电子束辐照对小麦分离淀粉流变学特性的影响

从经过电子束辐照处理的小麦中提取淀粉,用Brabender连续粘度计研究不同辐照剂量（0、1.0、2.75、4.4kGy）对其流变学特性的影响,并用排阻液相色谱和多角度光散射仪、折光检测器连用技术（HPSEC-MALLS-RI）测定其分子量分布。结果表明：随着辐照剂量的增加,小麦淀粉的Brabender峰值黏度显著降低,冷稳定性升高,凝沉性减弱,当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的峰值黏度由85.0BU减小到42.0BU,下降了50.6%,回生值下降了88.2%;同时,小麦淀粉重均分子量逐渐下降,且当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的重均分子量与未辐照相比下降了1个数量级,说明电子束辐照引起了小麦中淀粉分子的降解,平均分子量减小,导致小麦淀粉流变学特性改变,粘度降低。     

Composition,molecular structure,and physicochemical properties of starches from two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivars grown in Canada

The morphology, molecular structure and physicochemical properties of starches from two cultivars (NC8A97, Lath 96) of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) were examined. In both cultivars, starch granules were irregular to oval to round to elliptical shaped, with smooth surfaces. No significant differences was observed between the cultivars with respect to mean granule diameter (26.3–27.3 μm), mean granule length (32–34.5 μm), amylose content (37.95–38.30%), bound lipid content (0.08%), amylopectin chain length distribution, average chain length (19.2) and X-ray diffraction pattern (‘C’ type). However, NC8A97 and Lath 96 starches differed significantly with respect to the degree of crystallinity (Lath 96 > NC8A97), B-polymorphic content (Lath 96 > NC8A97), granular swelling (NC8A97 > Lath 96), extent of amylose leaching (NC8A97 > Lath 96), peak viscosity (Lath 96 > NC8A97), shear stability (Lath 96 > NC8A97), set-back (NC8A97 > Lath 96) and susceptibility towards enzyme and acid hydrolysis (NC8A97 > Lath 96). The results showed that physicochemical properties of the grass pea starches were influenced by the extent of interaction between starch chains (Lath 96 > NC897) in the amorphous regions, amount of crystallites (NC8A97 > Lath 96) and crystallite heterogeneity (NC8A97 > Lath 96).     

电子束辐照对小麦粉加工品质影响的研究

研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对小麦粉理化性质及加工特性的影响,并将其制成馒头,运用物性测试仪和感官评定方法分析了馒头的食用品质。结果显示:随着辐照剂量增加,小麦粉的降落数值及粘度特性显著下降,当辐照剂量达到5kGy时,降落数值下降了56.2%,峰值粘度下降至42.7%,回生值下降至35.2%,而吸水量略有提高;面团的最大拉伸阻力逐渐降低,降幅随着辐照剂量的增大而增大,延伸度却逐渐增加,拉伸曲线面积则先增后减;物性测试仪测定结果表明,剂量在1.75kGy以下时,辐照对馒头的粘附性影响较小,但达到2.75kGy以上时,馒头的粘附性迅速增大,达到对照样品3倍以上;感官评定结果表明,当小麦所受辐照剂量达到5kGy时,由其所制作的馒头感官评分低于60分,表明已不宜食用。     

3种栗属坚果淀粉的结构及其理化特性

以我国南北方种植的3种栗属坚果(板栗、锥栗和日本栗)为原料提取淀粉,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速黏度仪(RVA)等仪器和方法,研究14个品种淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特性的差异,并对其进行相关性分析。结果表明:栗属坚果的直链淀粉含量差异显著,淀粉颗粒形态较为复杂,颗粒表面光滑完整;淀粉均属于C型晶体,结晶度为20.43%～25.63%,淀粉的冻融稳定性好。不同品种淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特性之间存在多种相关性,说明直链淀粉含量和结晶结构影响淀粉的理化性质。     

电子束辐照对稻米储藏特性及品质的影响

为考察稻谷、糙米、精米经电子束辐照处理后的保鲜效果及品质变化,选取新收获的晚粳稻为原料,研究0,2,4kGy剂量辐照对稻谷、糙米、精米的保鲜效果,并考察电子束辐照对稻米理化性质,包括水分含量、色泽、脂肪酸值、黏度值和食味值的影响。结果表明,经2,4kGy剂量辐照的稻谷、糙米、精米与未辐照的样品相比,水分含量、色泽无显著变化(P0.05),黏度值显著下降(P0.05),且储藏一段时间后,经电子束辐照过的样品较未辐照的样品脂肪酸值上升更缓慢,食味值变化更小,即储藏期间品质劣变程度更小。电子束辐照技术作为一种冷杀菌技术,可用于保持稻米的品质和营养、延长稻米储藏期。     

Effect of gamma‐ray irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure for wheat

Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure of wheat was compared to non‐irradiated wheat. The moisture content of wet gluten and titratable acidity of wheat flour were significantly affected by gamma irradiation. This treatment also destroyed the starch granules of wheat grain and their breakage augmented as the dose of gamma irradiation increased, apparently resulting in the increase of small starch granules. Probably, these results were due to the disruption of large molecule, such as proteins, lipids and starch. The irradiated wheat flour for RVA pasting properties (flour viscosity) was also evaluated. Besides the difference in RVA profile, starch pasting curves showed a considerable decrease for six main parameters as gamma irradiation dose at different velocity increased.     

Contribution of lipid to physicochemical properties and Mantou-making quality of wheat flour

Defatted flours of wheat varieties Karl and Jagger, after removing lipids by chloroform, were used to investigate the contribution of lipid to physicochemical properties and Mantou-making quality by comparing microstructure and thermal properties. The results indicated that defatted flours tend to have more single starch granules, higher gelatinization enthalpy, more water absorption, longer pasting peak time, higher peak and hold viscosity, lower setback and breakdown than those of the control. Meanwhile, the defatted flours had improved cooking stability and better ability to withstand mechanical shear stress. The Mantou-making test showed that the volume of Mantou made from defatted flour did not change significantly. C-Cell analyses on the internal crumb grains of Mantou revealed a deterioration in crumb grain characteristics upon removal of lipids from the flours. The grain cells of Mantou became bigger with thicker cell walls upon removal of lipids.     

Effects of L-Cysteine on some characteristics of wheat starch

In this study the effects of L-Cysteine as a food additive on wheat starch characteristics before and after gelatinization were studied. L-Cysteine (63 mg/kg, starch basis) was added to slurry of wheat starch in water (30%, w/w). One set of samples was prepared by mixing it at 40 °C for 45 min. Another set was gelatinized at 100 °C for 45 min. The scanning electro-micrographs of the samples prepared at 40 °C in the presence of L-Cysteine showed some spots on the granules. However, thermal properties, X-ray patterns and the degree of crystallinity of the samples did not obviously change (P > 0.05); while a reduction in intrinsic viscosity, peak and final viscosities of the samples was observed. After gelatinization, intrinsic, peak and final viscosities of the samples were reduced. Some of these changes may indicate degradation of starch molecules in the presence of L-Cysteine, particularly after gelatinization.     

不同品种小麦粉的理化性质与北方馒头品质关系的研究

以32种不同蛋白质和湿面筋含量的小麦品种为材料,采用一次发酵法制作北方馒头,测定馒头的质构特性和感官品质,探讨小麦粉理化性质与馒头品质的关系.结果表明,32种小麦粉的蛋白质质量分数为10.70％～16.19％,湿面筋质量分数为27.31％～35.79％.蛋白质含量与馒头感官评定的比容呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),而与...     

Physicochemical properties and amylopectin chain profiles of cowpea,chickpea and yellow pea starches

Starches from cowpea and chickpea seeds were isolated and their properties were compared with those of commercial yellow pea starch. Amylose contents were 25.8%, 27.2%, and 31.2%, and the volume mean diameter of granules, determined in the dry state, were 15.5, 17.9, and 33.8 μm for cowpea, chickpea and yellow pea starches, respectively. All three legume starches showed a C-type X-ray diffraction pattern and two-stage swelling pattern. Amylopectin populations were isolated and the unit chain profiles were analyzed by HPLC after debranching with pullulanase. The degree of polymerization (DP) of short chain populations was about 6–50 and the populations of long chain had a DP of 50–80. Cowpea showed a lower weight ratio of short:long chains than chickpea and yellow pea starches. The larger portion of long side chains in cowpea amylopectin can be correlated with a higher gelatinization temperature, greater pasting peak and a slight difference in crystalline structure found for cowpea starch. Chickpea and yellow pea starches exhibited similarity in unit chain profile of amylopectin as well as in gelatinization temperature and pasting profile, while they differed in amylose content, particle size and syneresis. It is assumed that the chain length distribution of amylopectin has a large influence on starch properties.     

Application of electron‐beam irradiation pasteurization of ground beef,from steers fed vitamin E fortified diets: microbial and chemical effects

The effects of vitamin E supplementation of diets and electron‐beam irradiation (EBI) processing of ground beef patties on microbial and chemical qualities were investigated during 21 days of storage at 4 °C. Oxidative damage to lipids induced by EBI in ground beef patties containing different fat contents was first determined at 3 day intervals throughout a 7 day storage period at 4 °C. Significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher values for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were detected in beef patties of higher fat content (ie at 17 and 30%), which was further enhanced by irradiation at 5 kGy. Since lipid oxidation proceeded to a greater extent in beef patties with higher fat levels, ground beef patties of 30% fat were prepared from steers fed basal (diet I) or basal + 500 IU (diet II) of the antioxidant (vitamin E) supplemented diets. Plasma vitamin E concentrations in cattle fed diets I and II were 1.58 ± 0.42 µg ml^?1 and 2.49 ± 0.40 µg ml^?1 respectively. Patties were processed with three doses (2, 5, or 10 kGy) of EBI and compared with non‐irradiated patties. Microbial indices monitored at 3 day intervals included total aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic counts, and total coliform and Escherichia coli counts. Bacterial growth in ground beef patties stored at 4 °C was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced by EBI at 2 kGy dose. Complete inhibition of bacteria occurred at 5 kGy or higher (P ≤ 0.05) dosage of EBI over 21 days of storage at 4 °C. Quality indices monitored at 3 day intervals throughout a 21 day storage (4 °C) study involving 30% fat ground beef patties made from steers fed vitamin E supplemented diets I and II included TBARS and colour. Results indicated that irradiation at the highest dosages was associated with higher (P ≤ 0.05) TBARS values, which in turn corresponded to lower linoleic acid content. With all three levels of irradiation, Hunter a values of beef patties decreased (P ≤ 0.05) significantly. Lipid oxidation was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) retarded in stored beef patties derived from cattle fed vitamin E (diet II). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of reagent type on the acetylation of barley and maize starches

The objective of this work was to study the effect of reagent type on properties of acetylated barley starch (BS) and maize starch (MS) after modification with acetic anhydride (AA) and vinyl acetate (VA) at similar molar concentration for mole of glucose of both reagents. Degree of substitution (DS), morphological characteristics and granule size distribution, gelatinization and retrogradation, pasting properties, and X‐ray diffraction pattern were evaluated. Acetylation disturbs the short and long range order, and the effect was higher with AA than VA, and for BS than MS. This is due to the higher DS determined in AA–BS. In the pasting profile, acetylated starch showed the maximum peak viscosity at lower temperature, this effect was strongest for BS and anhydride acetic‐acetylation. Differential scanning calorimetry showed decrease in gelatinization parameters in acetylated starches (temperatures and enthalpy), and retrogradation was suppressed by acetylation. This effect was stronger in starches acetylated with AA despite their higher DS. This pattern can be explained from the occurrence of surface effects in acetylation with AA.     

电子束辐照降解玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1及对玉米品质的影响

为考察电子束辐照对玉米中黄曲霉毒素B_1(aflatoxin B_1,AFB_1)的降解效果及对玉米品质的影响,试验选取AFB_1污染的玉米为原料,研究0~50kGy剂量辐照下玉米中AFB_1的降解效果,并考察电子束辐照对玉米理化性质,包括脂肪酸值、黏度值和色度的影响。结果表明,随着电子束辐照剂量的升高(5~50kGy),玉米中AFB_1含量显著降低(P0.05);当电子束辐照剂量大于15kGy时,玉米理化性质变化较明显,其中脂肪酸值显著升高(P0.05),黏度值显著下降(P0.05),L*值无显著变化(P0.05),a*,b*值显著下降(P0.05)。