Growing an automated production line

The operation of the line on which Allen-Bradley Co. manufactures its World Contract products is described. The design development of this flexible computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) facility are examined. The system control architecture is discussed. Several system upgrades are also described     

200 years to CIM

The evolution of manufacturing technology over the last 200 years is described. The stages identified in this evolution are the English system of manufacture, the American system of manufacture, scientific management, process improvement, numerical control, and computer integrated manufacture (CIM)     

微型机-单片机两级温度控制系统

温度在生产实际中是一个重要参数,介绍利用微型机及单片机组成两级炉温控制系统的控制原理,硬件结构和软件设计。上位机采用微型计算机,通过显示器很直观地观察到整个控制过程温度的变化曲线,以及改变控制参数对系统的影响。下位机以MCS 51单片机为控制核心。利用串行口实现异步通信。本系统应用于实训教学,实践表明效果较好。     

能动磨盘加工与数控加工特性分析

能动磨盘加工(CCAL)与数控加工(CCOS)是大型非球面主镜加工有别于经典加工的两种新型加工工艺,针对这两种主镜加工工具,建立了各自的加工去除函数模型,从理论上分析了两者的加工特性,并在直径1300 mm非球面主镜加工实验的基础上,根据主镜面形ZYGO干涉仪和哈特曼-夏克(Hartmann-Shack)传感仪的检测数据,利用功率谱密度(PSD)和相位梯度进一步探讨了这两种加工工艺对主镜面形中高频差的影响,提出了将能动磨盘加工与数控加工相结合的主镜加工工艺方法。     

基于iFIX组态软件的选煤厂集散控制系统的设计

本文介绍了基于PLC、现场总线和PC上位机组态软件iFIX的选煤厂集散控制系统的设计,该系统以PC、PLC和现场总线为硬件平台,结合现场总线技术,用软件来实现选煤厂设备的集中控制。设计中对选煤厂生产工艺流程进行了分析并列举了部分生产工艺设备流程图,根据生产实际需要,在确定了系统设计原则及功能要求的基础上,设计了系统硬件结构和PLC的配置。因该系统采用集散控制,节省了大量硬件,简化了操作,降低了维护费用,增加了系统的可靠性。     

基于工业控制计算机的MOCVD控制系统设计

金属有机物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)技术是当前研制和生产先进化合物半导体材料的最主要技术。本文结合GaN材料生长的MOCVD系统研制，给出了MOCVD计算机控制系统，该系统采用工业控制计算机实现了整个系统的控制和管理，取得了满意的研究结果。     

Phase-only Correlation Measurement with Computer-controlled LCD and CCD Image Processing System

Using computer-controlled liquid crystal display(LCD)as an image processor and a CCD camera as a detector,phase-only correlation measurement is performed with the aid of joint transform correlation method(JTC).This computer -controlled LCD-CCD image processing system may be a powerful tool for defect detection,position control and pattern recognition.It enables new possibilities in analog real-time image processing.This is of great interest in microelectronic manufacturing today and in the future.     

Dynamic batching heuristic for simultaneous processing

This study focuses on computer integrated manufacturing as a means of supporting real-time resource allocation decisions in the semiconductor industry. Two general questions are addressed: (1) how can be global current state of the factory, which would be available in a computer integrated manufacturing system, be summarized into information for decisions? and (2) how much improvement might be expected from such a strategy? Partial answers to these questions for a particular decision, dynamic batch sizing, are provided. It is described how the myopic strategy, minimum batch size rule, performs batch process. A heuristic is proposed to handle batch processing in the look-ahead case, and the sensitivity of this heuristic to forecasting errors is tested     

卫星地球站网络管理技术发展

描述了卫星地球站站控与网管系统的作用和现状。以计算机控制技术促进地球站远程监控和网络管理技术等方面发展,详细论述了设计与研发规范化建设的思路,并提出建设模式。自主研发与生产的网管系统将会得到大力发展。     

Stepper motors: application and selection

A common denominator of most sophisticated manufacturing equipment is a positioning system. A part or workpiece must be brought into a predefined location envelope so that operations may be performed upon it. Since much of this type of manufacturing equipment is computer-controlled, flexible positioning systems are necessary to derive all of the advantages that the computer can provide. Flexibility can be achieved via closed-or open-loop motor-driven systems?each offering distinct advantages. But whereas stepper motors are optional in the former instance, for an open-loop system, a digital driving device such as a stepper motor must be used to maintain control.     

Numerical Simulation on CCOS Controllable Variable

On the basis of Preston hypothesis, the motion relationship between tool and workpiece upon the tool‘s motion in planar model is analyzed. The effect on computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS) caused by controllable variable is simulated except for the dwelling time, thus, some reference on theory is provided to optimize the former numerical control (NC) model, and fast manufacturing of large departure aspherics is realized.     

ExPro-an expert system based process management system

The design, development and preliminary testing of ExPro, an expert-system-based process management system, is reported. This system is designed to provide process setup, monitoring, and supervisory control capabilities for applications in a real-time semiconductor manufacturing environment. ExPro is a rule-based system developed using the OPS-83 expert system language in a personal computer environment. It features a modular structure and includes an integrated analytical process simulator. The simulator is used to predict process parameters prior to processing and provide wafer state information from real-time (measured) process information when direct measurement of the state is impractical. The process selected for development and demonstration purposes was rapid thermal oxidation (RTO). Testing revealed that the accuracy of the system was within 1% of goal for the case of Si(100) wafers, but the less accurate Si(111) simulation led to much larger errors     

What top management thinks about the benefits of hard and soft manufacturing technologies

Each year, billions of dollars are spent by U.S. manufacturers to acquire hard and soft manufacturing technologies. Hard technologies are bundle of equipment, computer hardware and software such as computer numerical control, computer-aided manufacturing, robots, etc. In contrast, soft technologies are manufacturing techniques and know-how such as just-in-time, total quality management, statistical quality control, etc.- hardware is not essential to their successful use but can enhance their scope and effectiveness. This large empirical study of 1042 U.S. manufacturing plants develops a model to study the impact of manufacturing technology use on various performance measures; this study provides first evidence from the field that soft manufacturing technologies have many times the measurable effects of hard technologies on product, process, and business performance. Further, the effects of technology use are enhanced by the skilled use of technology. Implications for research and public policy are addressed. This paper has found that, in the opinion of top management in manufacturing firms, soft technologies have an impact on 1) shop floor performance; 2) product line breadth; and 3) growth and profitability. These finding should make the investment in soft technologies easier to justify. If top management controls the purse, and if it sees a link between investment in soft technology and tangible benefits in these three areas, getting top management to invest in soft technology should be easier. Before deciding on requests for investments in soft technologies, we hope top managers would seriously consider the findings of this paper.     

新一代IC-CAM系统的功能改进

文章介绍了第二代集成电路计算机辅助制造(IC-CAM)系统。该系统在第一代IC-CAM系统基础上，全面改进了操作员予系统、调度员予系统和质检员予系统，实现了控制图的自动绘制和判剐，添加了流水周期控制模块；加强了设备管理予系统功能，形成了完整的设备运行记录，并具有提示定期维护的功能；新增了厂务管理予系统，实现了厂务环境数据的自动采集。使用该IC-CAM系统后，可有效地提高生产效率和产品质量。     

CIMS与SMT生产

当前电子制造业自动化发展的总趋势是由单元自动化发展成信息技术、网络技术和计算机技术支撑的计算机集 成制造系统CIMS,本文从多个方面初步探讨了如何在SMT生产上应用CIMS。     

Future of Numerical Control in Industry

Numerical control originated with the employment of digital computer programs for the computation of machining points, and feedback control systems for automatically responding to the numerical commands. The subsequent application of automatic programming has yielded symbolic control, which promises revolutionary changes in manufacturing. New forms of automatic tools permeating all levels of manufacturing are envisioned. These will compel significant changes in manufacturing operation, organization, and philosophy.     

企业管理机制与计算机集成制造系统

本文论述了计算机集成制造系统对企业管理的促进作用，并对企业管理机制如何适应计算机集成制造系统的发展提出了若干建议与看法。     

激光辅助加工三维功能化零件

采用激光烧结的原理加工三维(3D)功能化零件, 利用高性能的Nd∶YAG激光器(波长1.06 μm)和光学系统, 通过计算机高精度控制的喷嘴送粉、数控平台配合运动, 在光束焦点处烧结粉状颗粒, 层状生长, 加工生长出由二种金属粉末组成的合金钢管零件。此激光辅助加工系统的主要难点在于激光加工头的设计与加工, 给出了激光加工头的机械结构, 送粉喷嘴的结构设计和整个激光辅助加工系统的总体布局。整个加工过程通过友好的人机界面, 由UG软件设计的每个3D部分的界面层依次切片, 然后在加工平台上一层层的堆砌起来。零件通过金相法观测其金属组成分布, 并利用微硬度仪检测钢管垂直方向上的微硬度分布, 结果表明钢管的微硬度分布完全取决于材料组分的分布, 证明了此激光辅助加工系统制造功能化零件的实用性。     

Modeling the enterprise engineering environment

The notion of computerized enterprises is perhaps one of the most exciting and far reaching visions that has emerged over the past decade for the role of information technology in modern organizations. Specific approaches such as computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) and concurrent engineering (CE) have helped in the upwards shift of the entire production function of an organization. In this paper, the authors show how the modeling of CIM enterprises with the computer integrated manufacturing open system architecture (CIMOSA) approach can be made operational using existing object-oriented techniques and tools, such as Protob and Quid. The tools help in a graphical representation of functional and informational aspects, the simulation and graphical animation of the model, the automatic generation of prototypes as well as of distributed applications     

Wise-ShopFloor: An Integrated Approach for Web-Based Collaborative Manufacturing

This paper presents an integrated approach for Web-based collaborative manufacturing, including distributed process planning, dynamic scheduling, real-time monitoring, and remote control. It is enabled by a Web-based integrated sensor-driven e-ShopFloor (Wise-ShopFloor) framework targeting distributed yet collaborative manufacturing environments. Utilizing the latest Java technologies (Java 3D and Java Servlet) for system implementation, this approach allows users to plan and control distant shop floor operations based on runtime information from the shop floor. The objective of this research is to develop methodology and algorithms for Web-based collaborative planning and control, supported by real-time monitoring for dynamic scheduling. Details on the principle of the Wise-ShopFloor framework, system architecture, and a proof-of-concept prototype are reported in this paper. An example of distributed process planning for remote machining is chosen as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach toward Web-based collaborative manufacturing.