化工分析的现状分析及相应的解决措施

随着化工产业的快速发展，我国在近几年也逐渐跟上国外化工产业的脚步，化工分析是化工产业的基础，没有化工分析就会使化工生产更加复杂，花费更多的时间、资金、精力，没有化工分析就会使化工生产这条路十分艰难。由此可见，化工分析对我国化工产业的重要性，它在我国工业领域中的显著地位是不容忽视的。然而，我国在化工分析这方面起步较其他发达国家更迟，因此，在化工分析研究当中会出现一些问题，这些是发展过程中所不能避免的，以下本人就化工分析过程中可能出现的问题做出探究，并且提出相应的解决措施。     

本量利分析模型

本量利分析(Cost Volume Profit Analysis，全称为成本 业务量 利润分析)，亦称损益平衡分析、保本分析、盈亏平衡分析等等，它是在成本习性分析之基础上，对成本和利润的变动与产销售变动之间的依存关系进行具体分析。具体的说，就是研究销售量或产量、销售价格、销售成本等的变动对利润的影响。本文主要介绍本量利分析的三种基本模型，第一种为产量(或销售量)模型，第二种为销售额模型，第三种为边际利润模型，它为第一、二种模型演变出来的。     

等物质的量反应规则及其在滴定分析中的应用

剖析了化学反应基本单元和等物质的量反应规则的内涵，论证了等物质的量反应规则在水质分析、化工生产控制分析和化工原材料质量分析等方面的实际应用，归纳并建立了等物质的量反应规则在滴定分析中的应用步骤和方法。     

有限元分析软件Marc及其在橡胶材料分析中的应用

介绍了有限元分析软件Marc的组成及功能，并探讨了其在橡胶材料力学分析中的应用。Marc软件由求解器、前后处理图形对话界面、六面体网格划分器及与其它软件的接口等部分组成，可对各种结构的位移场、非结构的温度场、流场等进行分析，其非线性分析能力尤为突出。Marc软件为橡胶材料力学分析提供了Mooney，Ogden等多种材料模型，可进行橡胶材料形变、应力—应变分析，为结构设计提供依据。     

电脑辅助工程分析之有限元素法与有限体积法之概述

电脑辅助工程分析(Computer Aided Engineering／CAE)软件大致上可分为两大类：一为机械结构的力学分析，例如应力分析、撞击分析、跌落分析、钣金属成形等；而另外一类是关於流体力学的分析，例如液体、气体的流动分析及液体晃动分析。在实际情况下，工程人员难免会遇上同时涉及机械结构和流体力学的问题’需要利用电脑辅助工程分析软件处理，所以我们必须掌握这两类分析所使用的有限元素法，以及其应用范围。     

关于辊道窑烧成调节问题的答疑

在辊道窑的烧成生产中，对于烧成曲线及制度的制订均是出于经验，而对于配方调试可借助相应化学成分、矿物分析及各种原料的物化分析，请问有否对墙地砖的烧成过程中的相关分析，从而找出在烧成调试中的依据?     

食品中铅含量的快速分析

以点滴分析法分析了玉米花中铅含量为例，介绍了点滴分析在食品检验中的应用。该法操作简便、快捷、灵活，并且有较高的灵敏度。     

我公司气柜事故树分析

对我公司气柜存在的危险、有害因素进行了分析，并对其危险性作了系统性、预测性评价，最后在分析评价的基础上，提出相应的对策。     

小议化工生产中进行化工分析的重要性

随着质量管理的逐渐成熟和完善，质量在生产运行中的重要性也日趋明显，指导和检验产品质量的分析化验工作在生产中具有举足轻重的地位。分析工作是化工生产的一个重要环节，为了保证工作的顺利进行，必须以科学的方法、认真的态度来管理我们的工作一在化工的生产过程中，化工分析也占据着极其重要的地位，体现着极其重要的作用，就好比是企业生产中的质量检查员，不仅仅占据着特殊的地位，同时也发挥着不可忽视的作用。     

浅谈近红外光谱分析技术在油品分析中的应用

自上世纪八九十年代起，近红外光谱分析技术已经成为对化学化工产品进行分析测试技术中发展最快的技术之一。现在的近红外光谱分析技术已经实现了红外光谱分析技术、化学测量分析技术与基础分析技术的相互统一，在三种测量技术有机结合的基础上可以高速高效地对各种化学化工样品进行性能和质量的分析。目前，近红外光谱分析技术已经广泛在炼油过程中的油品分析过程中得到广泛使用，通过利用此技术间接测定油品中的物理数值和化学数值，再通过三种近红外光谱分析的三种技术的相互结合运用更准确地对油品成分进行分析。就目前计算机技术发展速度而言，近红外光谱分析技术是对油品质量进行分析既方便又快捷的分析手段，并随着科学技术的发展其应用价值会越来越高。     

Economic value and environmental impact (EVEI) analysis of biorefinery systems

The selection of product portfolios, processing routes and the combination of technologies to obtain a sustainable biorefinery design according to economic and environmental criteria represents a challenge to process engineering. The aim of this research is to generate a robust methodology that assists process engineers to conceptually optimise the environmental and economic performances of biorefinery systems. A novel economic value and environmental impact (EVEI) analysis methodology is presented in this paper. The EVEI analysis is a tool that emerges from the combination of the value analysis method for the evaluation of economic potential with environmental footprinting for impact analysis. The methodology has been effectively demonstrated by providing insights into the performance of a bioethanol plant as a case study. The systematisation of the methodology allowed its implementation and integration into a computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) tool in the spreadsheet environment.     

Environmental and economic analysis of methanol production process via biomass gasification

We have researched and simulated the BTL (biomass to liquid process) in which woody biomass is converted to transportation liquid fuels. In the present study, methanol (MeOH) was considered as a liquid fuel. The BTL-MeOH was designed and the environmental and economic analysis of the process was performed from the viewpoint of CO₂ emission and capital and operating costs. A case study focusing on heat and power resources was conducted. The result revealed that the process required an independent case of heat and power for CO₂ reduction; however, the cost of this was high due to the cogeneration with a steam turbine. Therefore, the introduction of a low-cost cogeneration, e.g., with a gas turbine, was required for commercialization.     

A direct analysis of nanomolar metal ions in environmental water samples with Nafion-coated microelectrodes

Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) was combined with microfabricated microelectrodes to analyze metal ions in aqueous solution and showed excellent performance such as short analysis time about 1 min per experiment, simultaneous detection of several ions and very low detection limit as low as several nanomoles per liter (i.e. sub-ppb in mass) without any of supporting electrolyte and stirring during analysis. Nafion, a famous ion-exchanging polymer, was introduced to protect the electrode surface from obstructing materials. The Nafion-coated microelectrode was free from disturbing impurities and was capable of analyzing natural water samples directly. Results from the direct water analysis showed similar performance to those from pre-treated samples in both sensitivity and analysis time. To secure the reproducibility of Nafion-coated electrode, a simple electrochemical cleaning method with potential sweep was used and the electrode remained reliable to continued experiments. Nafion-coated microelectrodes were further examined via the comparison with ICP-MS data.     

略论环境分析

环境分析是保护环境的基础，也是当代分析化学的一大热点，目前尚存在不少难题，本文论述了当前国际上研究的新动向并举例说明若干环境分析的新成果。     

我国村镇生态环境监测评价技术的研究进展

我国近年来城镇化高速发展的同时,引发了很多社会矛盾,面临土地、能源、水资源以及环境承载的压力也越来越大。村镇生态环境监测评价越来越受到人们的重视,因此,从村镇环境监测识别、评价、承载力分析研究、综合整治与优化设计四个方面对我国村镇生态环境监测评价技术发展过程进行了研究分析,并探讨了现有环境评价监测技术的不足和发展方向。     

环境影响评价中的清洁生产分析

对环境影响评价中清洁生产分析的内容进行论述,提出了清洁生产评价指标和评价方法,并举实例分析。     

Advances in numerical modeling of environmental barrier coating systems for gas turbines

Advanced gas turbines pursue efficiency improvement by employing high-temperature lightweight materials. Ceramic matrix composites are the most promising candidates for hot section components. However, they generally require environmental protections for long-term stability in harsh working conditions subjected to water vapor volatilization, accelerated oxidation, severe corrosion and erosion. To this end, environmental barrier coating systems (EBCs) have substantially progressed as an integral design element in the past two decades. As a versatile numerical method, finite element analysis has been widely applied in the investigations of EBCs from stress modeling to service life prediction. This article reviews recent advances in the numerical studies of EBCs for gas turbines, covering fundamental analyses of stress state and heat transfer, elucidations of fracture and damage mechanisms, as well as applications in service conditions. Current numerical solutions, understandings and potential directions are discussed respectively, with general remarks on technical development in the end.     

Investigation on Cracking Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils Under Varied Environmental Conditions

Several theories and models that define cracking characteristics of fine-grained soils have been proposed by earlier researchers. However, it has been realized that cracking characteristics of these soils are mainly influenced by the environmental conditions to which they are exposed and on their mineralogical composition. To demonstrate this, investigations were conducted on soils of entirely different characteristics and their cracking characteristics, under varied environmental conditions, resorting to “image analysis.” Based on the study, it has been observed that the cracking characteristics of fine-grained soils, defined as a function of evaporation rate, depend on the soil type (i.e., its mineralogy), environmental conditions, and the thickness of the specimen.     

清洁生产——化学工业发展的最佳选择

介绍了化肥及基本化工的清洁生产技术。给出了直观推断法、质量交换网络综合法、摸拟优化法、灵敏度分析法、热力学分析法及产品周期分析法等６ 种清洁化工过程系统集成方法。     

A Techno-economic assessment of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the use of biomass co-combustion

Using sustainably-grown biomass as the sole fuel, or co-fired with coal, is an effective way of reducing the net CO₂ emissions from a combustion power plant. There may be a reduction in efficiency from the use of biomass, mainly as a result of its relatively high moisture content, and the system economics may also be adversely affected.The economic cost of reducing CO₂ emissions through the replacement of coal with biomass can be identified by analysing the system when fuelled solely by biomass, solely by coal and when a coal-biomass mixture is used.The technical feasibility of burning biomass or certain wastes with pulverised coal in utility boilers has been well established. Cofiring had also been found to have little effect on efficiency or flame stability, and pilot plant studies had shown that cofiring could reduce NO_x and SO_x emissions.Several technologies could be applied to the co-combustion of biomass or waste and coal. The assessment studies here examine the potential for co-combustion of (a) a 600 MWe pulverised fuel (PF) power plant, (i) cofiring coal with straw and sewage sludge and (ii) using straw derived fuel gas as return fuel; (b) a 350 MWe pressurised fluidised bed combustion (PFBC) system cofiring coal with sewage sludge; (c) 250 and 125 MWe circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) plants cofiring coal with straw and sewage sludge; (d) 25 MWe CFBC systems cofiring low and high sulphur content coal with straw, wood and woody matter pressed from olive stones (WPOS); and (e) 12 MWe CFBC cofiring low and high sulphur content coal with straw.The technical, environmental and economic analysis of such technologies, using the ECLIPSE suite of process simulation software, is the subject of this study. System efficiencies for generating electricity are evaluated and compared for the different technologies and system scales. The capital costs of systems are estimated for coal-firing and also any additional costs introduced when biomass is used. The Break-even electricity selling price is calculated for each technology, taking into account the system scale and fuel used.Since net CO₂ emissions are reduced when biomass is used, the effect of the use of biomass on the electricity selling price can be found and the premium required for emissions reduction assessed. Consideration is also given to the level of subvention required, either as a Carbon dioxide Credit or as a Renewable Credit, to make the systems using biomass competitive with those fuelled only with coal.It would appear that a Renewable Credit (RC) is a more transparent and cost-effective mechanism to support the use of biomass in such power plants than a Carbon dioxide Credit (CC).