Effect of heat-moisture treatment on the formation and physicochemical properties of resistant starch from mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus) starch

Mung bean starch was subjected to a range of heat-moisture treatments (HMT) based on different moisture contents (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%) all heated at 120 °C for 12 h. The impact on the yields of resistant starch (RS), and the microstructure, physicochemical and functional properties of RS was investigated. Compared to raw starch, the RS content of HMT starch increased significantly, with the starch treated at 20% moisture having the highest RS content. After HMT, birefringence remained at the periphery of the granules and was absent at the center of some granules. The shape and integrity of HMT starch granules did not change but concavity was observed under scanning electronic microscopy. Apparent amylose contents of HMT starch increased and the HMT starch was dominated by high molecular weight fraction. Both the native and HMT starches showed A-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Relative crystallinity increased after HMT. The gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc), gelatinization temperature range (Tc–To) and enthalpies of gelatinization (ΔH) increased significantly in HMT starch compared to native starch. The solubility increased but swelling power decreased in HMT starches. This study clearly shows that the HMT exhibited thermal stability and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis owing to stronger interactions of starch chains in granule.     

Structural and some nutritional characteristics of Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) starches

Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) starches were isolated from seeds and their structural characteristics evaluated using XRD, size‐exclusion chromatography and light scattering analyzes. Total starch, available starch, RS and in vitro digestibility were also determined. Structural and nutritional characteristics of Velvet bean and Lima bean starches were compared to those of commercial corn starch. The legumes starches presented a C‐type XRD pattern and crystallite sizes of 43.1 Å for velvet bean and 48.3 Å for lima bean. Lima bean starch average molar mass (4.9 × 10⁶ g/mol) was slightly higher than the velvet bean starch (3.04 × 10⁶ g/mol). Size‐exclusion chromatography indicated structural similarity between the lima bean and corn starches which differed from that of the velvet bean starch. Hydrodynamic radius (R_H) for the velvet bean and lima bean starches was 45.5 and 55 nm, respectively, and their radius of gyration (R_G) was 67.7 and 82.5 nm, respectively. Total starch content in all three starches was greater than 98%. Their complex crystalline structure provided the legume starches lower in vitro digestibility values than the corn starch. RS content in both the velvet bean starch (7.72%) and lima bean starch (5.66%) was higher than in the corn starch, essentially qualifying these polysaccharides as natural dietary fiber sources, with the associated physiologic advantages.     

Proximal composition and in vitro digestibility of starch in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) varieties

BACKGROUND: Beans are rich and inexpensive sources of proteins and carbohydrates around the world, but particularly in developing countries. However, many legume varieties are still underutilized. In this study, physical characteristics of the seeds of three Phaseolus lunatus cultivars were characterized. Also, the chemical composition and starch digestibility in the cooked beans were assessed. RESULTS: ‘Comba floja’ variety exhibited the highest thousand‐kernel weight whereas the lowest was found in ‘comba violenta’. This agrees with seed dimensions: ‘comba floja’ had the Longest seeds (16.36 mm) and ‘comba violenta’ the shortest ones (13.98 mm). All samples exhibited high protein content, but levels in ‘comba blanca’ variety (216 g kg^?1) were lower than the in other two cultivars. Total starch (370–380 g kg^?1) and potentially available starch content (330–340 g kg^?1) were similar in the three varieties. Resistant starch level in the cooked seeds ranged between 38 and 45 g kg^?1. Low enzymatic hydrolysis indices (HI) were recorded (30.2–35%), indicating a low digestion rate for Phaseolus lunatus starch. HI‐based predicted glycemic indices ranged between 34% and 39%, which suggests a ‘slow carbohydrate’ feature for this legume. CONCLUSION: Phaseolus lunatus beans appear to be a good source of protein and slow‐release carbohydrates with potential benefits for human health. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

绿豆抗性淀粉制备技术研究

以普通绿豆淀粉为原料,研究了热处理温度、时间、pH、水 分舍量、冷冻冷藏时间及干燥温度对抗性淀粉得率的影 响。结果表明,在抗性淀粉制备过程中的pH对测定结果 无显著影响,冷冻处理可以提高抗性淀粉的得率,低温干 燥有利于抗性的形成。绿豆抗性淀粉的最佳制备条件为 淀粉水分含量80％,热处理温度150℃,处理时间60min, -20℃冷冻24h并于60℃干燥。     

Amylose content,molecular structure,physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of starches from different mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars

Physicochemical and in vitro digestibility characteristics of starches isolated from six cultivars of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) were studied. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the cultivars with respect to amylose content (29.9–33.6%), relative crystallinity (29.0 to 31.7%), particle diameter (16.2–17.1 µm) and molecular weight of amylopectin (260–289 × 10⁶ g/mol). The scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of large oval to small round shape granules with average particle diameter of 16.2–17.1 µm. The X‐ray diffraction pattern was of the C‐type. The enthalpies of gelatinization and retrogradation were 8.9–10.3 and 4.6–6.3 J/g, respectively. The amounts of slowly digesting and resistant starch of mung bean followed the order: PBM‐1 > SML‐32 > ML‐613 > SML‐134 > ML‐267 > ML‐5 and ML‐5 > ML‐267 > SML‐134 > ML‐613 > SML‐32 > PBM‐1, respectively. The six starches exhibited significant (p < 0.05) differences in their pasting parameters. Correlation analysis showed that amylose content, granule diameter and relative crystallinity values were important in determining thermal, pasting and in vitro digestibility of starches.     

羧甲基绿豆淀粉合成工艺研究

以绿豆淀粉为原料,一氯乙酸作为醚化剂,乙醇为溶剂,制备羧甲基绿豆淀粉。以20 g绿豆淀粉为基准,采用正交和单因素试验对制备工艺进行优化,探讨氢氧化钠用量、一氯乙酸用量、醚化温度、醚化时间对产品取代度影响。试验结果表明,其最佳制备工艺条件为:氢氧化钠用量(氢氧化钠/淀粉摩尔比)1.3、一氯乙酸用量(一氯乙酸/淀粉摩尔比)1.0、醚化温度52℃、醚化时间120 min;在此条件下,制得羧甲基绿豆淀粉取代度为1.05。     

Effect of processing and storage time on in vitro digestibility and resistant starch content of two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) varieties

Seeds from two commercial bean varieties were cooked and stored for different times and analysed for chemical composition and in vitro starch digestibility. Parallel portions of cooked seeds were dried at 55 °C, milled and stored as flours. In general, protein and ash contents in both samples did not change with storage time, but statistical differences were shown between the two varieties (p < 0.05). Available starch (AS) contents in flours from the ‘negro’ variety did not change (p < 0.05) with storage time and, in general, were higher than in ‘flor de mayo’ samples, whose AS levels decreased during storage. The lower AS in ‘flor de mayo’ flour could be the consequence of formation of resistant starch due to retrogradation. Samples of whole ‘negro’ seeds did not show differences in AS content at 0, 24 and 48 h of storage compared with the corresponding flours, but at 72 and 96 h the AS increased in the whole samples. ‘Flor de mayo’ showed a similar pattern in flour and whole samples, with slightly higher values in the whole seeds. In general, total resistant starch (RS) content in the two varieties was higher in the flours than in ‘whole’ seeds, a fact that is not easy to explain at present. ‘Negro’ flour presented an RS content around 65.0 g kg^?1, and approximately 55.0 g kg^?1 was recorded in ‘flor de mayo’, with slight changes when storage time increased. Whole ‘flor de mayo’ showed significant levels of the retrograded portion of resistant starch (RRS), which did not change with storage time (p < 0.05). However, values were lower than in the flours. A pattern similar to that of the ‘negro’ variety was obtained for ‘flor de mayo’, since the flour exhibited higher amounts of RRS; however, in this variety, the RRS content in ‘whole’ samples decreased after prolonged storage. Flours presented higher amylolysis rates than whole samples, and the ease of digestion increased with storage time. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

挤压-酶解联用抗性淀粉制备工艺优化

本文以玉米淀粉为原料,采用挤压-普鲁兰酶酶解联用技术制备抗性淀粉,研究了物料含水率、螺杆转速、机筒温度和喂料速度对抗性淀粉含量的影响。通过SPSS线性回归分析确定了最优工艺条件：物料含水率20%、螺杆转速300rpm、机筒温度145℃、喂料速度37.5kg/h,在此条件下抗性淀粉含量达24.72±0.87%。,挤压前后样品中直链淀粉含量、抗性淀粉含量、扫描电镜图和X-射线衍射图对比结果表明,直链淀粉含量和抗性淀粉含量增加,淀粉颗粒形成大小不匀的多孔疏松结构,淀粉晶体类型由A型转变为B+V型。     

Structural studies of resistant starch derived from processed (autoclaved) rice

 Resistant starch (RS), isolated by hydrolysis with Termamyl, protease and amyloglucosidase, of five-cycle autoclaved rice was purified by size exclusion chromatography. Structural characterization by β-amylolysis, ¹³C NMR and methylation followed by GC-MS analysis revealed RS to be a linear (1→4)-α-d-glucan, originating probably from amylose. Its molecular weight was low, 1.20×10⁶ Da, and amounted to 7400 d-glucose residues. X-ray diffraction measurements showed RS to have both B-type and V-type diffraction patterns. Differential scanning calorimetry data revealed the thermal stability characteristics of RS. The undigested material (equivalent to RS) recovered from the ileum of rat intestine exhibited an almost comparable GPC profile, molecular weight and λ_max characteristics with those of in vitro isolated RS. Received: 7 September 1998     

Physicochemical and emulsifying properties of mung bean protein isolate as influenced by succinylation

The application of mung bean protein in foods is limited due to its poor functionality. Acylation with succinic anhydride could be used to improve the functionalities of protein. In this study, the influence of the weight ratio of succinic anhydride to protein (0–0.10) on the degree of N-acylation, physicochemical properties and protein functionalities including emulsifying properties of mung bean protein isolates (MPI) were investigated. The extent of N-acylation of MPI increased as the succinic anhydride:protein ratio increased, while the ζ-potential at neutral pH decreased. In addition, succinylation had an impact on the average particle size of MPI depending on the succinic anhydride:protein ratio. Succinylation had no impact on the total and exposed free sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, the isoelectric point (pI) of the succinylated proteins shifted from pH 5 to lower pH. Succinylation increased the emulsifying activity index (EAI), while the impact on the emulsion stability index depended on the succinic anhydride:protein ratio. Thus, succinylation at low succinic anhydride:protein ratio can alter mung bean protein charge and affect physicochemical and functional properties especially emulsifying properties that could be used to increase its utilization.     

Physicochemical characterisation of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) protein isolates

Protein isolates were prepared from mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) flour by two different methods, ie by traditional alkaline water extraction/isoelectric precipation and by micellisation, and studied with regard to chemical composition and protein fractional distribution. Micellisation decreased the phytic acid content, whereas the ‘isoelectrical’ isolate preparation resulted in an increase in phytic acid. Using size exclusion liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC) and analytical ultracentrifugation, it has been shown that the major protein component in both isolates is a 7S globulin, which was most enriched in the micelle isolate. The results of one‐ and two‐dimensional SDS gel electrophoresis give evidence for the absence of interchain disulphide bonds in the polypeptide chains, which are typical for the 7S globulin class. The presence of minor protein zones corresponding to disulphide‐linked α and β chains of 11S globulin‐like storage proteins in the protein isolates has also been shown. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation and properties of RS III from waxy maize starch with pullulanase

Waxy maize starch was treated by pullulanase debranching and retrogradation at room temperature to produce resistant starch (RS). Physicochemical properties, crystalline structure and in-vitro digestibility of starch samples with different RS content were investigated. Compared with native starch, apparent amylose content of RS products increased. Based on Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) the Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) of resistant starches significantly changed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that upon pullulanase debranching and retrogradation treatment the granular structure of native starch was destroyed and all RS samples exhibited irregular shaped fragments. Crystal structure of samples changed from A–type to a mixture of B and V–type. The crystallinity of resistant starch also improved as compared with native starch. Moreover, samples with higher resistant starch showed higher relative crystallinity. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) determination showed that To、Tp、Tc and ΔH all increased which was in agreement with RS content. The resistance of waxy maize starch with Pullulanase treatment to α-amylase digestibility also increased, while the in-vitro digestibility of products decreased.     

两种绿豆淀粉理化特性比较

比较酸浆法绿豆淀粉和水磨法绿豆淀粉的性质,酸浆法获得的淀粉得率高于水磨法,且酸浆法生产的淀粉透光率较好,这一特点使得酸浆法获得的淀粉生产出的粉丝更加透亮,且煮熟后淀粉溶出较少;两种淀粉的黏度存在较大差别,随着温度的上升,水磨法淀粉黏度上升明显快于酸浆法获得的淀粉;水磨法绿豆淀粉的凝沉速度要比酸浆法淀粉快,且凝沉体积大。除此之外,两种淀粉在脂肪、灰分、蛋白质含量等方面也存在一定的差异。     

Effects of alkaline treatment on the structure of phosphorylated wheat starch and its digestibility

Phosphorylated wheat starch (PWS) was prepared with sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate (99/1, w/w), and the modified starch gave 88.8% total dietary fibre by the Prosky method and 68.7% resistant starch (RS) by the Englyst method. The stability of the phosphate esters in aqueous sodium hydroxide was investigated and related to total dietary fibre and RS contents. The phosphorylated starch was slurried (40%, w/w) at 40 °C for 4 h at pH 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, and 12.0. The phosphorus content of the PWS decreased from 0.37% to 0.29% after treatment at pH 12.0, whereas only a slight decrease in phosphorus content occurred after treatments at pH 9.0–11.0. Despite the 22% decrease in total phosphorus content, total dietary fibre content and RS content of the alkali-treated PWS changed only slightly. ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that after the alkali treatment at pH 12.0, cyclic monostarch monophosphate and monostarch diphosphate were not detectable and that the level of total monostarch monophosphate decreased from 0.077% to 0.067%. Conversely, distarch monophosphate increased from 0.17% to 0.20%, of ≈18%. The increase in distarch monophosphate (cross-linking) content after alkali treatment at pH 12.0 probably explained the retention of total dietary fibre and RS contents in the alkali-treated PWS.     

In vitro digestion rate and resistant starch content of tortillas stored at two different temperatures

In vitro indicators of starch bioavailability were evaluated in freshly prepared maize tortillas and compared to those exhibited by 24, 48 or 72 h-stored samples. Storage took place either at room temperature (approx. 25 °C) or under refrigeration (4 °C). Potentially available starch (AS) content decreased from 670 g kg⁻¹ in the control tortilla to 583 g kg⁻¹ in 72 h-stored preparations. Concomitant increases in total resistant starch (RS) and retrograded resistant starch (RRS) were recorded upon storage. RRS content in 72 h-stored samples (35-39 g kg⁻¹) doubled that of freshly prepared tortillas. Changes in AS, RS and RRS were not affected by storage temperature. Both initial rate and final point of starch hydrolysis by pancreatic amylase were reduced in samples kept for 48 and 72 h, without influence of storage temperature. Storage length is suggested as a major determinant of the bioavailability of starch in tortillas.     

菱角淀粉与绿豆淀粉的糊化及老化性质共性与区别

通过快速黏度测定仪、差示扫描量热仪等仪器,对菱角淀粉和绿豆淀粉的糊化以及老化性质进行一系列的研究比较并分析其对粉丝品质的影响;主要通过测定淀粉直链淀粉含量、溶解度和膨润力、淀粉糊黏度性质、存放过程中的淀粉糊浊度和凝沉性变化以及热力学特性,综合分析得知,菱角淀粉直链淀粉含量以及回生能力大于绿豆淀粉,菱角淀粉糊的冷热稳定性较差,糊的黏度远小于绿豆淀粉。     

不同品种绿豆的淀粉品质特性研究

为研究绿豆淀粉品质的品种变异性并从中筛选适宜加工的优良品种,选取我国16个绿豆品种,从中提取淀粉,并对淀粉的基本组成、糊化及凝胶特性进行了对比分析。结果表明,不同绿豆品种的总淀粉、直链淀粉及抗性淀粉含量存在不同程度的差异,其中总淀粉差异最小(变异系数2.32%)、抗性淀粉最大(变异系数22.77%),直链淀粉变幅为23.65%～34.08%。淀粉的糊化特性中,成糊温度的品种间差异最小、破损值差异最大,变幅分别为66.8～72.1℃及4.5～46.5 BU。凝胶特性中,硬度、黏附性和咀嚼度的差异尤为显著(变异系数>40%)。在所选取的绿豆样品中,中绿1号的淀粉易糊化,且淀粉糊的热稳定性强;郑绿8号及中绿10号的淀粉易老化、凝胶硬度大、弹性好。     

Physicochemical properties of acetylated starches from some Indian kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars

Starches separated from four kidney bean cultivars were modified by acetylation to reduce retrogradation and increase gel stability and compared with respective native starches (data of native starch reported by Wani et al., 2010 ). Acetylation was carried out by treating starches with 0.04 and 0.08 g of acetic anhydride per gram of starch dry weight basis (dwb) at 25 °C and pH between 8.0 and 8.5. The extent of acetylation increased proportionally with the concentration of acetic anhydride used. The pasting curves of 10.7% starch determined by Rapid Visco Analyzer at 160 rpm showed that acetylation decreased the setback viscosity values by 0.64–34.58% and pasting temperature by 4.4–9.2 °C when compared with the native starch. Differential scanning calorimetry observations also revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in gelatinisation temperature of acetylated starches than the corresponding native starches. Hardness of starch gels varied between 14.3 and 44.0 g, which was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower than the corresponding native starch gels.