Bistatic coherent laser radar signal-to-noise ratio

We investigate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a bistatic coherent laser radar (CLR) system. With a bistatic configuration, the spatial resolution is determined by the overlap of the transmit beam and the virtual backpropagated local oscillator beam. This eliminates the trade-off between range resolution and the bandwidth of the transmitted pulse inherent in monostatic systems. The presented analysis is completely general in that the expressions can be applied to both monostatic and bistatic CLR systems. The heterodyne SNR is computed under the assumption of untruncated Gaussian optics and untruncated Gaussian beam profiles. The analysis also includes the effects of refractive turbulence. The results show that, for maximum SNR, small transmit and local oscillator beam profiles (e-1 intensity radius) are desired.     

Bistatic clutter analysis and range ambiguity resolving for space time adaptive processing

The clutter characteristics of bistatic airborne radar are more complex than those of monostatic airborne radar. The clutter spectra not only vary severely with range, but also vary with bistatic configuration. The problem of range dependence is more serious in monostatic airborne radar. In this paper, the geometry of arbitrary bistatic airborne radar configuration is firstly analysed, and a formula for Doppler frequency calculation with the variables of azimuth angle and bistatic range is deduced, which is an efficient tool for bistatic clutter analysis. Because of the severe clutter range dependence, the processing of compensation is indispensable in space time adaptive processing (STAP). However, when range ambiguity occurs, the compensation is difficult to be applied to each clutter range cell. To solve this problem, a range ambiguity resolving approach is further proposed by utilising azimuth elements in phased array. Because this approach will result in spatial degrees of freedom (DOF) loss, the overlapped subarray processing is introduced in order obtain enough spatial DOF for STAP. By doing so, the compensation for mitigating range dependence can be applied effectively to bistatic clutter.     

Experimental verification of a radar target discrimination technique using multiple‐frequency amplitude returns

Abstract

An experimental study of radar target discrimination using multiple‐frequency scattering amplitude without phase data is presented. Based on the concept of natural resonance frequencies, the technique is aspect‐angle independent so that a priori information of the aspect‐angle is not necessary. The radar cross sections of a spheroid and a thin wire are measured at different aspect ‐ and bistatic‐angles to distinguish different spheroids and wires in the resonance frequency range. The results show that the discrimination algorithm works well and can be applied to both monostatic and bistatic radars.     

Azimuth-invariant bistatic multichannel synthetic aperture radar for moving target detection and location

Ground moving target indication (GMTI) is one of the most important applications of the bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system as well as the monostatic system. An algorithm for moving target detection and location is presented with an azimuth-invariant bistatic multichannel SAR, which consists of one transmitter (channel) and multireceivers (multichannel). The algorithm is based on the discussion of the particularities of the bistatic SAR configuration including coherence improvement and clutter characteristics. Then, the corresponding compensating methods including two-dimensional range-azimuth prefiltering and bistatic differential range correction are proposed to solve these particularities. It is shown that using the compensating methods, the stationary clutter can be suppressed and the moving parameters of ground targets can be estimated accurately. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Analytical empirical expressions of the transverse coherence properties for monostatic and bistatic lidars in the presence of moderate atmospheric refractive-index turbulence

There have been many analyses of the reduction of lidar system efficiency in bistatic geometry caused by beam spreading and by fluctuations along the two paths generated by refractive-index turbulence. Although these studies have led to simple, approximate results that provide a reliable basis for preliminary assessment of lidar performance, they do not apply to monostatic lidars. For such systems, calculations and numerical simulations predict an enhanced coherence for the backscattered field. However, to the authors' knowledge, a simple analytical mathematical framework for diagnosing the effects of refractive-index turbulence on the performance of both bistatic and monostatic coherent lidars does not exist. Here analytical empirical expressions for the transverse coherence variables and the heterodyne intensity are derived for bistatic and monostatic lidars as a function of moderate atmospheric refractive-index turbulence within the framework of the Gaussian-beam approximation.     

Atmospheric-induced frequency spread in optical waves

This paper introduces analytic expressions for the long time average atmospheric-induced frequency spread of optical waves propagating through clear air turbulence. Spherical wave results are given for the horizontal double-pass case with reflection from a smooth target for bistatic and monostatic channels. The models presented are expected to be valid for weak-to-moderate scintillation environments. The results are discussed in the context of ‘micro’ Doppler laser radar (LIDAR) target detection systems.     

双基雷达空时自适应处理中的杂波特性

基于合适的双基坐标系，得出双基雷达的等距离曲线方程是一族椭圆．文章研究了对齐、平行和垂直三种不同的双基几何配置时的方位-多普勒杂波轨迹特性，并将之与单基情形进行对比，从而揭示了双基杂波的非静态特性；以杂波功率谱特性为工具研究了杂波特性对空时自适应处理性能的影响，双基杂波的非静态特性使得空时自适应处理器的杂波频谱变宽，最小可检测目标速度变大，处理性能大大恶化．本文的分析方法适用于机载和星载双基雷达．     

A monostatic radio-acoustic sounding system used as an indoorremote temperature profiler

Radar-acoustic sounding systems (RASS) generally employ a bistatic scheme with the radar source and receiver placed symmetrically beside the acoustic radiator. This paper presents a novel method for combining the acoustic and the electromagnetic waves which reduces complexity, size, and cost of the system and enhances portability. Other advantages of the new monostatic approach are that only one hf-antenna is needed and that no dead zone exists in front of the system. Three possible solutions for realizing a monostatic system are taken into account. The first approach uses a dielectric plate to redirect the acoustic wave. By the second solution, the electromagnetic wave is directed into the ultrasonic propagation by a wire grid. Another possibility is to use a composite antenna array made up of acoustic and electromagnetic sources. As no frequency limits exist for the monostatic RASS, it is possible to employ the usual RASS frequencies at 915 MHz or 1290 MHz for the electromagnetic wave. Measurements show that a maximum distance of 30 m can be reached with an uncertainty of ±5 mm at 10 GHz for ranging measurements and ±0.5 K for temperature profiling     

多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像算法

SAS测绘率是大面积海底测绘的一个重要指标,多子阵的方法已经在常规单站SAS的实际系统中取得了良好的效果。针对双站合成孔径声纳(双站SAS)测绘速率受空间降采样率限制的问题,该本文首先给出了发射站固定的双站SAS模型,分析了该模型双站SAS的测绘率。为了提高双站SAS的测绘率,本文中提出了发射站固定下的多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像方法,并给出了严格的数学模型,形成了多子阵双站SAS系统设计方案,提高了系统的测绘率。文章最后给出了基于波束形成逐点算法多子阵双站SAS的成像仿真,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

Continuous-wave bistatic laser Doppler wind sensor

A coherent laser radar has been built by use of a master-oscillator power-amplifier arrangement in which the master oscillator is an external-cavity semiconductor laser and the power amplifier is an erbium-doped fiber amplifier with ~1-W output at a wavelength of 1.55 mum. The beams are routed within single-mode optical fiber, allowing modular construction of the optical layout with standard components. The system employs separate transmit and receive optics (a bistatic configuration) and has sufficient sensitivity for reliable Doppler wind-speed detection in moderate scattering conditions at short range (to as much as ~200 m). The bistatic arrangement leads to a well-defined probe volume formed by the intersection of the transmitted laser beam with the virtual backpropagated local-oscillator beam. This could be advantageous for applications in which the precise localization of wind speed is required (e.g., wind tunnel studies) or in which smoke, low cloud, or solid objects can lead to spurious signals. The confinement of the probe volume also leads to a reduction in the signal power. A theoretical study has been carried out on the reduction in wind signal strength compared with the monostatic arrangement, and the results are compared with experimental observation.     

Analysis of the performance of a coherent pulsed fiber lidar for aerosol backscatter applications

The antenna and the Doppler estimation characteristics of a coherent pulsed lidar intended for short-range aerosol backscatter applications have been analyzed. The system used fiber-optic interconnects and operated at a wavelength of 1.548 microm. The range dependence of the signal for various bistatic and monostatic antenna configurations has been determined. The system operated in a low-pulse-energy, high-pulse-repetition-rate mode, and the Doppler estimates from the return signal were achieved with a multipulse accumulation procedure. The expected performance of the accumulation in this low-photocount regime was compared with the data obtained from the system, and a reasonable level of agreement was demonstrated.     

改进的多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像算法

在常规单站SAS系统中,多子阵技术是提高测绘率的一个有效方法,针对发射站固定的双站SAS模型,多子阵技术同样可以用来解决测绘率与降空间采样率的矛盾,但是当"停-走-停"假设不再成立时,将引入相位误差项,降低双站SAS的成像质量,针对该问题在原有多子阵逐点成像算法的基础上,研究了发射站固定的双站SAS基阵运动引起的相位误差,提出了多子阵双站合成孔径声纳带相位补偿的逐点成像算法,在建立多子阵双站SAS数学模型的同时,形成了新的多子阵双站SAS系统方案设计。并给出了改进的波束形成逐点算法和仿真实验。改进的逐点算法并未改进运算量大小,新方法能够改善成像效果,仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像的逐线算法有待进一步研究。     

Extending Loffeld's bistatic formula for the general bistatic SAR configuration

This study derives an accurate bistatic point target reference spectrum based on a zeroth-order polynomial model. The spectrum contains only two hyperbolic square root terms that are very analogous in form to the analytical monostatic spectrum. The new formulation can be considered as an improvement of the Loffeld?s bistatic formula (LBF) and allows it to handle a wider range of bistatic configurations. The original LBF works well only in the case where the contributions of transmitter and receiver to the total Doppler modulation are approximately equal. An earlier paper on the extended LBF (EBLF) uses time bandwidth product (TBP) to weight the azimuth phase modulation from each platform. However, this extension is valid only in the low squint bistatic geometry. Both LBF and ELBF are expanded up to the quadratic term to derive an approximate bistatic spectrum; however, they do not show a good focusing performance in the more complex bistatic geometry, for example, the high squint case. This is due to the inaccurate individual time- Doppler correspondences. In this study, a norm in Euclidean space is defined to derive the optimal individual time-Doppler correspondences. Using the accurate individual time-Doppler correspondences, a zeroth-order polynomial model can be used to readily derive a more accurate bistatic spectrum. Two simulation experiments in the high squint geometry are used to verify the accuracy of this new formulation. The first experiment uses a parallel-track spaceborne/spaceborne configuration, and the second experiment involves an orthogonal-track airborne/airborne case.     

Raw signal processing of stripmap bistatic synthetic aperture radar

Under the translational invariant (TI) configuration of stripmap imaging bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BISAR), the frequency domain expression of signal model is developed. Two forms, with an approximation of extracting the range dependence and an accurate iterative solution, as well as their respective focusing methods, that is the approximated solution method and the iterative solution method are presented here. The range-Doppler method is extended to the TI configuration of BISAR. Imaging simulation of the point targets and comparison with the bistatic backprojection method shows the feasibility of these methods as well as their merits and demerits.     

Design of fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross-section reduction

This research study presents a novel design of star-shaped fractal patch antenna for miniaturisation and backscattering radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The proposed fractal antenna gives 50% size reduction compared with a conventional circular microstrip patch (CCMP) antenna. The antenna is studied experimentally for return loss behaviour using vector network analyser R&S ZVA40. It can be useful for wireless application in 0.85-4 GHz frequency band. Further, the study focuses on backscattering RCS (both monostatic and bistatic) reduction by the proposed antenna compared with the CCMP antenna. It is found that increase in number of fractal iterations included in the conventional patch to design fractal antenna geometry reduces backscattering RCS at multiband compared to the conventional patch antenna. This reduction in backscattering RCS by the antenna is observed at multiband. The antenna can be tuned for low backscattering by variation in the substrate dielectric constant and thickness and the superstrate dielectric constant and thickness. For maximum RCS reduction by the antenna, optimisation of substrate thickness becomes necessary. The study also deals with effect of frequency and aspect angle variation on backscattering RCS reduction.     

振荡器相位噪声对双站SAR成像影响分析

研究了振荡器的相位噪声对双站SAR系统成像的影响．根据振荡器的相位噪声的幂律模型,给出了双站SAR回波相位误差模型影响及其与单站模型的差异,基于相位噪声变化快慢对成像影响的差异,将其划分成线性误差、二次相位误差和高频误差三种分量,分别定量分析了它们对双站SAR图像偏移、聚焦及副瓣特性的影响．     

Foundation for mitigating range dependence in radar space-time adaptive processing

The problem of detecting slow-moving targets using a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) radar is addressed. The determination of the optimum interference-rejection weights at each range is based on snapshots at neighbouring ranges. However, in virtually all bistatic configurations or/and when using conformal antenna arrays (CAA), snapshot statistics are range dependent, which results in poor detection performance. To address this issue, a foundation for range-dependence compensation in STAP in the case of Gaussian interference and noise is proposed. The realistic case where received snapshots are the only source of information for mitigating the range dependence is considered. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed foundation, this foundation is used to design a method to adaptively compensate for range dependence in a challenging situation, that is, for a radar using a CAA and operating in a bistatic configuration.     

Boundary layer scattering measurements with a charge-coupled device camera lidar

A CCD-based bistatic lidar (CLidar) system has been developed and constructed to measure scattering in the atmospheric boundary layer. The system uses a CCD camera, wide-angle optics, and a laser. Imaging a vertical laser beam from the side allows high-altitude resolution in the boundary layer all the way to the ground. The dynamic range needed for the molecular signal is several orders of magnitude in the standard monostatic method, but only approximately 1 order of magnitude with the CLidar method. Other advantages of the Clidar method include low cost and simplicity. Observations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, show excellent agreement with the modeled molecular-scattering signal. The scattering depends on angle (altitude) and the polarization plane of the laser.     

舰载声呐与航空吊放声呐协同双基地搜索范围研究

针对舰载声呐与航空吊放声呐构成的异类传感器双基地工作问题,建立了基于声呐方程的海洋环境噪声背景下双基地搜索范围模型。在舰载声呐与航空吊放声呐双基地协同工作系统中,舰载声呐发射探测信号,舰载声呐和航空吊放声呐均接收水下目标回波信号。根据能量关系建立了扩展面积、扩展距离、等效半径模型,定量分析了声源级、基线长度等因素对系统搜索范围的影响。仿真结果表明,当舰载声呐声源级相对于吊放声呐声源级足够大时,协同双基地工作模式在较大的基线长度范围内不仅在搜索范围上优于舰载声呐和吊放声呐均独立工作时的单基地联合搜潜,而且在搜索宽度上也有优势。