印楝素的萃取及其杀虫活性

采用常规溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取和CO2超临界萃取技术从印楝种仁巾萃取印楝素,以甜菜夜蛾为试虫对其室内杀虫潘陛进行了研究。结果表明萃取方法不同,印楝素的萃取率不同,其中以微波法萃取率为最高(0．52％);不同方法得到的印楝素的杀虫活性也不同,其中以超临界萃取物的活性最高,用药后7d的LC50为151．0μg／ml;印楝素严重影响试虫的生长发育,对幼虫的生长抑制率最高为89．6％。     

4种印楝种子提取物对玉米象的生物活性

测定印楝4种不同提取物（印楝素A、印楝油、印楝乙酸乙酯粗提物和印楝超临界CO，提取物）对玉米象成虫的忌避、熏蒸和毒杀活性。4种提取物对玉米象成虫都具有较好的忌避活性，随着时间的推移，忌避活性呈下降趋势；4种提取物对玉米象成虫熏蒸活件差异较大，活性大小为印楝油〉超临界CO2提取物〉乙酸乙酯粗提物〉印楝素A。毒杀活件测定结果且示，4种提取物毒杀活性均较差，但由于印楝活件成分具有忌避、拒食和其它生物活性，对玉米象种群的数量有较明显的榨制作用。     

新工艺萃取印楝素及机理初探

用传统溶剂萃取、CO2超临界萃取、超声波强化萃取和微波辅助萃取从印楝种仁中提取印楝素，印楝素A的萃取率分别为0．3431％、0．2201％、0．3786％萃和0．5190％。结合萃取后残渣的电镜扫描结果，初步探讨了这四种萃取方法的萃取机理。     

超临界CO2萃取印楝种子中印楝素的研究

应用超临界CO2萃取技术从印楝种子中萃取印楝素,研究了萃取温度、压力和夹带剂对印楝素萃取效果的影响.当萃取温度为35 ℃、压力为15 MPa、甲醇用量为CO2体积的3%时,可将印楝种子中90%以上的印楝素A萃取出来,所得产品印楝素A的质量分数为20.3%.     

超临界CO2萃取印楝种子中印楝素的研究

应用超临界CO2萃取技术从印楝种子中萃取印楝素，研究了萃取温度、压力和夹带剂对印楝素萃取效果的影响。当萃取温度为35℃、压力为15MPa、甲醇用量为CO2体积的3％时，可将印楝种子中90％以上的印楝素A萃取出来，所得产品印楝素A的质量分数为20．3％。     

14种杀虫剂对瓜实蝇老熟幼虫和蛹的毒力测定

[目的]筛选出对瓜实蝇老熟幼虫和蛹具有较好毒杀作用的药剂,为瓜实蝇的化学防治提供依据。[方法]采用浸虫法分别测定14种杀虫剂对瓜实蝇老熟幼虫和蛹的毒杀作用。[结果]印楝素、苦参碱、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对瓜实蝇老熟幼虫和蛹具有较高毒力,对老熟幼虫的LC50值分别为0.0092、0.1961、1.8803、3.2526 mg/L;对蛹的LC50值分别为0.0058、40.598、129.357、122.173 mg/L。[结论]印楝素、苦参碱、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐可作为瓜实蝇的防治药剂。     

三桠苦提取物抑菌活性研究

目的：研究三桠苦提取物的抑菌活性。方法：以95%乙醇为溶剂,分别利用超声波提取和回流提取方法获得三桠苦提取物,利用滤纸片扩散法,分析两种提取方法的提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑菌活性差异,确定抑菌活性较好的提取方法。利用该方法提取三桠苦得到提取物,采用溶剂萃取法,依次用石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分别萃取三桠苦提取物,得到极性大小不同的萃取物,再次利用滤纸片扩散法,比较这些萃取物对四种菌的抑菌活性,确定三桠苦的抑菌活性部位,为三桠苦抑菌活性成分的深入研究提供参考。结果：回流提取法获得的样品抑菌活性优于超声提取法;石油醚、二氯甲烷萃取物表现出较好的抑菌活性,乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性较差、正丁醇萃取物无抑菌活性。结论：三桠苦提取物具有抑菌活性,其二氯甲烷萃取物是具有较强抑菌作用的活性部位。     

22种中草药提取物杀根结线虫活性

通过对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的直接触杀试验,研究了22种中草药在采用不同提取溶剂和不同提取手段条件下所得提取物的杀根结线虫活性.结果表明:胡黄连、狗脊、木香、蛇床子、石榴皮、瞿麦、吴茱萸、甘草、花椒和艾蒿10种中草药提取物具有较强的杀根结线虫活性,并且胡黄连、木香、蛇床子和石楠在多种提取方式下均能提取出较强的杀线虫活性成分,其中胡黄连和狗脊的水煮提取物经过石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇依次萃取后,所得活性萃取物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫72 h内的LC50值分别为81.44、67.37 mg/L.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定苦苣菜、葡萄籽超临界萃取物中的脂肪酸含量

通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪对苦苣菜、葡萄籽的CO_2超临界萃取物进行成分分析,得到主要成分为脂肪酸类,对其脂肪酸建立定性定量方法,以准确分析其萃取物的脂肪酸含量。运用优化的CO_2超临界萃取方法得到苦苣菜、葡萄籽提取物,通过气质联用仪及NIST谱库对提取物进行成分分析,改进气相色谱条件(色谱柱为HP-5msUI,分析时间为57min),优化质谱条件(单反应监测模式和分段扫描),得到多种脂肪酸的定性定量方法。通过气质联用仪解析了苦苣菜CO_2超临界提取物的活性成分,脂肪酸测定方法对于植物提取物具有较好的线性关系(相关系数R均高于0.992 0)、回收率在80%～105%之间,定量限在0.002～0.010 g/kg之间,RSD均小于4.0%。测得苦苣菜萃取物中有20种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的83.5%,葡萄籽萃取物中检出了10种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的91.74%。脂肪酸测定方法操作简便、灵敏度高,缩短了检验时间,适用于植物萃取物中脂肪酸的测定。解析了苦苣菜的活性成分,得到了苦苣菜、葡萄籽中脂肪酸的准确含量。     

多溶剂萃取法精制印楝素的研究

对比研究了多溶剂萃取法与单溶剂萃取法精制印楝素的效果,并通过正交试验法选择了多溶剂萃取法精制印楝素的最佳试验条件为:萃取溶剂V(二氯甲烷):V(乙酸乙酯)1:5,分相液V(丙酮):V(水)1:1,V(萃取溶剂):V(分相液)10:3,该方法可将乙醇提取物中印楝素的质量分数从 3.68% 提高到 17.76%。多溶剂萃取法是一种简单高效的精制印楝素的方法。     

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Extracts on Larval Parasitoid, Bracon hebetor

An aqueous suspension and an ethanolic extract of neem seed kernel (NSK) at 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, and 5.0% concentrations were tested for ovipositional deterrency, feeding deterrency, toxicity, sterility, and insect growth regulatory effects on a larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor. Neither NSK extracts delivered in the food or by contact influenced the B. hebetor oviposition (parasitization). They also did not cause parasitoid sterility through feeding, but they showed feeding deterrent effects for a limited period. Parasitoid eggs and pupae also were unaffected by the extracts tested. The parasitoid larvae, however, were killed by feeding contaminated host larvae and also through contact with neem extracts. Thus, a minimum safety period is suggested for inundative releases of B. hebetor in integrated pest management.     

两种万寿菊提取物对枣尺蠖毒杀效果

以万寿菊根为材料,以水为对照,分别用甲醇、氯仿作溶剂进行索氏提取,并用提取液对枣尺蠖幼虫进行杀虫生物活性测定,结果表明：氯仿提取物的毒力比甲醇提取物的毒力强;同时。在光照条件下,甲醇提取物、氯仿提取物对幼虫的毒力都比无光照条件下显著。     

Feeding Deterrence and Toxicity of Neem Triterpenoids

The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, produces a plethora of triterpenoids. One of these is azadirachtin, a complex compound with powerful insecticidal properties. The biosynthesis of azadirachtin starts with a steroid precursor and proceeds via two levels of structural complexity, i.e., furan ring formation and C-ring opening, after which further modifications yield azadirachtin, Antifeedant and toxic properties of azadirachtin against insects were compared with those of various compounds from the two lower levels of structural complexity. To larvae of the moth Spodoptera littoralis, several compounds from the lower structural levels showed strong antifeedant activity, comparable to that of azadirachtin. Nymphs of the locust Schistocerca gregaria in antifeedancy tests were more sensitive to azadirachtin than to the other compounds tested. To Spodoptera littoralis, Schistocerca gregaria, and the bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, azadirachtin was very toxic, exerting severe growth and molt disrupting effects. In contrast, compounds from the lower structural levels than azadirachtin showed virtually no toxicity to these three insects. Thus, although several simpler triterpenoid structures other than azadirachtin have insect antifeedant activity, the combination of strong antifeedant and toxic properties of azadirachtin may provide the more important chemical protection of the neem tree. Our data reveal no explicit link between antifeedant activity and toxicity of individual neem triterpenoids.     

超临界CO2萃取与水蒸汽减压蒸馏萃取柑桔皮精油比较

使用超临界CO2萃取法和水蒸汽减压蒸馏萃取柑桔皮精油,两种方法精油收率相当,最高收率均为1.2%。但水蒸汽减压蒸馏法提取的精油质量好,为浅黄色流动性液体,气味具有新鲜柑桔皮的清香,流程简单,超临界CO2萃取所得产品质量差,流动性差,为深黄色半流动性液体,杂质较多。     

石菖蒲根茎提取物对粘虫的生物活性

用石菖蒲的甲醇、石油醚、水等6种不同极性溶剂的提取物对粘虫进行了室内生物活性测定。结果表明：石菖蒲的甲醇提取物对粘虫具有极强的拒食和生长发育抑制作用，兼具一定触杀活性。在非选择性条件下，石菖蒲甲醇提取物对粘虫4龄幼虫拒食率高达91．89％，拒食活性显著高于其它提取物；在毒杀和生长发育抑制试验中，取食含毒叶片后的4龄幼虫体重在3d内出现负增长，4d后试虫全部死亡；此外，石菖蒲甲醇提取物对粘虫幼虫也有一定触杀活性，其死亡率超过60％。在该试验中，石油醚提取物对粘虫幼虫的拒食活性仅次于甲醇提取物，而对粘虫的生长抑制作用则低于甲醇、氯仿及乙酸乙酯3种溶剂的提取物。6种不同极性溶剂提取物中，以水提取物对粘虫的生物活性最小。     

小桐子油粕提取物杀虫活性初步研究

采用盆栽喷雾接虫法、药膜法和点滴法对小桐子油粕粗提物的杀虫活性进行了初步研究。结果表明:小桐子石油醚浸膏EC和小桐子乙酸乙酯浸膏EC对小菜蛾3龄幼虫、豆蚜和甘蓝蚜虫均有一定的杀虫活性,其中小桐子乙酸乙酯浸膏EC对甘蓝蚜虫的72 h致死率达83.3%。     

两种邻甲酰氨基苯甲酰胺类新化合物室内杀虫活性及田间药效

SYP-1500和SYP-6756是沈阳化工研究院创制的2种具有杀虫活性的邻甲酰氨基苯甲酰胺类新化合物,室内杀虫活性和田间治效果表明对鳞翅目昆虫具有优异的生物活性;对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的LC50值分别是0.0276、0.0671 mg/L,对甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫LC50值分别是0.0424、0.1096 mg/L,二者也显示出内吸毒杀活性;初步田间药效试验表明SYP-1500和SYP-6756对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好防治效果,与对照药剂氟虫腈和氯虫苯甲酰胺防效相当.     

Extractives of seeds of the meliaceae: Effects onSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith),Acalymma vittatum (F.), andArtemia salina Leach

Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family Meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. The extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [Acalymma vittatum (F.)] (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults. Toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,Anemia salina Leach. Feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some of these extracts were comparable to and, in certain cases, slightly greater than the effects produced by comparable neem (Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) seed preparations. Brine shrimp toxicity data do not extrapolate to insect activity, and vice versa.Presented at the national meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Hollywood, Florida, December 8–12, 1985.Mention of firm or product names does not imply recommendation or endorsement by USDA over others not mentioned.     

石菖蒲挥发油提取方法的比较研究

采用超临界CO2萃取、水蒸气蒸馏及微波辅助法提取石菖蒲挥发油。以挥发油得率、β-细辛醚含量、挥发油提取物主要成分及黄樟醚含量为考察指标,采用气相色谱法对三种提取方法进行比较。超临界CO2萃取的挥发油得率为3.32%,挥发油中β-细辛醚的含量为71.12%,均高于其它两种提取方法,适用于石菖蒲挥发油的提取。此外,三种提取方法所得挥发油的主要化学成分含量不完全相同,且均未检出黄樟醚。