燃烧不稳定性主动控制的冷态实验研究

进行了燃烧不稳定性主动控制的冷态实验研究,对系统固有压力波动特征进行了时域和频域的分析。实验采用相移的主动控制方法,由控制器发出一定幅值、相同频率和相位相差一定角度的信号到扬声器,可以控制压力波动,能降低声压和压力波动峰值的25%～30%,也可以改变压力和声压波动的基频。     

67 GHz three‐spiral transformer CMOS oscillator

This paper presents a 67GHz LC oscillator exploiting a three‐spiral transformer and implemented in 65nm bulk complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology by STMicroelectronics. The three‐spiral transformer allows operating with a lower voltage supply, still obtaining good phase noise performance, and achieving a compact design. Measured performances when supplied with 1.2 V are: oscillation frequency of 67 GHz, phase noise (PN) equal to ?96 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset from the carrier, power consumption (P_C) equal to 19.2 mW and figure of merit (FOM) equal to ?179.7 dB/Hz. Measured performances when supplied with 0.6 V are: oscillation frequency of 67 GHz; PN equal to ?88.7 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz frequency offset from the carrier; P_C equal to 3.6 mW and FOM equal to ?179.7 dB/Hz. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预混燃烧室热声不稳定性的数值分析

不稳定燃烧过程将引起燃烧室内高幅度的压力振荡,这对燃气轮机设备的安全运行危害很大。应用湍流燃烧CFD(计算流体力学)的方法对燃气轮机预混燃烧进行了数值分析,着重研究了发生自激振荡时的火焰动态特性和燃烧室内热、声学特性。数值计算精确地捕捉到了整个激励循环中火焰前锋的变形和分离过程,并且与实验结果很好地吻合。通过数值计算还对不稳定燃烧过程中燃烧室内的压力和热释放进行了分析,研究表明燃烧室内的压力和热释放以相同的频率振荡,并且与火焰的振荡频率也相一致。研究发现在数值分析中可根据燃烧的化学反应动力学得到燃烧的局部热释放率,这提供了一种计算局部燃烧热释放率分布状况的方法。     

Stabilization control of multi‐machine power systems by adaptive power system stabilizer using frequency domain analysis

To improve electric power system transient stability, synchronous generators are generally equipped with controllers such as AVR, PSS, and GOV. Fixed parameter controllers degrade control performance, since various oscillation modes occur depending on system conditions. This paper presents an adaptive power system stabilizer (PSS) using frequency domain analysis for improving the transient stability of a multimachine system. In the proposed method, first, the frequency components of the generator swings are detected by the FFT. The conventional PSS parameters are tuned online by a fuzzy controller and frequency domain analysis. We verify the proposed adaptive PSS using frequency domain analysis, which can damp the generator swings effectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(2): 10–20, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10129     

直流输电引起的谐波不稳定及其相关问题

直流输电引起的谐波不稳定是指在换流站附近有扰动时谐波振荡不易衰减甚至放大的现象,主要表现为换流站交流母线电压严重畸变。为减小谐波不稳定发生的概率,保证直流系统运行的安全、稳定性,对谐波不稳定现象进行深入研究是十分必要的。文中分析了谐波不稳定现象产生的机理,在此基础上列举了该问题的几种主要研究方法,最后提出了谐波不稳定的抑制对策,对未来谐波不稳定的研究重点和抑制措施提出了一些建议。     

混合式步进电动机的动态不稳定性

通过推导五相混合式电动机在振荡状态时的电磁转矩的基本表达式,研究了电磁阻尼转矩系数随转速变化的特性,揭示了混合式步进电动机的动态不稳定性机理,理论分析与实验结果相符。     

Two-dimensional stability of an open-cycle disk MHD generator: Effects of electrical boundary conditions

Two-dimensional stability analyses for open-cycle supersonic disk MHD generators are carried out which take into account electrical boundary conditions. A method of r-θ two-dimensional linear stability analysis for supersonic disk MHD generators is proposed which examines the time growth rate of perturbations. The growth rate is determined by the characteristic equation which is derived from the electrical boundary conditions. Whether the perturbations grow or decay is judged diagrammatically in a way similar to the Nyquist method. A coal-fired outflow supersonic disk MHD generator of commercial scale is analyzed under several types of boundary conditions. The stability is much affected by the electrical boundary conditions and also by the azimuthal wavenumber of disturbances. Two-dimensional analysis has revealed an azimuthally nonuniform instability in one of the load sections of the generator, where no instability is found in the one-dimensional analysis. The analysis also shows that the instability can be suppressed by subdividing the load section with control electrodes. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(4): 23–30, 1997     

电力系统中的鞍结分叉和霍普夫分叉现象分析

简要介绍了鞍结分叉和霍普夫分叉的基本概念及发生机理。采用发电机经典二阶模型和第一类动态负荷模型,建立了描述系统动态行为的微分-代数方程组。利用延拓法追踪出了系统平衡解流形,搜索出了平衡解流形上存在的分叉点,分析了鞍结分叉和霍普夫分叉发生时的特征值演化情况。基于时域仿真方法,验证了数值计算结果的正确性。分析结果表明:电力系统中存在着鞍结分叉和霍普夫分叉现象。鞍结分叉和电压单调失稳有关,霍普夫分叉和电压振荡失稳有关。     

Magnetic instability of ac multifilamentary superconductors in spatially distributed magnetic field

Alternating current (ac) superconducting machines such as superconducting generators, transformers, or resistive current limiters need large‐current‐capacity conductors. These conductors are generally fabricated as multistrand cables stacked with multifilamentary NbTi superconductors whose current capacity is a few tens of amperes. ac quench current degradation has often been observed in ac use of such multistrand cables. Several reasons for this degradation have been pointed out: nonuniformity of each strand current, mechanical disturbances, thermomagnetic instability, and ac losses. However, it has not as yet been overcome. Since the angle between the strand axis and the cable axis changes along the cable axis in multistrand cables, the strands are exposed to a spatially (axially) distributed magnetic field, which has longitudinal and transverse components changing periodically due to multiple cabling. This paper mainly discusses the thermomagnetic instability due to the distributed transverse magnetic field, which was compared with the self‐field instability and the longitudinal field instability experimentally and theoretically. It was confirmed that the ac quench current degradation due to the distributed transverse field could be induced by the following: nonlinear E–j characteristic, strong dependence of E–j characteristic on magnetic field in low field region, uniformity of the axial current profile inside the superconductor with the high resistive matrix, and the poor thermal diffusion of CuNi/NbTi composites. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(1): 45–55, 2000     

Unified subharmonic oscillation conditions for peak or average current mode control

This paper is an extension of the author's recent research in which only buck converters were analyzed. Similar analysis can be equally applied to other types of converters. In this paper, a unified model is proposed for buck, boost, and buck–boost converters under peak or average current mode control to predict the occurrence of subharmonic oscillation. Based on the unified model, the associated stability conditions are derived in closed forms. The same stability condition can be applied to buck, boost, and buck–boost converters. Based on the closed‐form conditions, the effects of various converter parameters including the compensator poles and zeros on the stability can be clearly seen, and these parameters can be consolidated into a few ones. High‐order compensators such as type‐II and PI compensators are considered. Some new plots are also proposed for design purpose to avoid the instability. The instability is found to be associated with large crossover frequency. A conservative stability condition, agreed with the past research, is derived. The effect of the voltage loop ripple on the instability is also analyzed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancement of wave and acceleration of electron in plasma in the external field

This paper investigates the enhancement of Langmuir and ion-acoustic wave and the acceleration of the electron in collisionless plasma, in the presence of an external transverse field. Based on hydrodynamic equations, an equation formulizing the parametric instability was derived. Furthermore, the formula for ponderomotive force and the expression that describes the electron acceleration were obtained. The results show that Langmuir and ion-acoustic wave are enhanced and the charged particles can be accelerated by the coupling of wave-wave. In addition, it can be concluded that ponderomotive force, due to the coupling of the external field (pump) to the Langmuir wave (ion-acoustic wave), is the driving force to excite the parametric instability and comprises the high-and low-frequency components. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2007, 22(1): 38–42 [译自: 电波科学学报]     

运行方式变化对密集型固有振模电力系统的影响分析

大规模电力系统具有振荡模式非常密集的特点,参数的变化会使系统产生模态不稳定现象。运用复模态摄动理论分析了密集型固有振模电力系统的模态不稳定特性,用夹角变化来度量振荡模态的变形程度,研究了系统运行方式发生不同变化时的模态不稳定现象及其特点。算例分析表明,模态不稳定现象的发生与系统运行方式的变化有关,同一个系统开始出现模态不稳定现象时,其对应负荷的增加量和减少量是不同的,密集振荡模式参与机组邻近的负荷波动容易使系统出现模态不稳定现象。     

电力系统一次调频过程的超低频振荡分析

实际系统中多次发生一次调频过程不稳定导致的超低频频率振荡事件,在机理和表现上与传统的低频振荡存在显著区别。超低频频率振荡属于频率稳定的范畴,单机单负荷系统是研究该问题的最简系统。基于单机单负荷系统研究了超低频频率振荡的振荡频率、阻尼、振荡表现等关键特征。解析推导了简化模型下的振荡频率和阻尼并分析其影响因素。引入伯德图方法分析详细模型下的振荡频率和阻尼,幅值交接频率、相角裕度分别与振荡频率、阻尼比对应。证明了阻尼转矩法在分析原动系统阻尼特性时的适用性。采用相量图方法说明超低频频率振荡中机械功率的振荡幅度大于电磁功率。     

The stability of voltage oscillation modes in longitudinal power systems with SVC

In this paper, we investigate the stability of voltage oscillation modes in longitudinal power systems equipped with static var compensators (SVC). These modes are usually stable, so they do not appear without external force. The conventional harmonic resonance is a phenomenon in which an oscillation mode is excited with a harmonic source. Hence, it is solved by removing the source with a harmonic filter. For this reason, an SVC is equipped with several filters. However, there is a possibility that an oscillation mode itself may become unstable. If a mode is unstable, it can have a large amplitude without any harmonic source. Since it needs no harmonic source, its frequency is not limited to a harmonic frequency, but can have any value. The harmonic instability in direct‐current transmission systems is an example of such phenomena. The PLL (phase‐locked loop) is considered to be effective to suppress harmonic instability with an SVC. However, no theoretical reason has been shown as yet. This paper clarifies the effectiveness of PLL based on a stability condition for the voltage oscillation modes. Frequency responses of a thyristor‐controlled reactor (TCR), a component of the SVC, are largely influenced by the presence of the PLL. If a PLL exists, the stability condition is always satisfied, and all modes are stable. Lastly, we perform numerical simulations to show the validity of our investigation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 8–17, 2001     

RHEED Intensity Oscillations for the Stoichiometric Growth of SrTiO3 Thin Films by Reactive Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The growth of high quality multicomponent oxide thin films by reactive molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) requires precise composition control. We report the use of in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) for the stoichiometric deposition of SrTiO₃ (1 0 0) from independent strontium and titanium sources. By monitoring changes in the RHEED intensity oscillations as monolayer doses of strontium and titanium are sequentially deposited, the Sr:Ti ratio can be adjusted to within 1% of stoichiometry. Furthermore, the presence of a beat frequency in the intensity oscillation envelope allows the adjustment of the strontium and titanium fluxes so that a full monolayer of coverage is obtained with each shuttered dose of strontium or titanium. RHEED oscillations have also been employed to determine the doping concentration in barium- and lanthanum-doped SrTiO₃ films.     

单机等值系统调速器死区对频率振荡的影响

实际系统中多次发生一次调频过程不稳定导致的超低频频率振荡事件。调速器死区给系统带来非线性,进而影响系统的频率振荡行为。基于单机等值系统,采用描述函数法分析了无阶跃死区、有阶跃死区和滞环死区这3种死区对频率振荡的影响。在复平面上,给出了死区描述函数的负倒数随振幅变化的轨迹,以及调速器、原动机、发电机构成的开环传递函数随频率变化的曲线,两者相对位置关系决定系统的稳定性。负倒数随振幅变化特性曲线完全位于开环频率特性曲线左侧时,系统稳定。其他情况下2条曲线一般会相交,交点对应极限环,极限环稳定与否决定于交点的具体形态。同时分析了单机等值系统中调速器死区对频率振荡的影响,调速器无阶跃死区和有阶跃死区都不会减弱系统稳定性,但有滞环死区时可能导致原本稳定的系统出现稳定极限环引发的持续等幅振荡。时域仿真结果验证了上述结论。     

Dynamic Stability Improvement of Decentralized Wind Farms by Effective Distribution Static Compensator

Dynamic instability of decentralized wind energy farms is a major issue to deliver continuous green energy to electricity consumers. This instability is caused by variations of voltage and frequency parameters due to intermittencies in wind power. Previously, droop control and inverter-based schemes have been proposed to regulate the voltage by balancing reactive power, while inertial control, digital mapping technique of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller and efficiency control strategy have been developed to regulate the frequency. In this paper, voltage stability is improved by a new joint strategy of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) six-pulse controller based reactive power management among decentralized wind turbines and controlled charging of capacitor bank. The frequency stability is ensured by a joint coordinated utilization of capacitor bank and distributed wind power turbines dispatching through a new DSTATCOM six-pulse controller scheme. In both strategies, power grid is contributed as a backup source with less priority. These new joint strategies for voltage and frequency stabilities will enhance the stable active power delivery to end users. A system test case is developed to verify the proposed joint strategies. The test results of the proposed new schemes are proved to be effective in terms of stability improvement of voltage, frequency and active power generation.     

Electron‐beam‐induced discharge phenomena of teflon films for space use

We investigated the discharge phenomena of Teflon FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) films used as thermal control material of spacecraft by electron‐beam irradiation simulating hot plasma in space. FEP films of two thicknesses, 25 and 127 μm, were tested. The results obtained were as follows.

• (1) In 127‐μm‐thick FEP film, a surface discharge triggered by high electric field at the triple junction of the edge of the metal frame occurred.
• (2) In 25‐μm‐thick FEP film, punchthrough discharge accompanied by surface flashover occurred.
• (3) Discharge frequency increased as nearly the 1/2 power of the electron‐beam current density under constant irradiation energy. On the other hand, it increased linearly with the irradiation energy under constant beam current density, but with sufficient threshold electron energy to cause discharge.

These results were explained by comparison between the surface electric field and the bulk electric field in FEP film obtained analytically by using a two‐dimensional charging model. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(1): 10–19, 1999     

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)对次同步振荡的影响及抑制策略

FACTS等快速控制装置在一定条件下可能激发电力系统的次同步振荡问题,导致发电机轴系失稳,造成重大事故,危害电力系统的安全稳定运行。UPFC作为一种新型FACTS元件,虽然能实现母线电压控制和线路有功、无功功率的调节,但对次同步振荡影响的研究较少。同时,目前的UPFC阻尼控制器多针对低频振荡模态。故在搭建UPFC模型的基础上,运用测试信号法,研究了系统运行参数和UPFC电压有功控制等对次同步振荡的影响,并设计了相应的UPFC附加阻尼控制器。在IEEE第二标准测试系统上的计算机仿真说明,该控制器能有效提高多个扭振模态的电气阻尼,抑制系统的次同步振荡。