Valorization of Olive Pomace Oil with Enzymatic Synthesis of 2‐Monoacylglycerol

2‐Monoacylglycerols (2‐MAG) with a high content of oleic acid at sn‐2 position was synthesized by enzymatic ethanolysis of refined olive pomace oil, which is a byproduct of olive oil processing. Six lipases from different microbial sources were used in the synthesis of 2‐MAG. Immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica gave the highest product yield among the selected lipases. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize reaction conditions; time (4 to 10 h), temperature (45 to 60 °C), enzyme load (10 to 18 wt%), and ethanol:oil molar ratio (30:1 to 60:1). The predicted highest 2‐MAG yield (84.83%) was obtained at 45 °C using 10 (wt%) enzyme load and 50:1 ethanol:oil molar ratio for 5 h reaction time. Experiments to confirm the predicted results at optimum conditions presented a 2‐MAG yield of 82.54%. The purification yield (g 2‐MAG extracted/100 g of total product) was 80.10 and 69.00 for solvent extraction and low‐temperature crystallization, respectively. The purity of the synthesized 2‐MAG was found to be higher than 96%.     

响应面法优化无溶剂体系酶法合成己酸乙酯

目的：探讨无溶剂体系酶法合成己酸乙酯的最佳工艺条件。方法：在单因素试验的基础上,以脂肪酶添加量、底物(己酸/乙醇)物质的量比、反应时间为影响因素,应用二次回归中心组合试验法进行三因素五水平试验,以己酸乙酯产率为评价指标,进行响应面分析。结果：无溶剂体系酶法合成己酸乙酯的最佳工艺条件为脂肪酶添加量0.5%、酸醇物质的量比1:1.3、反应时间12.2h、反应温度30℃,转速150r/min。在此条件下,己酸乙酯产率实际值为81.6%,与预测值相近。结论：采用中心组合试验设计--响应面法对无溶剂体系酶法合成己酸乙酯工艺条件进行优化合理可行。     

松仁红衣多酚的提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

利用超声波辅助乙醇溶剂浸提法,从松仁红衣中提取具有抗氧化活性的多酚类物质。通过单因素和正交实验,研究乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比、超声功率、超声时间对多酚得率的影响,确定了提取多酚的最佳工艺条件:乙醇浓度60%、提取温度60℃、料液比1∶20(g/m L)、超声时间90min、超声功率300W,此条件下所得提取液的多酚得率为2.36%。并进行了松仁红衣多酚的体外抗氧化活性实验,结果表明松仁红衣多酚对羟自由基、DPPH自由基及过氧化氢均具有清除作用。      

响应面试验优化超声波辅助水酶法提取松籽油工艺及其氧化稳定性

以红松松籽为原料,经超声波预处理后,利用水酶法提取松籽油,通过单因素试验及响应面试验研究松籽油提取工艺,并对其氧化稳定性进行分析。结果表明,松籽油提取的优化工艺条件为超声强度0.28 W/cm2、超声时间40 min、超声温度50 ℃、料液比1∶5（g/mL）、碱性蛋白酶加酶量1 427 U/g、酶解时间4.08 h、酶解温度44 ℃,在此条件下松籽油得率可以达到73.01%。温度、光照对松籽油氧化有显著促进作用,3 ℃以下避光贮藏松籽油可使其有良好的氧化稳定性。     

Effect of reaction rate on converted products from wheat germ oil by immobilized lipase ethanolysis

Monoglycerides and diglycerides containing function of wheat germ oil were to produce and to assess the influence of various conditions on the ethanolysis activities of immobilized lipases. Immobilized lipases like lipozyme (Thermonuces lanuginose immobilized on silica gel and Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on an ion exchange resin were used for enzymatic ethanolysis. Ethanolysis was carried out in different processes (non-pressured and pressured system) to compare the reaction rate and yield. For immobilized lipase, the optimal condition was found at 1.0 of ethanol mol ratio, temperature of 60°C, and lipases amount of 4% in non-pressured system. However, in pressured system, the optimal temperature was found at 50°C. The enzyme activity was changed depending on the enzyme source, reaction time, pressure, and temperature. Changing experimental parameters (temperature, ethanol mol ratio, enzyme amount, and reaction time) affecting wheat germ oil ethanolysis reaction, the optimal reaction conditions were established.     

脂肪酶催化鱼油醇解富集EPA和DHA的研究

研究了固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM催化鱼油部分醇解反应,探讨了油醇比、酶加量等因素对反应的影响,在优化条件下,可以使鱼油中EPA、DHA的含量由26.1%升至43.O%,得率大于75%,对鱼油醇解产物进行了分子蒸馏提纯,得到了富含EPA、DHA的甘油酯型鱼油产品.     

复凝聚法制备松籽油微胶囊工艺优化及其氧化稳定性分析

以明胶与阿拉伯胶为壁材,采用复凝聚法包埋松籽油制备松籽油微胶囊。考察壁材比(明胶与阿拉伯胶体积比)、芯壁比、壁材质量分数、复凝聚时间对微胶囊包埋率的影响,通过正交试验优化微胶囊制备工艺,并对制备的微胶囊理化特性及氧化稳定性进行分析。结果表明松籽油微胶囊制备的优化工艺条件为壁材比2∶1、芯壁比2∶3、壁材质量分数2%、复凝聚时间50 min,在此条件下微胶囊包埋率达到87.23%。制备的松籽油微胶囊含水率为5.1%,溶解度为98.09%,具有较好的溶解性;通过傅里叶转换红外光谱及扫描电子显微镜分析证明了微胶囊的形成;差示扫描量热分析结果显示,微胶囊热溶解温度较高,在室温下热稳定性良好。包埋后的松籽油经加速贮藏实验表明微胶囊化可以提高松籽油的氧化稳定性,延长松籽油贮藏期。     

Stepwise ethanolysis of tuna oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase

Ethanolysis of fish oil under mild conditions has been strongly desired for preparing the starting materials for the purification of ethyl docosahexaenoate. Thus, we attempted ethanolysis of tuna oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. The immobilized lipase was inactivated in the presence of 2 3 molar equivalent of ethanol against the total fatty acids in tuna oil. To avoid such inactivation, the first step of ethanolysis was conducted at 40 degrees C in a mixture of tuna oil and 1 3 molar equivalent of ethanol using 4% immobilized lipase. After a 10-h reaction, ethanol was consumed and 33% of tuna oil was converted to its corresponding ethyl esters (E-FAs). The reactant is named Gly/E-FA33. The lipase was not inactivated in the presence of 2 3 molar equivalent of ethanol against the total fatty acids in Gly/E-FA33. These findings and the consideration of several factors affecting ethanolysis of tuna oil led to the development of the two- and three-step ethanolyses. The two-step reaction was performed as follows: the first step was carried out at 40 degrees C for 12 h in a mixture of tuna oil and 1 3 molar equivalent of ethanol with 4% immobilized lipase; the second step was performed for 36 h (total reaction period, 48 h) after adding 2 3 molar equivalent of ethanol. On the other hand, the three-step reaction was conducted as follows: the first step was conducted under the same conditions as those in the two-step ethanolysis; in the second and third steps, 1 3 molar equivalent of ethanol was added after 12 and 24 h, respectively; and in the third step, the mixture was shaken for 24 h (total, 48 h). Both types of ethanolyses achieved the conversion of 95% or more of tuna oil to its corresponding E-FAs. To investigate the lipase stability, the two- and three-step ethanolyses were repeated by transferring the enzyme to a fresh substrate mixture of the first step after finishing one cycle of reaction. The two- and three-step reactions maintained over 95% of the conversion for 70 d and over 100 d, respectively.     

长白山红松籽油的提取及脂肪酸成分分析

以长白山红松籽为原料,采用机械液压冷榨法萃取红松籽油,考察了上限压力、榨油温度、压榨周期、停歇周期对萃取效果的影响,确定了液压冷榨法萃取红松籽油的最佳条件:上限压力为15MPa,温度为45℃,榨油周期为4min,停息周期为9min,在此条件下,红松籽油出油率为60.3%。对冷榨法萃取的红松籽油进行了脂肪酸成分分析,共测定出8种脂肪酸:棕榈酸、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、二十碳三烯酸、二十碳二烯酸、二十碳烯酸、二十碳酸,其含量分别为其含量分别为4.08%、18.13%、11.48%、2.39%、0.87%、0.88%、1.04%、1.44%。      

Stepwise ethanolysis of tuna oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase

Ethanolysis of fish oil under mild conditions has been strongly desired for preparing the starting materials for the purification of ethyl docosahexaenoate. Thus, we attempted ethanolysis of tuna oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. The immobilized lipase was inactivated in the presence of 2/3 molar equivalent of ethanol against the total fatty acids in tuna oil. To avoid such inactivation, the first step of ethanolysis was conducted at 40°C in a mixture of tuna oil and 1/3 molar equivalent of ethanol using 4% immobilized lipase. After a 10-h reaction, ethanol was consumed and 33% of tuna oil was converted to its corresponding ethyl esters (E-FAs). The reactant is named Gly/E-FA33. The lipase was not inactivated in the presence of 2/3 molar equivalent of ethanol against the total fatty acids in Gly/E-FA33. These findings and the consideration of several factors affecting ethanolysis of tuna oil led to the development of the two- and three-step ethanolyses. The two-step reaction was performed as follows: the first step was carried out at 40°C for 12 h in a mixture of tuna oil and 1/3 molar equivalent of ethanol with 4% immobilized lipase; the second step was performed for 36 h (total reaction period, 48 h) after adding 2/3 molar equivalent of ethanol. On the other hand, the three-step reaction was conducted as follows: the first step was conducted under the same conditions as those in the two-step ethanolysis; in the second and third steps, 1/3 molar equivalent of ethanol was added after 12 and 24 h, respectively; and in the third step, the mixture was shaken for 24 h (total, 48 h). Both types of ethanolyses achieved the conversion of 95% or more of tuna oil to its corresponding E-FAs. To investigate the lipase stability, the two- and three-step ethanolyses were repeated by transferring the enzyme to a fresh substrate mixture of the first step after finishing one cycle of reaction. The two- and three-step reactions maintained over 95% of the conversion for 70 d and over 100 d, respectively.     

Lipase-catalysed production of triacylglycerols enriched in pinolenic acid at the sn-2 position from pine nut oil

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to produce triacylglycerols (TAGs) enriched in pinolenic acid (PLA) at the sn‐2 position using the principle of acyl migration, from the pine nut oil containing PLA esterified exclusively at the sn‐3 position. RESULTS: Two types of lipase‐catalysed reactions, i.e. redistribution and reesterification of fatty acids, were successively performed using seven commercially available lipases as biocatalysts. Of the lipases tested, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM were effective biocatalysts for positioning PLA at the sn‐2 location. These biocatalysts were selected for further evaluation of the effects of reaction parameters, such as temperature and water content on the migration of PLA residues to the sn‐2 position and TAG content. For both lipases, a significant decrease in TAG content was observed after the lipase‐catalysed redistribution of fatty acids for both lipases. The reduced TAG content could be enhanced up to approx. 92%, through lipase‐catalysed re‐esterification of the hydrolysed fatty acids under vacuum. CONCLUSION: TAG enriched in PLA at the sn‐2 position was synthesised from pine nut oil via lipase‐catalysed redistribution and re‐esterification of fatty acid residues using Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 as biocatalysts. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

几种醇对Lipozyme RM IM催化卵磷脂乙醇解的影响及其工艺条件优化

研究脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM催化大豆卵磷脂（phosphatidylcholine,PC）乙醇解反应制备溶血卵磷脂（lysophosphatidylcholine,LPC）过程中其他几种醇对PC乙醇解的影响,并对乙醇解条件进行了优化。发现正丁醇对PC乙醇解无明显影响,叔丁醇对PC乙醇解有一定的抑制作用,1,2-丙二醇和丙三醇呈现较好的促进作用。最后选用丙三醇作为乙醇解的促进剂,通过响应面分析法确定了无溶剂体系中Lipozyme RM IM催化PC醇解的最佳工艺条件为加酶量15%（以PC质量计,m/m）、反应温度28 ℃、加水量8%（水/乙醇溶液,V/V）、丙三醇10% （丙三醇/乙醇溶液,V/V）、底物质量浓度1.49 g/mL（PC/乙醇溶液,m/V）、反应时间11 h,此条件下 LPC转化率高达98.2%。实验证明,丙三醇对无溶剂体系中Lipozyme RM IM催化条件下的PC乙醇解反应有很好的促进作用。     

小球藻中海藻油的提取工艺研究

本实验以小球藻为原料,利用反复冻融技术破碎细胞壁,并用乙醇作提取剂提取海藻油。研究了乙醇浓度、液料比、冻融次数以及提取温度等因素对油脂提取率的影响。实验结果表明,最佳工艺条件为反复冻融1次、液料比3:1(V/W)、乙醇浓度95%、提取温度45℃,出油率达24.28%。小球藻经反复冻融提取海藻油,提取较完全,适宜大量生产,有着较广阔的应用前景。与藻泥直接提取及冷冻干燥后提取相比,提取效率高,且差异极显著。     

响应面法优化超声-微波协同萃取槟榔籽油及其脂肪酸组成分析

利用超声-微波协同萃取技术提取槟榔籽油,采用紫外分光光度法快速测定所提取槟榔籽油的含量。通过单因素和响应面试验,考察提取时间、提取温度、液固比对槟榔籽油提取率的影响,确定了最佳提取工艺,结果表明:恒温模式、提取时间22min、温度65℃、液料比11:1(mL/g)条件下,槟榔籽油的提取率可达14.29%。槟榔籽油脂的气相色谱-质谱法分析表明,其主要成分为豆蔻酸33.50%、油酸20.40%、亚油酸19.19%、棕榈酸15.82%、月桂酸9.51%、硬脂酸1.59%。     

槟榔油的超临界CO2萃取及其成分分析

目的：从槟榔籽中提取槟榔籽油,并测定其成分。方法：采用超临界CO2 流体技术萃取槟榔籽油,对其工艺条件进行优化,并用气相色谱- 质谱法(GC-MS)对槟榔籽油所含的脂肪酸种类及含量进行测定。结果：超临界萃取的最优条件为萃取温度45℃、萃取压力20MPa、CO2 流量20L/h,槟榔籽油的萃取得率为17.81%。结论：槟榔籽油中主要含棕榈酸(9.10%)、亚油酸(15.46%)和油酸(11.26%)。     

松籽油的提取及理化指标分析

为了开发和利用松籽资源,对松仁的化学成分和松籽油的理化指标、松籽油的甘三酯组分及氧化稳定性进行了分析研究。结果表明,松仁粗脂肪含量为69.9%,粗蛋白含量为16.6%;松籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,含量高达85%以上,松籽油相对密度(d240)0.919 9,折光指数(n20)1.477 9,碘值(I)142.8 g/100 g,皂化值(KOH)193.2 mg/g。     

Studies of reaction variables for lipase-catalyzed production of alpha-linolenic acid enriched structured lipid and oxidative stability with antioxidants

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) enriched structured lipid (SL) was produced by lipase-catalyzed interesterification from perilla oil (PO) and corn oil (CO). The effects of different reaction conditions (substrate molar ratio [PO/CO 1:1 to 1:3], reaction time [0 to 24 h], and reaction temperature [55 to 65 °C]) were studied. Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei was used as biocatalyst. We obtained 32.39% of ALA in SL obtained under the optimized conditions (molar ratio-1:1 [PO:CO], temperature-60 °C, reaction time-15 h). In SL, the major triacylglycerol (TAG) species (linolenoyl-linolenoyl-linolenoyl glycerol [LnLnLn], linolenoyl-linolenoyl-linoleoyl glycerol [LnLnL]) mainly from PO and linoleoyl-linoleoyl-oleoyl glycerol (LLO), linoleoyl-oleoyl-oleoyl glycerol (LOO), palmitoyl-linoleoyl-oleoyl glycerol (PLO) from CO decreased while linolenoyl-linolenoyl-oleoyl glycerol (LnLnO) (18.41%), trilinolein (LLL) (9.06%), LLO (16.66%), palmitoyl-linoleoyl-linoleoyl glycerol (PLL) (9.69%) were increased compared to that of physical blend. Total tocopherol content (28.01 mg/100 g), saponification value (SV) (192.2), and iodine value (IV) (161.9) were obtained. Furthermore, oxidative stability of the SL was also investigated by addition of 3 different antioxidants (each 200 ppm of rosemary extract [SL-ROS], BHT [SL-BHT], catechin [SL-CAT]) was added into SL and stored in 60 °C oven for 30 d. 2-Thiobabituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value was 0.16 mg/kg in SL-CAT and 0.18 mg/kg in SL-ROS as compared with 0.22 mg/kg in control (SL) after oxidation. The lowest peroxide value (POV, 200.9 meq/kg) and longest induction time (29.88 h) was also observed in SL-CAT.     

超临界甲醇法制备文冠果种仁油生物柴油研究

研究超临界甲醇法制备文冠果种仁油生物柴油时温度、醇油摩尔比、反应时间和助溶剂对油脂转化率影响,并对制备生物柴油样品进行质量指标分析。结果表明,文冠果种仁油在超临界甲醇中较为适宜转酯化反应条件为:反应温度350℃,醇油摩尔比40∶1,反应时间15 min,油脂转化率为91.25%;且生物柴油样品多项理化指标基本达到美国ASTM生物柴油标准,并与中国0#柴油标准接近。     

超临界CO_2萃取云南松松子油提取工艺研究

本试验采用超临界CO2萃取云南松松子油,以萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间3个因素进行单因素试验,在单因素试验结果的基础上,利用响应面法中的Box-Behnken和中心旋转组合设计对超临界CO2萃取云南松松子油的提取工艺条件进行了优化。各个条件均做3次重复试验,以平均值作为最后结果。试验结果表明:萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间3个因素对松子出油率影响都显著。经过验证性试验后,最终得到超临界CO2萃取云南松松子油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取温度36.7℃、萃取压力40.6MPa和萃取时间112.6min,在最佳条件下的出油率24.68%。     

巴西松籽蛋白超声辅助超滤提取工艺及功能特性研究

为了提高巴西松籽蛋白提取效率和功能特性,采用超声辅助超滤提取工艺结合响应面分析,并与传统提取工艺松籽蛋白进行比较.结果显示:超声辅助超滤提取工艺可以显著提高松籽蛋白的得率和功能特性,其中最佳提取条件是:超声温度43℃,pH值9,超声功率400W,超声时间38min,料液比1∶35,提取效率为77.94％,同时超滤提取的松籽蛋白在容积密度,乳化性,起泡能力和起泡稳定性等功能特性上都要优于传统提取的松籽蛋白及部分植物蛋白.这些结果表明,松籽蛋白作为可利用的植物蛋白来源可以广泛应用于食品工业中.