萃取体系滴内和两相阻力控制的单液滴传质实验和数值模拟研究

Numerical simulation of transient mass transfer to a single drop controlled by the internal resistance or by the resistance in both phases was mathematically formulated and simulated in a boundary-fitted orthogonal coordinate system. The simulated results on the transient mass transfer dominated by the internal resistance are in good agreement with the Newman and Kronig-Brink models for drops with low Reynolds number. When the drop Reynolds number is up to 200, the mass transfer coefficient from numerical simulation is very low as compared with the Handlos-Baron model. The cases with mass transfer resistance residing in both the continuous and drop phases were simulated successfully and compared with the experimental data in three extraction systems recommended by European Confederation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE). For single drops with Re ＜ 200, the numerically predicted values of the extraction fraction and overall mass transfer coefficient are in reasonable coincidence with the experimental data. It is concluded that the numerical simulation can be resorted in some cases of solvent extraction for conducting numerical experiments and parametric study. Nevertheless, for better resolution as higher Reynolds number drops are simulated, more sophisticated techniques should be developed and incorporated to deal with the large deformation and transient shape oscillation as well as possible Marangoni effect.     

十字交叉微通道内微液滴生成过程的数值模拟

采用VOF模型对十字交叉微通道内微液滴的生成进行三维数值模拟,获得了拉伸挤压、滴状剪切、单分散射流等单分散微液滴的生成机制以及紊乱射流、节状形变流、管状流和滑移流等两相流型,模拟与实验结果相吻合验证了模拟的有效性。液液两相流型主要受两相流速、两相界面张力以及连续相黏度的影响,发现随着连续相的流量增大,微液滴的生成尺寸减小,生成频率增大;而离散相流量的影响则相反。两相表面张力与连续相黏度分别在低连续相Ca数和高连续相Ca数条件下分别起主导作用。在低连续相Ca数(U_d<0.03 m·s^-1)的拉伸挤压和滴状剪切流流型下,微液滴生成尺寸随着表面张力系数的减小而减小,在射流条件下反而增大,微液滴的生成频率变化则相反。在高连续相Ca数(U_d>0.03 m·s^-1)下,微液滴的生成尺寸随着连续相黏度的增大而减小,微液滴的生成频率变化则相反。另外,壁面接触角在拉伸挤压流型下对微液滴生成无太大影响,但在滴状剪切和单分散射流流型下,接触角减小会导致微液滴无法稳定生成。     

水平管气力输送的数值模拟研究

对气体相湍动能采用修正的k-ε二方程模型,颗粒相湍动动能采用颗粒动力学方法,考虑两相间的相互作用,发展建立了水平管气力输送的数学物理模型和计算方法.该模型能计算颗粒相压力、粘性系数、扩散系数、导热系数、颗粒温度等流体力学特性参数.用文献实验得到的压降和转捩速度验证了所建模型和计算方法的正确性.就水平管中圆柱坐标系下典型的三维悬浮气力输送过程进行了初步数值研究,得到了管道沿程压降、平均气体速度、平均颗粒速度和平均颗粒浓度的变化、以及输送方向上不同截面处的颗粒浓度分布.结果表明:在给定的输送条件下,颗粒在管中并不总是维持同样的悬浮状态,在入口和快速加速度段,悬浮颗粒易集中于管中心区域,从加速段到恒速段,悬浮颗粒逐渐向管底沉降;颗粒浓度在管截面上有两种分布状态.为进一步利用该法研究气力输送打下了基础.     

低流量微管末端液滴形成及破碎的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法,对在重力作用下微管末端液滴缓慢形成及脱落的动力学过程进行分析和研究.采用有限体积法在轴对称坐标系下求解液滴形成与破碎过程的Navier-Stokes方程,采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法以及基于PLIC(piecewise-linear interface construction)...     

水平铜板表面液滴冻结过程的数值模拟

为了探究水平铜板表面温度和液滴体积大小对液滴冻结过程的影响规律,以及冻结过程中液滴内部固液相界面变化和温度场分布,文中基于能量守恒原理,建立了单个静止液滴冻结的数值模型进行模拟研究.研究结果表明:液滴冻结过程中,固液相界面呈凹型状态;随着液滴冻结的进行,固液相界面推进速度呈先快后慢的变化趋势,模拟结果和对应的实验数据吻...     

用VOF方法数值计算液滴燃烧

引 言 液体燃料通过喷射进入内燃机的汽缸或喷气发动机的透平中燃烧产生热能.近年来能源危机加剧及减排CO2以保护环境意识提高,促使研究者们采用新的技术提高化石燃料的燃烧效率,其中对单个液滴燃烧物理过程的深刻了解是改进喷射燃烧为特征的内燃机械能量利用效率的基本.对液滴燃烧过程的数值及实验研究已经有几十年.最早的研究者有Godsave[1]、Spalding[2]等,他们基于常物性、球对称及类稳态假设,对液滴在静止空气中的燃烧过程建立了基本数学描述,并得到了著名的"d2定律",即液滴直径平方随时间线性减小,用公式表示为dd2/dt=k,k为燃烧速率常数.     

盐水液滴降压蒸发析盐过程数值模拟

盐水溶液的降压蒸发广泛应用于海水淡化和工业制盐等领域,因此研究盐水在降压过程中的蒸发特性具有重要意义,有助于解决我国水资源缺乏问题。本文通过数值模拟的方法研究了降压环境下盐水液滴蒸发析盐过程,获得了盐析质量和液滴温度随时间的变化。采用的工质为饱和盐水,液滴的初始温度分别为20℃、15℃、10℃;环境压力从0.1MPa降至2000～10000Pa。通过与实验数据相对比,验证了本文模型的有效性。通过该数学模型,分析了影响析盐率和液滴温度变化的主要因素。结果表明:液滴直径越大,在蒸发过程中其析盐率越高,但温度变化越慢;压降速率越快,液滴蒸发速率越快,析盐率越大,温度变化也越快;液滴初始温度越高,蒸发速率越快,液滴表面析盐率越高,但不同初始温度的盐水液滴,在蒸发过程中其最终温度趋于一致。     

喷雾冷却中液滴撞击带气泡液膜的数值模拟

在喷雾冷却过程的核态沸腾区,液滴与液膜及液膜内气泡的撞击对过程传热有重要影响。本文建立以水为冷却工质的单液滴撞击带气泡液膜的二维数值模型,模拟研究过程现象和传热规律。结果表明,We为6.94、量纲为1的液膜厚度为0.5（对应液滴速度0.5m/s、液膜厚度1mm）时,撞击过程中液膜扰动不显著、运动形态近似波纹;当We增大到111.11（对应液滴速度2m/s）时,撞击过程中液滴与液膜接合处的表压达到6000Pa,成为颈部射流现象的推动力,并逐步发展形成冠状水花;撞击过程中气泡的存在会阻碍液滴与加热表面的直接接触,但随着气泡的破裂,液滴与加热表面直接接触换热,使撞击点附近表面传热系数远大于其他区域,提高了传热能力,且液膜厚度越小、液滴速度越大,表面传热系数峰值越高。研究结果可为喷雾冷却系统的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

模拟变形液滴和气泡运动的改进水平集算法

An improved level set approach for computing the incompressible two-phase flow with significantly deformed free interface in presented.The control volume formulation with the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations consistent(SIMPLEC)algorithm incroporated is used to solve the governing equations on a staggered grid.Several improvements concerning the convergence and numerical stability.The motion of a bubble or drop in a liquid with large density ratio,viscosity ratio and surface tension in numerically simulated.The computational results are in good agreement with the reported experimental data.     

三维微管液滴形成及破碎的数值模拟

基于多相流模型的VOF方法求解三维坐标下微管末端液滴形成过程,参考丙三醇溶液,分别探讨不同表面张力、密度、射流速度下液滴形成过程,和液滴断裂长度、形成时间、主液滴直径受其影响情况,并分析断裂阶段轴线上压力和轴向速度分布。     

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of Marangoni effect induced by mass transfer during drop formation

Marangoni effect induced by interphase mass transfer plays an important role in liquid–liquid extraction and reaction processes. The interaction of Marangoni effect and interphase mass transfer during drop formation at different injection rates and different initial solute concentrations was investigated by experimental and numerical simulation. The extraction fraction was measured and the corresponding correlation was proposed. The level‐set method coupled with mass‐transfer equation is for the first time used to simulate the mass‐transfer induced Marangoni effect during drop formation. The simulated drop volume, shape, and extraction fraction are in good accordance with experimental data. Through the numerical simulation, it is found that the mass transfer in the first mass‐transfer period is the most efficient during drop formation when Marangoni convection occurs. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4424–4439, 2013     

DNS analysis of incipient drop impact dynamics using an accurate level set method

A series of 2D direct numerical simulations were performed with an accurate level set method for single drop impacts.The adopted ACLS method was validated to be efficient with perfect mass conservation in both normal and oblique impacts.A square-root correction for neck bases was modified in accuracy as well as scope of applications.In addition,process of jet formation and evolution was studied to reveal internal dynamics in drop impacts.It's found that pressure gradient and vortex are coexisting and completive reasons for jet topology while the inclined angle has a significant effect on them.Mechanisms of jet formation and evolution are different in the front and back necks.With the help of PDF distribution and correction calculation,a compromise in the competition is observed.This work lays a solid foundation for further studies of dynamics in gas-liquid flows.     

Numerical simulation of unsteady mass transfer by the level set method

Unsteady mass transfer to/from a single drop in the continuous phase is formulated and numerically simulated in a moving reference coordinate system by solving the motion and mass transfer equations of an accelerating drop coupled with a level set equation for capturing the interface. Numerical simulation demonstrates the evolution of mass transfer rate and average drop concentration. Numerical simulation of the flow field and the concentration field simultaneously in each time step is compared with experimental data on single drop motion and mass transfer in two typical solvent extraction systems. The numerical predictions are found in good accord with the experimental measurements. The present numerical procedure in which the flow field is solved in a coupled way with the concentration field gives more accurate prediction than the previous decoupling algorithm by the authors.     

Direct simulation of the buoyant rise of bubbles in infinite liquid using level set method

In this study, 3‐D level set method is applied to investigate the rise of gas bubbles in infinite liquid domain due to the buoyancy force. A number of typical regimes for single bubble rising are studied, including the ellipsoidal, ellipsoidal cap, spherical cap, and skirted bubbles. The bubble shape and rise velocity predicted by the simulation are compared with the graphical correlations of Grace, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 51 , 116–120, (1973) and Bhaga and Weber, J. Fluid Mech., 105 , 61–85, (1981). Good agreement is found between the simulation results and the correlations. These simulations cover a wide range of the parameters, including Eo, Mo, and Re, and demonstrate the capability and accuracy of level set method for simulation of bubbles under various conditions with considerable deformation. Finally, simulation results for the coalescence of two bubbles are also presented.     

减弱节流器中颗粒冲蚀破坏措施的数值模拟

井下节流器是水力加砂压裂施工中的重要元件之一。对在节流器内壁面设置肋条以提高其抗冲蚀性能的方法,采用考虑颗粒-颗粒碰撞的离散颗粒硬球模型进行了数值模拟,并采用半实验关联式计算了节流器内壁面的冲蚀速率,进一步对肋条的几何参数进行了优化。结果表明,设置肋条不仅可以在壁面附近形成类似滚动轮子的流场结构,减弱连续相的流速,还可以将90%以上冲击颗粒的速度降低到0.5 m/s以下,从而明显地提高了节流器的抗冲蚀性能;同时,当肋条高度H为3 mm、宽度B与间距L相同(5 mm),布置4个肋条时可以达到相对最佳的抗冲蚀效果。     

可调浓淡燃烧器内风煤两相流的数值模拟

采用RNGk-ε模型和随机轨道模型对带有弯管、阻挡块、分离块的可调燃烧器内气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,并把数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,其分布趋势是一致的。     

水泥回转窑内NO生成的模拟

采用气固流动、煤粉燃烧和NO生成模型,结合物料烧成过程的物理化学反应热效应的一维热流函数,对采用4通道燃烧器的某3000 t·d^-1生产能力的全尺寸水泥回转窑内NO的生成进行了数值模拟研究,对水泥回转窑内NO生成机理及分布规律进行深入的分析.研究结果表明：水泥回转窑内NO生成主要为热力型NO和燃料型NO,并且以热力型NO为主要生成方式,燃料NO主要在窑头的燃烧带产生,热力NO主要产生于高温烧成带,并且燃料NO与热力NO的生成过程存在着相互抑制作用.     

基于LBM-DEM的鼓泡床内气泡-颗粒动力学数值模拟

将修正后的格子Boltzmann方法（LBM）与离散单元法（DEM）相结合,建立LBM-DEM四向耦合模型对单口射流鼓泡床中气泡运动进行模拟。其中,流体相采用格子Boltzmann方法中经典的D2Q9模型,颗粒相求解采用离散单元软球模型,颗粒曳力求解采用Gidaspow模型,流固耦合基于牛顿第三定律。应用Fortran语言编程对上述模型进行求解,模拟得到了鼓泡床内气泡演化过程,并与相关实验进行对比,有效验证了当前模型的准确性。同时,分析了床层内颗粒速度、颗粒体积分数以及能量分布。结果表明：颗粒时均速度分布不仅能体现颗粒运动强弱,也可以反映气泡运动过程;床内空隙率与颗粒体积分数分布在预测床层膨胀高度上具有高度的一致性;初始堆积效应使得床内颗粒势能始终大于颗粒动能;随颗粒密度增加,势能增大,动能逐渐减小。