Metal Contamination Characteristics of Lepidium sativum in a Phosphate-, Saline-, and Nitrate-Contaminated Media

In this research we investigated the ability of cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.) to grow in an aqueous media with metal toxicities. The toxicity of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn ions were examined in blank, nitrate (N–NO3)–, phosphate (KH2PO4)–, and saline (NaCl)–contaminated media. The acute toxicity of the tested metal ions in the blank media according to their IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values increased on the order of Pb相似文献   

植物-微生物联合修复重金属的研究进展

重金属污染严重威胁到农作物安全和人体健康。植物修复重金属污染方面已有大量研究,其中植物-微生物联合修复被认为是改善重金属含量的一种有效方法。就近年来植物-微生物联合修复重金属的机理进行了评述,总结了近5年植物-微生物联合修复应用于重金属污染的研究。植物与微生物的协同作用,微生物与植物间形成联合体可以在很大程度上减轻环境对植物的影响。此外,微生物通过提高植物的抗性、降低重金属毒性、促进植物生长等方式增强植物修复重金属的能力。由于污染环境的复合性和复杂性,未来植物-微生物-金属相互作用的分子机制研究和开发植物-微生物联合修复的新技术开发将会成为重点。     

某矿区农田土壤重金属分布特征与生态风险评价

为探明贵州六盘水某矿区周边农田土壤重金属的分布特征及污染程度,以矿区周边农田为研究对象,采集表层土壤测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和As含量,分析重金属空间分布特征,评价土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险,并探究其来源。结果显示,6种重金属元素含量均高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值,超标倍数依次为Cu(5.82)>Ni(2.52)>Zn(2.46)>Pb(1.81)Cr(1.51)>As(1.18),重金属分布显示矿区煤矸石山和洗选厂周边的农田土壤重金属富集较为严重。单项污染指数均值显示Cu处于重度污染水平,Ni、Zn为轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr、As为轻微污染水平;综合污染处于重度污染级别。地质累积指数法评价结果显示:Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb处于轻度污染,Cr、As表现为尚未污染水平。研究区重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为68.02,已经达到轻度危害程度,其中Cu、Ni对综合潜在生态风险(RI)的贡献最大。多元统计分析结果显示,Zn与Pb、Zn与As以及Cu与Pb的相关性较强,表明Zn、Pb、AS、Cu的来源较相似,为第一类来源,主要源于采矿活动产生的三废;Ni、Cr分别为第二、三类来源,第二类重金属来源与汽车尾气的排放、机械损耗有关;第三类重金属主要受土壤母质影响。4种评价结果基本一致,矿区周边农田土壤重金属处于重度污染,轻度危害程度,Cu、Ni是研究区土壤影响最显著的生态风险因子,重金属主要源于采矿活动产生的三废。     

Removal of Heavy Metals and COD by SRB in UAFF Reactor

Sulfate-reducing bacteria, under anaerobic conditions, reduce sulfate, SO4?2, to sulfide, S?2, which in turn can effectively precipitate heavy metals. In this research project, sulfate-reducing bacteria were grown in an upflow anaerobic fixed-film (UAFF) reactor using optimum growth conditions obtained in previous studies. These reactors were then fed with different heavy metals at increasing loading rates until complete failure occurred as metal removal reached zero and residual sulfide dropped to zero. The metal concentrations were measured as total, dissolved, and free ions both in the influent and in the effluent streams. The results of this research showed that 100% removal efficiencies could be obtained with individual concentrations up to 200 mg∕L for Cu, 150 mg∕L for Ni and Zn, 75 mg∕L for Cr, 50 mg∕L for Cd, and 40 mg∕L for Pb. Also, the corresponding organic matter removal as total organic carbon was found to be about 50% of the influent total organic carbon. A set of mathematical equations were derived to express the mass balance inside the UAFF reactor, with respect to metal influent concentrations and sulfide production. These equations were corrected by incorporating a correction product, α?β, to represent the toxicity effect of the increasing metal concentrations.     

Determination of metal ions in algal solution samples by capillary electrophoresis

Trace metals determination in aqueous samples can be readily accomplished by capillary electrophoresis (CE) via indirect absorbance detection. A method for the separation of metal ions is presented and applied to the determination of seven metals in algal solution samples. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid background electrolyte (BGE) containing UV CAT-1 (an ultraviolet-absorbing amine) is used to perform capillary ion analysis. Acetic acid is used to adjust the pH value of BGE to 4.4. All ions can be separated in less than 15 min. All peaks are well separated and baseline resolved (i.e., no peaks overlapped). This work presents the applicability of CE to the quantitative analysis of algal solution samples and shows the adsorption process of seven metals in solution (Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu) to Chlorella vulgaris. The innovation of the application of CE in the determination of metals bound by Chlorella vulgaris is shown to be an improvement of the pH over what has been published previously. The detection limit is in the range of 13 (Mn) to 102 (Pb) ppb with electrokinetic injection mode (15 kV, 7 s). Reproducibility was 1.4% for the migration time, better than 5% for peak area for four of the metal ions (Cr, Mn, Cd, and Cu), and lower than 5% for the other three (Ni, Zn, and Pb). Calibration curves are linear for most ions in the 10(-7)-10(-5)M range (correlation coefficient r2 = 0.9933-0.9986) using electrokinetic injection mode.     

Trace Metal Composition in Water and Sediment from Catch Basins

When eductor trucks are used to maintain catch basins, the mixture of water and sediment that is produced has to be disposed of in some way. This paper considers the quality of this mixture after it has been discharged from the eductor truck. The results show that the metal concentrations varied more in the water phase than in the sediment phase and that most of the metals were attached to particles. No significant difference could be found in the water between a housing area and a road, whereas a significant difference could be found for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the sediment at a 95% confidence level. The smallest fraction (<63?μm) in the sediment had the largest concentration of metals. Sampling procedure, time, and traffic intensity had an impact on the particle-size distribution. The water exceeded the guidelines for all studied metals; however, the concentration for the water will be affected by the wash water volume, whereas, for the sediment, only copper exceeded the guidelines.     

Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Heavy Metals in Glacial Till Soils Using Different Electrolyte Solutions

Previous electrokinetic remediation studies involving the geochemical characterization of heavy metals in high acid buffering soils, such as glacial till soil, revealed significant hexavalent chromium migration towards the anode. The migration of cationic contaminants, such as nickel and cadmium, towards the cathode was insignificant due to their precipitation under the high pH conditions that result when the soil has a high acid buffering capacity. Therefore the present laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the performance of different electrolyte (or purging) solutions, which were introduced to either dissolve the metal precipitates and/or form soluble metal complexes. Tests were conducted on a glacial till soil that was spiked with Cr(VI), Ni(II), and Cd(II) in concentrations of 1,000, 500, and 250 mg/kg, respectively, under the application of a 1.0 VDC/cm voltage gradient. The electrolyte solutions tested were 0.1M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 1.0M acetic acid, 1.0M citric acid, 0.1M NaCl/0.1M EDTA, and 0.05M sulfuric acid/0.5M sulfuric acid. The results showed that 46–82% of the Cr(VI) was removed from the soil, depending on the purging solution used. The highest removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) was 48 and 26%, respectively, and this removal was achieved using 1.0M acetic acid. Although cationic contaminant removal was low, the use of 0.1M NaCl as an anode purging solution and 0.1M EDTA as a cathode purging solution resulted in significant contaminant migration towards the soil regions adjacent to the electrodes. Compared to low buffering capacity soils, such as kaolin, the removal of heavy metals from the glacial till soil was low, and this was attributed to the more complex composition of glacial till. Overall, this study showed that the selection of the purging solutions for the enhanced removal of heavy metals from soils should be primarily based upon the contaminant characteristics and the soil composition.     

某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及其来源分析

以某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤为研究对象,测定土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni重金属含量,采用地质统计分析掌握重金属含量空间分布,再利用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地质累积指数评价重金属污染状况,并结合相关性分析和主成分分析探重金属来源。结果表明,土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni平均含量分别为10.4、1.54、132、653、62.8、73.8、1 392、31.6 mg/kg,越靠近尾矿库,Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg含量越高。内梅罗综合污染指数表明,研究区综合污染指数为11.2,为重污染,单因子污染指数和地质累积指数表明,研究区土壤Cd污染最严重,其次是As、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg污染,Cr和Ni无污染。相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn之间存在显著正相关关系,主要受铅锌尾矿库长期堆存、转运及加工等人为活动影响,Cr、Ni主要来自土壤母质,Cu主要受矿业活动和农业活动共同影响。     

从不锈钢粉尘中选择性提取Cr、Ni和Zn重金属

基于热力学计算结果,通过配碳还原-熔分工艺,从不锈钢粉尘中选择性分步提取了Cr、Ni和Zn重金属元素.配碳还原实验结果表明,不锈钢粉尘的最佳配碳量为20%,粉尘中Fe、Ni和Zn的最低还原温度为1050℃,Cr的最低还原温度是1 400℃,与热力学计算结果一致,通过控制温度实现了对粉尘中金属的选择性分步还原.直接还原熔分实验说明,Fe-Cr合金最佳熔分温度为1550℃,粉尘中金属以Fe-Ni-Cr合金形式被提取出来,渣金分离状况良好,反应时间5min时金属提取率已达到75%左右,15 min时Fe和Cr收得率达到85%以上,Ni超过90%.通过控制配碳量、还原时间与反应温度,在不改变现有工艺的条件下,不锈钢粉尘直接返回炼钢主流程回收其重金属完全可行.      

Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Maghemite Nanoparticle: Performance and Mechanisms

This study investigated the applicability of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles for the selective removal of toxic heavy metals from electroplating wastewater. The maghemite nanoparticles of 10?nm were synthesized using a sol–gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface area of the nanoparticles was determined to be 198?m2/g using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and mechanisms of Cr(VI), Cu(II), and Ni(II) by maghemite nanoparticles. The adsorption process was found to be highly pH dependent, which made the nanoparticles selectively adsorb these three metals from wastewater. The adsorption of heavy metals reached equilibrium rapidly within 10?min and the adsorption data were well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. Regeneration studies indicated that the maghemite nanoparticles undergoing successive adsorption–desorption processes retained original metal removal capacity. Mechanism studies using TEM, XRD, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) could be due to electrostatic attraction and ion exchange, and the adsorption of Ni(II) could be as a result of electrostatic attraction only.     

典型锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染风险评价及其来源分析

为探究典型锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况及主要来源,以重庆市秀山县溶溪锰矿区周边农用地的土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤中镉、砷、铅、铬、镍、铜、锌和锰的含量,采用了多种分析方法（包括多元统计分析、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗指数法和地质累积指数法）研究土壤重金属污染水平、分布特征,并结合皮尔逊相关性分析、PCA和APCS-MLR分析,解析研究区土壤重金属的主要来源和贡献率。结果表明,锰矿区周边水稻田土壤Mn均值含量显著低于其它农作物土壤（p＜0.05）,其他7种重金属均值含量在各农田土壤中均无显著差异（p＞0.05）。内梅罗综合污染指数表现为红薯地（13.34）＞大豆地（2.73）＞玉米地（2.19）＞水稻田（1.80）,重金属污染程度由大到小表现为：Mn＞Cd＞As＞Ni、Zn＞Pb、Cr、Cu。地累积指数由大到小表现为：Mn＞As＞Pb＞Zn＞Ni＞Cd＞Cu＞Cr。污染源解析表明,研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn和Mn之间存在显著正相关关系（r=0.5~0.8、p＜0.01）,主要受到矿业开采等活动影响,贡献率分别为80.0%、55.3%、57.9%、61.4%、73.3%和98.4%。As和Cr存在显著正相关关系（r=0.548、p＜0.01）,主要受到土壤母质等自然因素的影响,贡献率分别高达88.5%和76.3%。因此,应重点加强对Mn和Cd的来源管控和污染防治。此外,红薯地8种重金属污染累积程度均高于其他农作物土地,应开展相应整治,防止持续对红薯地土壤造成污染。     

Removal of heavy metals by two free floating aquatic macrophytes

A concentration-dependent decrease in biomass, protein, RNA, DNA, and nutrient (NO3(-) and PO4(3-)) uptake of Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata by Cr, Ni, and Zn was detected. Cr was found to exert maximum toxicity followed by Ni and Zn. Metal uptake was dependent on time and concentration of metal in the external medium. Both the macrophytes, however, showed preference for Zn followed by Ni and Cr. The uptake kinetics also revealed a low Vmax and high Km for Cr. L. minor was more efficient in accumulating Zn and Cr than A. pinnata in Ni. Compared to immobilized algae and bacterial capsules the test macrophytes showed a greater efficiency for metal removal.     

金属离子掺杂对离子液辅助制备纳米TiO_2性能的影响

以过渡金属(Cr、Fe、Ni和Zn)掺杂为手段,以溶胶凝胶为制备方法,以离子液2—羟基咪唑甲酸盐为微观结构调控试剂,制备了TiO_2纳米粒子。将样品备好后,在500℃的条件下进行煅烧处理,用BET、XRD、DRS等手段进行结构表征,以酸性蓝92为模拟污染物对其光催化性能进行测定。研究结果表明,经过渡金属掺杂后的TiO_2纳米颗粒比纯TiO_2具有更高的比表面积和更小的粒径尺寸。过渡金属的掺杂使TiO_2的吸收光谱向可见光的方向移动。在紫外灯照射下,水溶液中酸性蓝92的光降解结果为:过渡金属离子的存在使TiO_2纳米颗粒的光催化活性得到了明显增强。     

Leaching Behavior of Metals Released from Cement-Stabilized/Solidified Refinery Oily Sludge by Means of Sequential Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

In this study, stabilization/solidification (S/S) of refinery oily sludge was applied using two types of cement (I and II), in cement-to-waste ratio from 0.1 to 0.7. The leaching behavior of heavy metals was investigated, by means of a five-point sequential toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. Sequential TCLP was used to provide an improved assessment of long-term contaminant potential leachability, because the acidic leachant is renewed, whereas in the single TCLP, contaminant leachability is limited by the pH neutralization of the alkaline binder. Cement-based S/S of real refinery oily sludge resulted in very low leachability of heavy metals. Pb and Cd were not detected in any TCLP leachate. The maximum leachability of Fe, Zn, and Ni occurred in the pH range between 5.5 and 6.5. The leachability of Cu and Cr increased with increasing pH. Maximum cumulative percentage of Fe, Ni, and Zn leaching after five consecutive TCLP extractions (for worst case conditions, i.e., 10% II42.5) were 0.01, 22, and 1.2%, respectively, on the basis of metal content of each solidified sample. Further, the leaching behavior of Zn and Ni was modeled using the chemical equilibrium program Visual MINTEQ. Using several combinations of suspected solid phases of Zn and Ni hydroxides, carbonates and sulfides, and surface complexation onto ferrihydrite the diffuse double layer model did not accurately describe the leaching behavior of Zn and Ni.     

Complicating Factors of Using Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid to Enhance Electrokinetic Remediation of Multiple Heavy Metals in Clayey Soils

Batch and electrokinetic experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of three different heavy metals, chromium(VI), nickel(II), and cadmium(II), from a clayey soil by using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a complexing agent. The batch experiments revealed that high removal of these heavy metals (62–100%) was possible by using either a 0.1?M or 0.2?M EDTA concentration over a wide range of pH conditions (2–10). However, the results of the electrokinetic experiments using EDTA at the cathode showed low heavy metal removal efficiency. Using EDTA at the cathode along with the pH control at the anode with NaOH increased the pH throughout the soil and achieved high (95%) Cr(VI) removal, but the removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) was limited due to the precipitation of these metals near the cathode. Apparently, the low mobility of EDTA and its migration direction, which opposed electroosmotic flow, prevented EDTA complexation from occurring. Overall, this study found that many complicating factors affect EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic remediation, and further research is necessary to optimize this process to achieve high contaminant removal efficiency.     

Metal Bioavailability and Trivalent Chromium Removal in ABR

Trace metal bioavailability and chromium(III) removal were investigated in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) treating a synthetic waste [COD = 4,000 mg∕L, COD:SO42? ratio 8:1 and 40:1, Cr(III) = 50 mg∕L]. Sulfide precipitation reduced nutrient bioavailability as follows (most deficient first): Fe > Co > Ni. However, the metals had the following affinity for complexation: Ni > Co >> Fe; complexation potential was greatest at the front and rear of the reactor. At the front, it was hypothesized that high concentrations of soluble microbial products provided an excess of potential ligands, which may have sequestered the metals. However, in the last compartment, a higher pH would have altered the competition between protons and metal cations for complexing sites in favor of the metal cations. The complexing potential in the ABR increased with sulfide levels, and this coincided with higher residual COD production, probably to provide a diffusion barrier to the harsh environmental conditions. Although the addition of chromium (50 mg∕L) had no observable effect on reactor performance∕stability, its removal was controlled by the following factors (most influential first): solubility > complexation > absorption > physical adsorption.     

煤炭矿区排矸场表层土壤重金属污染研究

采用填埋覆土的方式对煤矸石进行处理,在沉陷区沟壑地带分层充填矸石,使沟地变为平地,对环境保护有重要意义。神府东胜煤田的大多数煤矿现已基本采用填埋覆土的方式对煤矸石进行处理。以神府东胜煤田中某排矸场为研究对象,分析了排矸场表层土壤（地表及-1 m处）中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的空间分布特征及土壤中重金属的赋存形态。研究表明,排矸场中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量超过该地区的土壤背景值,对当地的土壤环境造成了一定的污染;排矸场土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb在-1 m处的含量高于表层土壤,并且排矸场中-1 m处土壤的8种重金属元素的含量都高于对照区土壤重金属含量;排矸场中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni残渣态占比最大,As可氧化态占比最大,Mn、Zn、Pb可交换态和可还原态占比较大,Mn、Zn、Pb以更不稳定的形态存在,对生态环境影响较大。     

Metal-induced modulation of nitric oxide production in vitro by murine macrophages: lead, nickel, and cobalt utilize different mechanisms

Macrophages (M phi) can be induced to produce nitric oxide (NO), which has been suggested to be important for macrophages to exercise various functions. We have previously reported that an environmental toxicant, lead (Pb), can significantly inhibit NO production by murine splenic M phis. Herein, eight additional metal ions, gold (Au), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), were assessed. In addition to Pb, Hg and Cd significantly suppressed NO production by cytokine (interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha)-stimulated murine M phis. Au and Cu also were inhibitory, but less than Pb, Hg, and Cd. In contrast, Cr and Zn were not modulatory, and Ni and Co significantly enhanced NO production by cytokine-stimulated M phis. The enhancement by Ni and Co was inhibited by the arginine analog N-monomethylarginine. The metals showed different activating/inhibiting profiles when added to a cell-free (activated M phi lysate) NO-producing-system in which inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is already expressed. Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn moderately suppressed iNOS, which suggests that they may directly modify enzyme or cofactor activity. Cd, Hg, Mg, Ni, or Co did not produce any significant effect on NO production by the cell-free system. Inhibition of NO production by Pb-exposed M phis was not due to decreased expression of iNOS nor limited to its modest direct inhibition of iNOS; thus, other mechanism(s) must be accountable for the efficient Pb-induced inhibition of NO production by M phi. Ni or Co did induce a substantial increase of iNOS protein. Overall, these observations provide additional insight into the means by which metals via inhibition or enhancement of NO production may be pathogenic, by suppression of defense mechanisms or induction of hypersensitivity, respectively.     

Thermodynamic laws of the oxygen solubility in liquid metals (Ni,Co, Fe,Mn, Cr) and the formation of oxygen-containing solutions in the alloys based on them

The solubility of oxygen in liquid Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr metals (Group IV in the periodic table) has been found for the first time. Linear dependences of the oxygen solubility on the standard Gibbs energy for the oxidation reaction of a liquid metal with gaseous oxygen are found. The revealed function of oxygen solubility is of scientific importance and allows one to develop a theory of oxygen solutions in liquid metals and liquid multicomponent metallic compositions and to calculate the energies of mixing of liquid metals with oxygen from ΔG _MO ^° for metal oxidation reactions with allowance for pseudoregular-solution model equations. Using the energies of mixing and metal compositions, we calculated the equilibrium oxygen concentrations in a metal molten pool at the end of oxidation stage of melting 08Kh18N10T steel in an arc furnace. This fact indicates practical importance of the found function of the oxygen solubility in metals.     

基于多评估法的硫铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及源分析

以川南某硫铁矿采选矿区及其尾矿渣场周边农用地为研究对象,采集并测定了51个表层土壤样品、4个背景点土壤样品和4个剖面土壤样品的Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn含量,分析其空间分布特征,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法剖析土壤重金属污染现状,并结合相关性分析和正定矩阵因子分析法对土壤重金属来源进行解析。结果表明：研究区土壤Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn含量均值分别为2.2、163.0、0.2、66.6、41.8、15.1、80.8、153.0 mg/kg,其中Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu存在不同程度的累积现象,且多个重金属元素之间存在显著相关性;Cd为主要污染元素,Cu具有较强的垂向迁移能力;土壤重金属主要来源为工矿活动源(39.5%)、自然源(37.6%)、大气沉降与交通混合源(22.9%)。川南某硫铁矿周边农用地存在多重金属元素复合污染,其中工矿活动起主导作用。