用铸渗工艺对消失模铸件件进行表面合金化的研究

利用干砂消失模铸造工艺,对铸铁件表面合金化铸渗机理进行了研究,通过建立数学模型,对铸渗过程中铁水传输进行了理论分析,给出了铸渗量与浇口的大气压力、铁水静压力、渣液阻力及附加压力的关系,提出了铸渗量大小主要取决于铸渗孔道半径的新观点,用正交试验对合金涂层中合金粉粒度,合金粉加入量、溶剂加入量及涂层中聚苯乙烯泡沫加入量等进行了考证,得出最佳工艺配方为：合金粉粒度75－100目,泡沫加入量30％－50％（ψ（B））;溶剂加入量4％,在配制涂料时,适当加入一定量泡沫珠粒,有利于母液透,这与理论推导结果相符,易获得3mm以上合金层厚度,合金层具有珠江体基体及大量M7C3碳化物,并且有高硬度及高抗磨性。     

消失模铸造工艺表面合金化机理研究

利用消失模铸造工艺,通过正交实验合金化工艺,重点研究了表面合金化的形成机理,建立了消失模铸件表面合金化模型,分析了合金化过程的动力。在不同真空度、金属粒度、温度为780℃的条件下进行浇注,发现在镁合金基体表面形成均匀的合金化层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析表层组织变化,对生成的新相进行微区成分和表层线成分分析。研究表明,在表层生成的新相主要是Mg17Al12,并且表层显微硬度明显高于基体。分析了合金化机理和影响形成均匀合金化层的主要因素,得出了合金化颗粒粒度和铸渗动力在合金化过程中起关键作用,随着合金化颗粒粒度和真空度增大,表面合金化效果明显得到了提高。     

用铸渗工艺对消失模铸铁件进行表面合金化的研究

利用干砂消失模铸造工艺,对铸铁件表面合金化铸渗机理进行了研究,通过建立数学模型,对铸渗过程中铁水传输进行了理论分析,给出了铸渗量与浇口的大气压力、铁水静压力、渣液阻力及附加压力的关系式,提出了铸渗量大小主要取决于铸渗孔道半径的新观点.用正交试验对合金涂层中合金粉粒度、合金粉加入量、溶剂加入量及涂层中聚苯乙烯泡沫加入量等进行了考证,得出最佳工艺配方为:合金粉粒度75～100目;泡沫加入量30%～50%(ψ(B));溶剂加入量4%.在配制合金涂料时,适当加入一定量泡沫珠粒,有利于母液渗透,这与理论推导结果相符,易获得3 mm以上合金层厚度.合金层具有珠光体基体及大量M7C3碳化物,并具有高硬度及高抗磨性.     

消失模铸渗SiC-Cr-RE耐磨铸铁

采用消失模铸渗法,在聚苯乙烯(EPS)泡沫模型表面涂刷铸渗涂料,浇注后铁水渗入涂料层,得到表面耐磨铸铁。铸渗涂料的主要组成为SiC粉、EPS粉、Cr-Fe粉、RE添加剂、粘结剂等。研究了表面渗层的组织及显微硬度,用ML-100磨粒磨损试验机测试了渗层的耐磨性。试验表明渗层组织中的珠光体及片状石墨比基体细化,渗层显微硬度是基体铸铁的2.1倍,渗层的磨损量是基体铸铁的33%。分析探讨了表面渗层耐磨性较高的原因。     

消失模铸造制备镁合金表面复合材料的研究

以AZ91D合金为基体,金属铝粉作为主要的合金化元素,自制了性能优良的合金化涂料,利用消失模铸造工艺制备了表面复合材料.在温度780℃、负压度-0.02MPa条件下进行浇注,研究发现在镁合金基体表面有大量的新相生成,利用扫面电镜和电子能谱对组织进行分析,当合金化涂料厚度从0.3mm增加到0.5mm时,复合层的厚度也随之增加,可达到300微米,并且组织均匀、致密.硬度测试和模拟海水腐蚀试验表明,表面复合层最高硬度可以达到基体的3倍左右;并且腐蚀速率与铸态的AZ91D相比降低了5倍左右.     

颗粒增强金属基表面复合材料的研制

为了提高金属材料的表面综合性能，作者研究了用快干涂料铸渗法来制造颗粒增强金属基表面复合材料的工艺，通过大量试验，开发出了一种新型的铸渗用快干涂料；分析了复合层的显微组织和主要质量影响因素，研究表明，直接用铸造的方法可在铸件表面形成同时具备外硬内韧、耐磨，耐热，耐蚀等优良综合性能的颗粒增强金属基表面复合材料，结果表明，浇注温度影响复合质量的最主要因素，在1450－1550℃范围内均能获得优良的表面复合层；表面复合材料的硬度在60HRC以上，是普通耐磨铸铁硬度的1．4－1．6倍，这是一种工艺简单，成本低且有广阔前途的新工艺。     

硼对高铬铸铁铸渗层组织和性能的影响

本工作利用自熔铸渗技术在ZG45钢表面复合不同硼含量的高铬铸铁铸渗层,研究了硼对高铬铸铁铸渗层组织和性能的影响.利用相图计算软件Thermo-Calc计算分析了不同硼含量下铸渗层的凝固过程,并采用SEM-EDS、XRD和显微硬度仪对不同成分铸渗层的微观组织和硬度进行分析.结果表明:铸渗层与ZG45钢基体达到冶金结合,在结合界面处未观察到微孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷,获得了厚度为10～12 mm的铸渗层.不含硼的铸渗层组织由α-Fe和α-Fe+M7 C3共晶组织组成.加入微量的硼元素后,铸渗层组织主要由α-Fe与α-Fe+M7 C3+M2 B共晶组织组成,与相图计算结果基本吻合.随着硼含量的增加,共晶组织逐渐细化,M7 C3碳化物含量减少,M2 B型硼化物增多,铸渗层硬度逐渐增加.当硼含量为0.72％(质量分数)时,铸渗层硬度最高达到1190HV.对铸态试样进行淬火+低温回火热处理后,铸渗层共晶硼化物与碳化物发生聚集长大,同时在铸渗层基体中伴有二次相的析出,试样铸渗层的洛氏硬度均有提升.热处理试样冲击磨损实验表明,铸渗层磨损表面主要以切削犁沟、疲劳剥层和剥落坑为主,并有少量微小的凿坑.硼含量为0.72％(质量分数)时,试样的抗冲击磨损性能最佳.     

等离子表面高铬高碳耐磨层的研究

采用等离子表面合金化技术,在20钢表面渗铬,并进行双辉等离子渗碳,形成高铬高碳合金层.利用GDS、XRD、OM、SEM研究了合金层成分、相组成及组织形貌,并通过摩擦试验对合金层耐磨性进行了分析.研究结果表明:表面高碳高铬层含铬量和含碳量以及碳化物的质量分数(40%以上)高于一般冶金高铬铸铁;渗层主要包含M23C6和M7C3型碳化物,这些碳化物均匀弥散分布,尺寸通常在1μm左右,并无共晶碳化物组织;合金层表面显微硬度达到1000～1600 HV,耐磨性比GCr15轴承钢提高8.6倍.     

AISI 420F不锈钢表面等离子渗Zr层组织及性能研究

采用等离子合金化技术,在含一定碳量的AISI 420F马氏体不锈钢表面制备Zr/Zr C合金层。研究了等离子渗Zr合金化温度和时间对Zr/Zr C合金层组织、相结构、渗层厚度以及硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。利用扫描电镜和光导放电光谱分析仪分析Zr/Zr C合金层表面和截面的形貌及成分分布,用X射线衍射表征渗层的物相组成。结果表明:AISI 420F不锈钢渗Zr后,得到组织连续且致密的渗Zr合金层,合金层由表面富Zr层/富Zr C层/Fe-Cr-Zr-C扩散层组成。在900~1000℃合金化范围内,形成的Zr合金层厚度随渗Zr温度的升高由17μm增加至23μm。在950℃渗Zr时,合金层和富Zr C层厚度随着渗Zr时间的延长分别呈直线和抛物线规律增加;渗Zr后试样的硬度最大值为865HV0.025,与基体(269HV0.025)相比有显著提高;摩擦磨损检测表明,与基材相比,AISI 420F不锈钢经渗Zr处理后,划痕宽度由540降低至360μm,摩擦系数由0.8明显降低为0.4左右,耐磨性得到改善。     

机械合金化制备FeSiAl合金粉末的研究

采用机械合金化的方法制备了FeSiAl合金粉末样品。以硅钢粉和铝粉为原料,按摩尔分数Fe3Si0.4Al0.6配比,研究其机械合金化过程,并对机械合金化的机制进行探讨。用激光粒度仪、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜分析材料的粒度、形貌和结构。研究表明,Fe3Si0.4Al0.6混合粉末球磨30h后,粉末粒径可达18μm;Fe3Si0.4Al0.6混合粉末经高能球磨20h后,形成具有bcc结构的α固溶体;球磨继续进行,合金化的粉末和晶粒不断细化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...