Optimization of low-cholesterol–low-fat mayonnaise formulation: Effect of using soy milk and some stabilizer by a mixture design approach

In the present study, the optimized mixture proportions of low cholesterol-low fat mayonnaise contained soy milk as an egg yolk substitute (10%) with different composition of xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG) and mono- & diglycerides emulsifier (MDG) (0–0.36% of each component) were determined by applying the simplex-centroid mixture design method to achieve the desired stability, textural and rheological properties and sensory characteristics for effective formulation process. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation contained 6.7% mono- & diglycerides, 36.7% guar gum and 56.7% xanthan gum. The xanthan gum was the component showing the highest effect on all the properties of mayonnaise samples. In addition, an increase of xanthan gum followed by guar gum caused greater values for the stability, heat stability, consistency coefficient, viscosity, firmness, adhesiveness, adhesive force and overall acceptance and lower value for flow behavior index. Depending on the desirable level of xanthan gum, guar gum and mono- & diglycerides, creation of low cholesterol-low fat mayonnaise with properties closely matching those of commercial ones is possible.     

OPTIMIZATION OF CORNSTARCH/XANTHAN GUM CONTENT FOR THICKENING OF COCOA SYRUPS

ABSTRACT

Blended cornstarch–xanthan gum systems were optimized for thickening of cocoa syrups. For this purpose the sensory (whole and partial), textural (force of penetration, adhesiveness and stringiness) and rheological properties (flow curves as well as viscosity/time and viscosity/temperature relationships) of cocoa syrups were studied. Flow curves were described by rheological model of Casson, which accounted syrups under study for non‐Newtonian, pseudoplastic and thixotropic fluids. Also models of Weltman and Arrhenius were applied for comparison of obtained data. The areas of thixotropy hysteresis loops were also calculated. Obtained data (sensory, textural and rheological) were used as a base for mathematical calculations. The results were presented in the tables to enable their easier understanding. As a result, optimization of thickeners was achieved – the best ranges of cornstarch (0.45–0.49%) as well as xanthan gum (0.15–0.17%) concentrations in cocoa syrups were selected.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The result of this study could be used as a guide for thickening of cocoa syrups by the application of cornstarch–xanthan gum combination, chemically nonmodified thickeners. Mathematical method tried in this study for optimization of thickeners addition could be useful for optimization of the other thickeners and additives employed for different sauces, syrups, dressings, ketchups, mayonnaises, etc.

     

MODELING THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE FLOW BEHAVIOR OF SWEET POTATO PUREE1

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on viscosity of sweet potato (SP) puree. Rheological data of the puree were measured using a Bohlin VOR Rheometer. Shear rates employed ranged from 0.01–921 s^?1. Thermal scans were run at 15, 25, 40, 60, 75, and 90C. The puree exhibited “shear thinning” behavior with a yield stress value of 10 Pa at each temperature tested. The characteristic of the flow behavior of the puree was determined by fitting the experimental data to Herschel-Bulkley, Casson and Modified Casson models. The model with the best fit was then used to represent the combined effect of shear rate and temperature on the apparent viscosity of SP puree in a model based upon the Modified Casson model. The model was validated using data for SP puree samples at 50C. Results showed that, within the experimental conditions used in this study, the model could adequately predict apparent viscosities of sweet potato puree processed at different temperatures.     

Steady shear flow properties of wild sage (Salvia macrosiphon) seed gum as a function of concentration and temperature

The steady shear flow properties of dispersions of a new potential hydrocolloid, sage seed gum (SSG), were determined as a function of concentration (0.5–2% w/w), and temperature (20–50 °C). SSG dispersions exhibited strong shear-thinning behavior at all conditions tested, which was even more pronounced than commercial hydrocolloids like xanthan, guar gum and locust bean gum. Different time-independent rheological models were used to fit the experimental data, although the Herschel–Bulkley model (H–B) was found the best model to describe steady shear flow behavior of SSG. An increase in gum concentration led to a large increase in yield stress and consistency coefficient values, whereas there was no definite trend with an increase in temperature. On the other hand, the above-mentioned increases in concentration and temperature did not yield a clear evolution of the shear-thinning characteristics of SSG dispersions. An Arrhenius-type model was also used to describe the effect of temperature. The activation energy (E_a) appeared in the range of 3949–16384 J/mol, as concentration increased from 0.5 to 2%, at a shear rate of 100 s⁻¹. The yield stress values estimated by viscoplastic rheological models were much higher than the data determined by stress ramp method. Apparent viscosity of SSG surpassed many commercial hydrocolloids such as guar gum, locust bean gum, Tara gum, fenugreek gum and konjac gum at the same conditions, which suggest it as a very good stabilizer in food formulations.     

Swallowing profiles of food polysaccharide solutions with different flow behaviors

The relationship between physiological response and sensory perceived scores in swallowing was investigated using food polysaccharide solutions. Solutions from xanthan gum (0.3–0.9%) and locust bean gum (0.5–0.8%) were used as specimen with different flow behaviors identified by static and dynamic rheological methods. Acoustic analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out to investigate the swallowing profiles using the same human subjects. From acoustic analysis, time required for bolus to transfer through the pharyngeal phase t₂ decreased with increasing concentration of xanthan gum despite the viscosity increase. Also, the acoustic balance for the swallowing sound shifted to a higher frequency range with increasing concentration. The t₂ for locust bean gum was much less concentration-dependent and consistently larger than that for xanthan gum when compared at equivalent shear viscosity at 10 s⁻¹. Also, the acoustic balance for the swallowing sound was less concentration-dependent than that for xanthan gum. From sensory evaluation, 0.6% xanthan gum was scored the highest in perceived swallowing ease, while 0.75% locust bean gum was scored the lowest. Both t₂ and the acoustic balance correlated well with perceived swallowing ease. Results indicate that xanthan gum solutions flow as one coherent bolus through the pharyngeal phase with smaller variation of flow velocity than locust bean gum solutions, leading to a greater sensation of swallowing ease. “Structured fluid”, defined as fluid with yield stress such as xanthan gum solutions, is a rheological nature that allows bolus to be swallowed in one go, relating to perceived swallowing ease of liquid foods.     

黄原胶对流质配方食品流变特性的影响

为了探究黄原胶添加对流质配方食品性质的影响,采用物性学方法进行测定表征。将不同配比的黄原胶添加到流质配方食品中,测定其pH、渗透压、流变等特性的变化。结果表明:经黄原胶调控的流质配方食品为假塑性流体,具有更好的增稠效果和食用安全性。pH、渗透压结果表明其相关食用品性安全。黄原胶的添加使流质配方的表观黏度增大并具有剪切稀化现象;加入黄原胶提高了其贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,增强了体系的稳定性,但当黄原胶浓度高于2.5%时,配方增稠效果、稳定性趋于稳定,无显著性变化。此次试验为该流质配方产品市场化提供了物性安全稳定依据,并为开发相关研究提供了配方参数和理论指导。     

刺槐豆胶与黄原胶复配体系的流变性

研究刺槐豆胶/黄原胶复配体系的流变性,并采用流变学的Cross模型进行拟合分析。结果表明:刺槐豆胶与黄原胶复配可以产生协同作用,当刺槐豆胶与黄原胶的复配体积比为4∶6时,复配体系的黏度最大,触变测试中形成的滞后环面积最大,并且在黏弹性测试中储能模量G’表现出最大值。因此,刺槐豆胶与黄原胶的最佳复配比例为体积比4∶6。对最佳比例复配体系进行不同温度处理后测试可知,最佳复配体系的最适处理温度为80℃,得到的复配体系黏度最大;复配体系的p H值在6.0~10.0之间时,其黏度变化较小,保持相对稳定。     

Influence of selected hydrocolloids on triticale starch rheological properties

The aim of the study was to define the influence of selected nonstarch polysaccharides (guar gum, xanthan gum and arabic gum) on several rheological properties of triticale starch pastes/gels, at constant polysaccharide concentration (6.5 g/100 g). These included pasting characteristics, flow curves at 50 °C and mechanical spectra at 25 °C. It was found that the presence of a gum in a system modified the rheological properties of triticale starch gels/pastes, depending on the type and concentration of the gums. In the case of guar and xanthan gums, higher pasting viscosity was observed and the shear stress was increased compared with native starch. The presence of guar gum reduced the degree of thixotropy hysteresis, negative values for this being found for systems with xanthan in spite of their shear‐thinning behaviour. Systems containing arabic gum displayed lower values of pasting and flow viscosity. The type and concentration of gums added to the polysaccharide influenced the viscoelastic properties of the gels.     

食品增稠剂瓜儿豆胶性质及复配性的研究

本文对瓜尔豆胶的流变性,浓度、温度、pH值、电介质对粘度的影响,与黄原胶、卡拉胶复后粘度变化进行了初步研究。结果表明,低浓度瓜儿豆胶属非牛顿流体中假塑性流体,其粘度随浓度升高而上升,随温度升高而下降,几乎不受pH值影响,对NaCl和低浓度Ca~(2+),Al~(3+)有良好兼容性,与卡拉胶复配无增效作用,而与黄原胶复配增效显著,复配最佳比例为瓜儿豆胶:黄原胶=0.6:0.4     

Effect of Propylene Glycol Alginate and Xanthan Gum on Stability of O/W Emulsions

The role of xanthan gum and propylene glycol alginate in stabilizing model oil-in-water salad dressing emulsions has been studied using rheological measurements, particle size analysis and surface tension. Increasing xanthan gum concentration within the gum ratio gave higher viscosity due to formation of aggregates with larger sizes. Propylene glycol alginate (PGA) was surface-active leading to reduction in surface tension of air/water surfaces. Reduction in viscosity was seen in the presence of PGA.     

Viscosity of solutions of xanthan/locust bean gum mixtures

Xanthan and locust bean gums are polysaccharides able to produce aqueous solutions with high viscosity and non‐Newtonian behaviour. When these solutions are mixed a dramatic increase on viscosity is observed, much greater than the combined viscosity of the separated polysaccharide solutions. In this work the influences of different variables on the viscosity of solutions of mixtures of xanthan/locust bean gum have been studied. Total polysaccharide concentration, xanthan and locust bean ratio on mixture and temperature at which the gum was dissolved (dissolution temperature) for both xanthan and locust bean gums have been considered. Under these different operational mixture conditions shear rate and time have also been considered to describe the rheological behaviour of the solutions studied. The high viscosity increase observed in these mixtures is due to the interaction between xanthan gum and locust bean gum molecules. This interaction takes place between the side chains of xanthan and the backbone of the locust bean gum. Both xanthan molecule conformation in solution – tertiary structure – and locust bean gum structure show great influence on the final viscosity of the solution mixtures. Xanthan conformation changes with temperature, going from ordered structures to disordered or chaotic ones. Locust bean gum composition changes with dissolution temperature, showing a dissolved galactose/mannose ratio reduction when temperature increases, ie the smooth regions – zones without galactose radicals – are predominantly dissolved. The highest viscosity was obtained for the solution mixture with a total polysaccharide concentration of 1.5 kg m⁻³ and a xanthan/locust ratio of 2:4 (w/w) and when xanthan gum and locust bean gum were dissolved at 40°C and 80°C, respectively. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

黄原胶对莲藕淀粉糊化性质及流变与质构特性的影响

为探究亲水性胶体对淀粉性质的影响,将不同比例的黄原胶添加到莲藕淀粉中,研究两者复配后莲藕淀粉的糊化、流变、质构特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明：黄原胶提高了淀粉糊终值黏度、糊化峰值时间并降低淀粉的崩解值和回生值,复配体系有更好的热稳定性和抗老化性。添加不同比例的黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,稠度系数K增大,流体指数n降低,加入黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,但是具有更好的增稠作用;加入黄原胶提高了淀粉的贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,体系的黏弹性和稳定性增强,其中莲藕淀粉与黄原胶配比为8.0∶2.0（g/g）的复配体系增稠效果、黏弹性、稳定性最好。复配体系的硬度、内聚性、黏着性、咀嚼性降低,弹性略有增大,添加黄原胶形成的凝胶质地更柔软。扫描电子显微镜观察到添加黄原胶后淀粉内部形成更加均匀稳定的结构。     

Effect of thermal treatments on functional properties of cress seed (Lepidium sativum) and xanthan gums: A comparative study

Foods are generally subjected to thermal treatments during processing operations, which affect on the functional properties of hydrocolloid solutions. In this paper, the effect of different thermal conditions (60 °C-30 min, 80 °C-23 min, 100 °C-18 min and 121 °C-15 min) on functional properties (rheological, emulsifying and foaming properties) of cress seed gum and xanthan gum were investigated. The results demonstrated that cress seed gum solutions had desirable rheological, emulsifying and foaming properties. When the hydrocolloid samples were heated, an irreversible increase in viscosity of cress seed gum solutions was observed and as a result, the emulsification and foaming properties improved. Whereas, xanthan gum would not have the ability to stand against heat treatment and its viscosity decreased. Nevertheless, the viscosity values of xanthan gum solutions were always higher than cress seed gum in all conditions.     

Optimization of Gum Combination in Prebiotic Instant Hot Chocolate Beverage Model System in Terms of Rheological Aspect: Mixture Design Approach

Mixture design was used to investigate the effects of four different gums (xanthan gum, guar gum, alginate and locust bean gum) and their combinations on the rheological properties of a prebiotic model instant hot chocolate beverage (including 3.5% inulin) and to determine their interactions in the model beverage. Simplex centroid mixture design was applied to predict the physicochemical (soluble solids, pH, colour properties) and rheological parameters (consistency index (K), flow behaviour index (n) and apparent viscosity (η ₅₀)) of the samples. In the model, the optimum gum combination was found by simplex centroid mixture design as 59% xanthan gum and 41% locust bean gum, and the highest K value was 33.56 Pa s ⁿ . The increase of guar gum and alginate in the gum mixture caused a decrease in the K value of the sample.     

Steady and dynamic shear rheology of sweet potato starch–xanthan gum mixtures

The effect of xanthan gum at different concentrations (0.2–0.6% w/w) on the rheological properties of sweet potato starch (SPS) pastes was evaluated under steady and dynamic shear conditions. The presence of xanthan resulted in an increase in the consistency index and vane yield stress of SPS. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity of SPS–xanthan mixtures is well described by the Arrhenius equation. Dynamic moduli (G′, G″, and η^*) values of the mixtures increased with an increase in xanthan concentration while the tan δ values decreased. The addition of xanthan appeared to contribute to the elastic properties of the weak network of the SPS pastes. The structure development rate constant (k) of gelation during ageing was strongly influenced by the presence of xanthan. This suggests that the phase separation process caused by the incompatibility phenomena between the amylose component in starch and xanthan can increase the elastic characteristics of the SPS–xanthan mixtures.     

葫芦巴胶改善吞咽障碍者饮水安全性的流变学研究

参照美国吞咽障碍膳食标准,以样品的η50黏度为分类依据,将葫芦巴胶制备成黏度分别为180cP(花蜜型)、1000cP(蜂蜜型)和2500cP(布丁型)的增稠流体,对其流变学性质进行研究,并评价葫芦巴胶用于改善吞咽障碍者的饮水安全性。结果表明,溶解温度是葫芦巴胶流变性质能否满足改善饮水安全性要求的关键。80℃制备的葫芦巴胶具有与黄原胶、结冷胶相似的流变学性质:明显的剪切变稀行为且对增稠级别的依赖程度较小;具有G′>G″和tanδ<1的弱凝胶弹性性质;在高增稠级别,相较于黄原胶和结冷胶,其具有更好的流动性。     

Characterization of the influence of main emulsion components on the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion using response surface methodology

The present work was conducted to investigate the influence of main emulsion components, namely Arabic gum (7–13% w/w), xanthan gum (0.1–0.3% w/w) and orange oil (6–10% w/w) contents on physical stability, viscosity, cloudiness and conductivity of orange beverage emulsion. In this study, 20 orange beverage emulsions were established based on a three-factor central composite design (CCD) involving 8 factorial points, 6 axial points and 6 center points. The main objective of the present study was to determine an optimal concentration level of main emulsion components leading to an optimum orange beverage emulsion with desirable physicochemical properties. In general, all response surface models were significantly (p<0.05) fitted for describing the variability of physical stability, viscosity, conductivity and cloudiness as a nonlinear function of the content of main emulsion components. More than 84% of the variation of physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion could be explained as a function of the content of the main beverage emulsion components. In general, the orange oil content appeared to be the most significant (p<0.05) factor influencing all emulsion characteristics studied except for conductivity. From the optimization procedure, the overall optimal region leading to the desirable orange beverage emulsion was predicted to be achieved by the combined level of 13% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.22% (w/w) xanthan gum and 10% (w/w) orange oil.     

感应电场对连续流动蓝莓果泥理化特性的影响

采用非接触型感应电场(IEF)对蓝莓果泥进行连续加工,考察不同激励电压(100、150和250 V)、温度(65、75和85 ℃)下果泥阻抗和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性随处理时间(9、18、27、30、36和45 min)的变化规律,并对比不同处理(鲜榨、常规热处理、IEF处理)后蓝莓果泥的色值、粒径分布、流变特性、风味和挥发性成分。结果表明,随着处理时间的增长和处理温度的升高,料液阻抗逐渐降低;250 V激励电压诱导形成的IEF对多酚氧化酶(PPO)的杀灭具有促进作用,经250 V、85 ℃和30 min的IEF处理后,蓝莓果泥 PPO活性完全丧失。IEF处理蓝莓果泥的L*和a*分别为30.37和6.42,显著高于鲜榨和常规热处理的果泥(P<0.05)。IEF处理的蓝莓果泥产品在粒径分布、黏度和风味上更接近鲜榨果泥。弱的感应电场/感应电流对蓝莓果泥中呈色物质、风味成分等具有一定的稳定作用,有利于减缓热处理导致的果泥颜色损失和风味变化。研究旨在为利用弱电效应实现果泥产品的高品质加工提供一定理论参考。     

黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶的复配稳定剂对冰淇淋品质和流变性的影响

研究了黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶的复配胶作为冰淇淋稳定剂对冰淇淋品质和流变性的影响,测定了冰淇淋浆料的粘度,应用小幅振荡测定经硬化后冰淇淋成品的动态粘弹性,以及硬化冰淇淋的硬度和粘结度.结果表明,随复配胶用量的增加,冰淇淋浆料的粘度也随之增加,另外,Power law模型的流动指数和粘度指数、冰淇淋成品储能模量、及硬度、粘结度均呈增加趋势.实验结果还表明,随复配胶用量的增加,冰淇淋的弹性模量和稳定性得以提高.通过测定冰淇淋的膨胀率和抗融性,得出冰淇淋中复配胶的最佳添加量质量分数为0.35%.     

Flow Behavior of Milk Chocolate Melt and the Application to Coating Flow

ABSTRACT: The rheological properties of chocolate, especially shear viscosity and yield stress, are important control parameters for enrobing processes in confectionery manufacture. The rheological parameters of molten milk chocolate were measured at 42°C during steady pipe flow using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) viscometric method. The experimental method combines shear rate values obtained from an MR velocity image and shear stress values obtained from an independent pressure drop measurement. The experimental factors were emulsifier type and emulsifier level. The rheogram data were fit by the Casson model to yield the Casson yield stress and plastic viscosity. The Casson yield stress ranged from 1.9 to 15.0 Pa; the Casson viscosity ranged from 6.0 to 14.6 Pa s as a function of emulsifier content. The rheological parameters were incorporated into a drainage theory model to predict coating thicknesses in the enrobing process. The model was solved numerically and yielded good approximations to the experimental values that were between 1.1 to 2.7 mm.