属型铸造晶粒粗大,产生枝晶偏析降低塑韧性,抗拉强度及伸长率最小,分别为121 MPa和2.78%,但晶粒粗大使热量传导路径宽,对电子散射几率小,电子的平均自由程较长,热导率相对较高,达到了139.67W/(m·K);液态挤压铸造晶粒细化,抗拉强度和伸长率分别为239MPa和5.75%,但晶粒细小且枝晶臂较多,对电子散射程度大,热导率最低,为120.94W/(m·K);半固态挤压铸造的晶粒致密细小且圆整,抗拉强度及伸长率最高分别达到248MPa和7.46%,且热导率为126.07W/(m·K)。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.